American Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Development ISSN Online: 2771-8948 Website: www.ajird.journalspark.org Volume 04, May, 2022 308 | P a g e THE FUNCTIONS OF THE PERIPHRASES AND ITS TYPES IN THE ENGLISH AND UZBEK LANGUAGE TEXTS Seilxanova Rita Nurniyazovna 1 st Masters of Degree, Named After Berdak Karakalpak State University Annotation In this article is devoted to the types of the periphrases and their functions in the English and Uzbek languages in the various texts. Keywords: periphrases,genuine,genuine periphrases, circumlocution, phrase metonymies and phrase-metaphors, morphsyntactic feature Introduction Periphrasis like all stylistic devices can be traditional or trite and genuine or individual. Traditional periphrasis as a result of frequent repetition may become established in the language. For example: the fair sex means women; and my better half means my wife. [1, 125] Genuine periphrasis is an individual creation which often contains in itself metaphor or metonymy. For example: “That was a blow, a terrible blow; it was like a death sentence. I stood turned to stone.” For example in Uzbek: Onasining chizgan chizig’idan chiqmaydi. Cho’pon tayog’ini ushlaganimga qirq yil bo’ldi. Uning og’zi qulog’ida, qosh qorayib, qorong’u tushgan. Another type of periphrasis is euphemistic periphrasis substitutes a mild neutral expression for one which seems to be coarse or unpleasant. [3;45] For example: “He would make some money and then he would come back and marry his dream from Blackwood.” Another example: “The villages were full of women who did nothing but flight against dirt and hunger and repair the effects of friction on clothes.” Another example: “The habit of saluting the dawn with a bend of the elbow was a hangover from college fraternity days.” An example in Uzbek: Yoz bo’yi yelpingan yelpig’ichini yerga to’shab soldi qishga ko’rpacha. [6;65] Most periphrastic synonyms are strongly associated with the sphere of their application and the epoch they were used in feudalism, for example, gave birth to a cluster of periphrastic synonyms of the word king, as: the leader of hosts; the giver of rings; the protector of earls; the victor lord. A play of swords meant “a battle”; a battle seat was “a saddle”; a shield-bearer was “a warrior”. [3, 79] An example in Uzbek: “Saroy nazmlarida tolgan Amu ham bu on bog’larga ketdi o’ynab quyosh childirmasida”. Traditional, language or dictionary periphrasis and the words they stand for are synonyms by nature, the periphrasis being expressed by a word- combination. [4;30] American Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Development ISSN Online: 2771-8948 Website: www.ajird.journalspark.org Volume 04, May, 2022 309 | P a g e Periphrasis is a stylistic device is a new, genuine nomination of an object, a process which realizes the power of language to coin new names for objects by disclosing some quality of the object, even though it may be transitory, and making it alone represents the object. Here are some such stylistic periphrases: “I understand you are poor, and wish to earn money by nursing the little boy, my son, who has been so prematurely deprived of what can never be replaced”. The object clause “what can never be replaced” is a periphrasis for the word mother. The concept is easily understood by the reader within the given context, the latter being the only code which makes the deciphering of the phrase possible. This is sufficiently proved by a simple transformational operation, it means taking the phrase out of its context. The meaning of “what can never be replaced” used independently will bear no reference to the concept mother and may be interpreted in many ways. The periphrasis here expresses a very individual idea of the concept. Here is another stylistic periphrasis which the last phrase in the sentence deciphers: “And Harold stands upon the place of skulls, The grave of France, the deadly Waterlo”. In the following: “The hoarse, dull drum would sleep, And Man be happy yet”. An example in Uzbek: “Tabiat quchog’ida dam olib, tabiatga zarar yetkazayotgan tabiat kushandalarining soni yildan – yilga kuchayib bormoqda”. In this example the author wants to explain that nowadays there are many peoples who do not pay attention to pollution of nature. [6;67] The periphrasis can only be understood from a larger context, referring to the concept war. “The hoarse, dull drum” is a metonymical periphrasis for war.” In some cases periphrasis is regarded as a demerit and should have no place in good, precise writing. This kind of periphrasis is generally called circumlocution. Thus Richard Altick states that one of the ways of obscuring truth “… is the use of circumlocutions and euphemisms”. [5, 29] Some examples in Uzbek: “Chol hozir boshi berk ko’cha ichida…“Uyalma, Abjal, bu vaqtda tiriklik toshdan qattiq, bola-chaqaning tashvishi kishini qaysi kuylarga solmaydi.” Genuine political periphrasis sometimes depicts the effects without mentioning the cause, gives particulars when having in view the general, points out one trait which will represent the whole. Stylistic periphrasis, it must be repeated, like almost all lexical stylistic means, must efficiently and intentionally introduce a dichotomy, in this case the dichotomy of two designations for one object or idea. If it fails to do so, there is no stylistic device, only a hackneyed phrase. Here we’d like to give some more examples in English and in Uzbek: “It was American, whom later we were to learn to know and love as the Gin Bottle King, because of a great feast of arms performed at an early hour in the morning with a container of Mr. Gordon’s celebrated product as his sole weapon.” “Jane set her bathing-suited self to washing the lunch dishes.” “… bularni ham so’zlab o’ltirishga hojat yoq, haqiqat maydonda” Gagarin yer yuzidan oyoq uzib ketganda, Afsonaviy American Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Development ISSN Online: 2771-8948 Website: www.ajird.journalspark.org Volume 04, May, 2022 310 | P a g e bo’sh fazoning mehvariga yetganda, O’zing eding yo’llarida mash’al bo’lib yongan nur, O’zing eding mardlariga aytib turgan tashakkur!” Stylistic periphrasis can also be divided into logical and figurative. Logical periphrasis is based on one of the inherent properties or perhaps a passing feature of the object described: the subject of his admiration; that proportion of the population which… is yet able to read words of more than one syllable, and to read them without perceptible movement of the lips means half-literate. Periphrasis is a very peculiar stylistic device which basically consists of using a roundabout form of expression instead of a simpler one it means of using a more or less complicated syntactical structure instead of a word. Depending on the mechanism of this substitution, periphrases are classified into figurative or metonymic or metaphoric and logical. The first group is made, in fact, of phrase metonymies and phrase-metaphors, as you may well see from the following example: “The hospital was crowded with the surgically interesting products of the fighting in Africa” where the extended metonymy stands for “the wounded”. An example in Uzbek: “Yaqindagina qabul qilingan farmonning o’zi bilan qanchadan – qancha talabalar, salomatlik posbonlari, zahmatkash muallimlarning tashvishlari yengillashdi.” In this example the word combinations salomatlik posbonlari are used instead of physicians. [3; 81] Logical periphrases are phrases synonymic with the words which were substituted by periphrases, for example: “Mr. Du Pond was dressed in the conventional disguise with which Brooks Brothers cover the shame of American millionaires.” “The conventional disguise” stands here for “the suit” and “the shame of American millionaires” for “the paunch, it means belly.” Because the direct nomination of the not too elegant feature of appearance was substituted by a roundabout description this periphrasis may be also considered euphemistic.The often repeated periphrases become trite and serve as universally accepted periphrastic synonyms: “the gentle, soft or weak sex” means women; “my better half” means my spouse, “minions of Law” means police and others. So, periphrases are divided into two big groups. They are logical and figurative. In the first group of periphrasis the logical notion prevails while in the second group – the figurative notion is leading and periphrasis is based on some image. The logical periphrasis constitutes the essence of traditional dictionary periphrasis. For example, to turn over a new a leaf means to make a new, a better start; the House of God means the church. All these word combinations are synonyms by nature and have become phraseological units. Many of such word combinations are used in the language of mass media. Some of them are spread in the language of official style because they have become clichés. Two quite different definitions can be given for the notion of inflectional periphrasis. On a looser definition, a syntactic construction is a case of inflectional periphrasis if it serves as the realization of a property that is typically thought to be inflectional. Such a loose American Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Development ISSN Online: 2771-8948 Website: www.ajird.journalspark.org Volume 04, May, 2022 311 | P a g e definition is often implicit in descriptive grammars, and is definitely useful for typology, allowing one to see periphrasis as a gradient property, going from open syntactic combination to full morphologization. [1, 81] A stricter definition takes periphrasis to be a type of analysis for a given construction. In this sense, a construction is seen as periphrastic if it is a multiword construction that interacts with inflectional morphology in such a way that it is best integrated in the inflectional paradigm. Under this view, an inflectional paraphrase is the realization of a morph syntactic feature bundle on a lexeme, just in the same sense as an inflected word is. Such a stricter definition is directly relevant to formally explicit models of morphosyntax, which need to either be adapted to encompass such constructions or argue against their existence. For example: “Jane set her bathing-suited self to washing the lunch dishes.” “Naturally, I jumped out of the tub, and before I had thought twice, ran out into the living room in my birthday suit.” “For a single instant, Birch was helpless, his blood curdling in his veins at the imminence of the danger, and his legs refusing their natural and necessary office.” “The apes gathered around him and he wilted under the scrutiny of the eyes of his little cousins twice removed.” Deciding which periphrastic constructions in the loose sense need to receive periphrastic analyses in the strict sense can be difficult. Comparing our analysis of the strictly periphrastic constructions to that of the other cases will allow for the beginnings of a typology of periphrasis in the loose sense. [4, 118] The periphrastic status of a construction can only be evaluated by comparison with characteristic open syntactic constructions and morphological combinations in the relevant language. Periphrases are divided into to group: logical and figurative. In the first group of periphrasis the logical notion while in the second group – the figurative notion is leading and periphrasis is based on some image. The logical periphrasis constitutes the essence of traditional dictionary periphrasis: to turn over a new leaf (make a new, a better start), one’s better half (one’s wife), to tie the knot (to marry); the House of God (the church or chapel) “til jag`ini bog`lab” gapira olmaydigan, “qulog`ini kar”xech narsani eshita olmaydigan, “ko`zi ko`r”, “xech narsa ko`rmaydigan.” All these word combinations are synonyms by nature and have become phraseological units. [6;35] Figurative periphrasis is often based on the use of a metaphor or metonymy; Five weeks of perfect liberty … would have prepared her for the day of bells (for the day of wedding). He jumped to his feet, rattled his throat, and planted firmness on his brows and mouth … that his blood might be lively at the throne of understanding (his brains). “Yoz bo`yi elpig`an elpig`ichini, Erga yo`shab soldi qishga ko`rpacha” “Oppoq mo`ylovini burab kelar qish”. [6;33] Periphrasis is a word-combination which is used instead of the word designating an object. Every periphrasis indicates the feature of a notion which impressed the writer American Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Development ISSN Online: 2771-8948 Website: www.ajird.journalspark.org Volume 04, May, 2022 312 | P a g e and conveys a purely individual perception of a given phenomenon. As a result of frequent repetition periphrasis may become well established in the language as a synonymous expression for the word generally used to signify the object. Such word- combinations are called periphrastic synonyms. [4, 103] In contrast to periphrastic synonyms genuine periphrasis is created in the process of writing and is an element of the individual style of a writer. Periphrasis may be logical and figurative. Logical periphrases are based on logical notions. Figurative periphrasis may be based on metaphor and on metonymy. Euphemistic periphrasis is a variety of periphrasis which substitutes a mild, delicate expression for one which seems to be rude or unpleasant. Euphemistic periphrasis has some features in common with euphemisms. Periphrasis is used for various stylistic purposes, usually to achieve a humorous or satirical effect. For example, “He bore under his arm the instruments of destruction.” Periphrasis is the renaming of an object by a phrase that brings out some particular feature of the object. For example, “Jean nodded without turning and slid between two buses so that two drivers simultaneously used the same qualitative word.” Figurative Periphrasis is based either on metaphor or metonymy, the key-word of the collocation is the word that used figuratively” as in his neck over flowed his collar and there had recently been published a second edition of his chin. [4, 138] We tried to give some more synonyms for the word periphrasis: circumlocution, diffuseness, diffusion, garrulity, garrulousness, logorrhea, long- windedness, verbiage, prolixity, redundancy, verbalism, verboseness, verbosity, windiness, wordage, wordiness. Logical periphrases are phrases synonymic with the words which were substituted by periphrases. For example: "Mr. Du Pont was dressed in the conventional disguise with which Brooks Brothers cover the shame of American millionaires". In sum up we analyzed the types of periphrasis and their usage in the texts. We tried to deal with all types of periphrasis, functions and ways of using them in different texts. References 1. Galperin I. R. Stylistics. M. Higher school, 1977. pp.125-132 2. Kukharenko V. A. Seminar in style. M. Высшая школа,1971 pp. 49-56 3. Musayev Qudrat. English Stylistics. Tashkent. Adolat, 2003. pp.81-89 4. Prokhorova V. L., Soshalskaya E. G. Oral Practice through Stylistic Analisys. M., Higher school, 1979.p.201 5. Rakhimov. S. R. Lectures on stylistics (For the students of the English faculties of Universities) Andijan 2010-2011. p. 29 6. Toshaliev I. O`zbek tili stilistikasi. T. Tash.G.U. 1988. 43-141 b 7. Nazikhovna G. Y. 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