American Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Development ISSN Online: 2771-8948 Website: www.ajird.journalspark.org Volume 23, December, 2023 277 | P a g e THE MODERN HISTORY OF UZBEKISTAN Makhkamova Nadira Ulfatdjanovna Teacher of Tashkent State Technical University Annotatation: The history of Uzbekistan is ancient and intertwined with significant global civilizations, considered one of the cradles of world civilization. The history of Uzbekistan reflects the life experiences of our ancient and recent ancestors, shedding light on their way of life and contributions to the progress of world history. In general, the study of the history of Uzbekistan involves analyzing historical events that occurred in the lives of our ancestors, understanding the reasons and significance of these events, considering internal and external factors, and exploring general and unique patterns. Keywords: Uzbekistan, modern history, independence, political reforms, economic development, President Shavkat Mirziyoyev, cultural renaissance, nation-building, diplomatic relations, educational reforms. Introduction The issue of interpreting the history of Uzbekistan is highly significant, forming the theoretical and methodological foundations of this field of study. It is known that the history of Uzbekistan during the Soviet era was divided into five developmental stages: the primitive, nomadic, feudal, capitalistic, and socialist societies. In the years of independence, historians, based on the theoretical and methodological principles of the "New History" approach and the study of the science of history, made significant achievements in scientifically structuring our rich history and clarifying its scientific aspects. Scholars have successfully integrated the achievements into the scientific basis of studying our history in the context of the five formations, moving away from perfunctory and outdated materials inherited from the Soviet system. First and foremost, the issue of studying history was approached from the perspective of the concept of civilization. Especially in addressing the issue of historical development, it is crucial to take into account socio-economic relations, and legal norms related to societal progress. Research Methodology In Central Asia, particularly in the context of Uzbekistan's history, scholars continue to discuss issues related to adapting historical narratives to contemporary demands. In this regard, attention is being given to the necessary historical and cultural processes, especially considering the transition from the most ancient periods to the present day. Scholars such as A. Askarov, E. Rtveladze, A. Sagdullayev, and others have emphasized the importance of focusing on historical and cultural processes and the concept of civilization in adapting our American Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Development ISSN Online: 2771-8948 Website: www.ajird.journalspark.org Volume 23, December, 2023 278 | P a g e history to the requirements of the times. However, despite the discussions among scholars, a comprehensive solution to the issues of adaptation has not been fully achieved. In recent years, insights from various research have highlighted the need for a more concise approach to the issues of adapting Uzbekistan's history. This is because, in the study of history, it is essential to initially present periods chronologically, considering the unique characteristics of each era, and to present narratives in a structured manner according to the goals of teaching hours. As seemingly simple as it may appear, this aspect of historical adaptation requires a nuanced understanding to accurately portray and adapt the complex nature of history. One crucial aspect of this matter is providing our youth with a scientifically grounded education in history, emphasizing the principles of scholarly adaptation. During the years of independence, significant changes were implemented in the system of governance, as well as in the socio-economic, political, and cultural spheres in the Republic of Uzbekistan. Furthermore, a series of reforms have been carried out in the field of education, focusing on shaping a well-rounded younger generation. Today, analyzing global events and incidents, deciphering the content and essence of ideological confrontations, and cultivating historical thinking to protect the youth from various influences have become crucial. It is important to emphasize that a deep understanding of the latest period in Uzbekistan's history in higher education institutions plays a significant role in aligning the current policies of the country, its place in global society, the heroes of the era, and, especially, its active participation in these processes. In this context, it is imperative to underscore that a thorough study of Uzbekistan's most recent historical period in higher education is of great importance in correctly and fully acquainting young specialists with the current political climate, the country's role in global society, the heroes of the era, and, notably, their active involvement in societal progress. Literature Analysis Thanks to independence, a broad path has been paved in Uzbekistan towards national, and therefore, spiritual and mental freedom. The country regards the enhancement of social, economic, political, ethical, and cultural aspects as a crucial pillar of its societal life, directly influencing the formation of spirituality. Developing a highly spiritual society characterized by broad-mindedness, global awareness, intellectual competence, and nurturing a morally mature generation has been recognized as one of the vital aspects. Overall, the state policy pays significant attention to the improvement of the education system, aiming to raise a generation that is spiritually rich, globally minded, and intellectually competent. Substantial efforts are being made in this direction to achieve tangible progress in the development of the education system. Nestled in the heart of Central Asia, Uzbekistan boasts a rich tapestry of history that has unfolded over centuries. However, to truly understand the nation's recent past, we must delve into the latter half of the 20th century and the early years of the 21st century. The story of modern Uzbekistan is one marked by a complex interplay of political, economic, and cultural forces that have shaped its trajectory. The winds of change swept across Central Asia American Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Development ISSN Online: 2771-8948 Website: www.ajird.journalspark.org Volume 23, December, 2023 279 | P a g e in the late 1980s and early 1990s, culminating in the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Uzbekistan declared its independence on September 1, 1991, and Islam Karimov emerged as its first president. However, the transition to independence was not without challenges. The newfound freedom was accompanied by economic difficulties, political uncertainties, and the need to establish a national identity. In the initial years of independence, Uzbekistan grappled with the task of nation-building. Economic reforms were introduced, and efforts were made to establish a market-oriented economy. However, the political landscape was marked by a consolidation of power in the hands of President Karimov, leading to concerns about human rights and political freedoms. These challenges became a defining feature of the nation's early post-independence years. One of the pivotal moments in Uzbekistan's recent history occurred in 2005 with the Andijan massacre. Protests erupted in the city of Andijan, reflecting popular discontent with the government. The government's response to quell the unrest was met with international criticism, highlighting the delicate balance between political stability and the demands for democratic reforms. The sudden death of President Karimov in 2016 ushered in a new era with the ascension of Shavkat Mirziyoyev to the presidency. Mirziyoyev pledged to bring about comprehensive reforms in various spheres, including the economy, governance, and human rights. His presidency marked a departure from the previous regime, and efforts were made to improve relations with neighboring countries and the international community. Under Mirziyoyev's leadership, Uzbekistan embarked on an ambitious agenda of economic reforms. The government sought to diversify the economy, attract foreign investment, and promote entrepreneurship. Initiatives such as the liberalization of the currency exchange rate and the creation of special economic zones aimed to create a more favorable business environment. In addition to economic reforms, Mirziyoyev focused on promoting Uzbekistan's rich cultural heritage. Efforts were made to revitalize the country's historical sites, invest in education and cultural institutions, and foster a sense of national pride. The promotion of tourism became a key element in showcasing Uzbekistan's cultural and historical treasures to the world. The deeper one understands the uniqueness of a nation, the more they appreciate and hold in high regard its dignity and value. Our ancient traditions, Islamic principles, and loyalty to ancestral customs and values make the Uzbek nation distinguished with its humane aspirations throughout the centuries. The present-day humanism of the Uzbek nation, which manifests itself as respect for the elderly, kindness towards the young, dignity, compassion for the needy, living under the care of parents, helping relatives and neighbors, and participating in the joys and sorrows of others, is immeasurable in its virtues. Results While these noble qualities define the essence of the Uzbek nation, there are individuals who, despite being part of the same nation, may deviate from these ideals. Nevertheless, safeguarding the nation from various influences, accusations, and misinterpretations, the American Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Development ISSN Online: 2771-8948 Website: www.ajird.journalspark.org Volume 23, December, 2023 280 | P a g e Uzbek people have protected the noble aspirations of their cultural heritage. Honoring and elevating those individuals who have genuinely cared for the nation, shielded it from various threats and accusations, and enriched Uzbek society with their noble values is a pressing issue in today's world. One of the most significant changes is undoubtedly the adoption of the Election Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan. This Code consolidates five laws that repeatedly touched upon the electoral rights of citizens. Harmonized in a coherent manner, these laws and legal documents related to elections have been codified, drawing on international norms, standards, and experiences from various foreign countries. The result is a comprehensive and effective approach to the electoral process. Under the slogan "New Uzbekistan – New Elections" recent elections have been conducted in line with democratic principles, meeting international standards and being transparent and competitive. This has been acknowledged by international observers, experts, and representatives of leading foreign media outlets, who have recognized the openness and efficiency of the electoral process. Conclusion: In the present day, an independent Uzbekistan exists as a sovereign state with its own distinctive high moral values and a respected influence globally. The nation lives under the banner of this name. In this homeland, its forefathers, ancestors, and great leaders have lived and passed on. Among the many nations in the world, the Uzbek nation is one with a significant historical past. Looking at Uzbekistan from a global perspective, people from all over the world recognize our unique traditions and our distinct sense of belonging to our nation. The recent history of Uzbekistan is a story of resilience, transformation, and the pursuit of a new identity. From the Soviet era to the challenges of independence and the subsequent reforms under Mirziyoyev, the nation has undergone significant changes. As Uzbekistan navigates the complexities of the modern world, its journey serves as a testament to the dynamic nature of nations and their ability to adapt and evolve in the face of challenges. References 1. The decree of the president of the Republic of Uzbekistan “on the strategy of Action for the further development of the Republic of Uzbekistan". February 7, 2017. 2. Zhurayev N. History of independent Uzbekistan. Completed, reissue. Publishing house named after Ghafur Ghulam is a creative House of printing. Tashkent, 2013. 3. Early pages of the history of independent Uzbekistan. - Tashkent, 2000. 4. Erkayev A. Uzbekistan road. - Tashkent: Spirituality, 2011. 5. Independence: annotated Popular Science dictionary M.Abdullayev et al.: completed third edition. - Tashkent: East, 2006. 6. Strategy of action on five priority areas of development of the Republic of Uzbekistan in 2017-2021. - Tashkent: Spirituality, 2017. American Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Development ISSN Online: 2771-8948 Website: www.ajird.journalspark.org Volume 23, December, 2023 281 | P a g e 7. History of independent Uzbekistan. The editor in charge is Sabirov A. - Tashkent: Academy, 2013. 8. Islamov Z.M. Uzbekistan towards modernization and democratic development. - Tashkent: Uzbekistan, 2005. 9. Levitin L. At the bottom turn circuit of the PA. - Tashkent: Uzbekistan, 2005. 10. Usmanov Q. Integration of Uzbekistan into the world community. - Tashkent: Finance, 2003.