American Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Development ISSN Online: 2771-8948 Website: www.ajird.journalspark.org Volume 25, February, 2024 251 | P a g e TRADE FAIRS IN TURKESTAN AND CULTURAL INTERACTION OF PEOPLES Yekaterina Alexandrovna Smesova Associate Professor of the Department of World History of Andizhan State University, Republic of Uzbekistan. s.katya@umail.uz Abstract: The article analyzes trade fairs in Turkestan and the cultural mutual influence of peoples with the help of historical documents and archival sources. Besides, in the research showed that in the second half of the 19th century, in Russia and a number of European countries, interest in the history and culture of the peoples of Central Asia increased, especially in handwritten publications on ethnography and history, and in antique items made by skilled Central Asian craftsmen. Keywords: Turkestan Governor-General, Syr-Darya, European countries, Turkestan region, Russia, centralized collection, handwritten publications. Introduction In 1867, the Turkestan Governor-General was formed as part of the Semirechensk (until 1882) and Syr-Darya regions. Since 1886, the Turkestan General Government officially became known as the Turkestan Territory (unofficially - “Russian Turkestan”). Since 1898, the Turkestan region included the Trans Caspian, Samarkand, Semirechensk, Syrdarya and Ferghana regions. The Khiva and Bukhara khanates, neighboring the Turkestan region, were actually vassals of Tsarist Russia. RESEARCH METHODS In the second half of the 19th century, in Russia and a number of European countries, interest in the history and culture of the peoples of Central Asia increased, especially in handwritten publications on ethnography and history, and in antique items made by skilled Central Asian craftsmen. This circumstance contributed to the creation of organizations for the centralized collection of cultural values of the region, their study, description and publication. As a result of the conquest of Tsarist Russia and the transformation of the region into a market for Russian goods, manufacturers engaged in the field of handicraft production suffered significant losses. Beginning in the 70s of the 19th century, the government of the Russian Empire began to pursue a policy of increasing the export of raw materials from Turkestan. American Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Development ISSN Online: 2771-8948 Website: www.ajird.journalspark.org Volume 25, February, 2024 252 | P a g e RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS At the same time, the regional markets began to fill with Russian industrial goods. The imported goods were distinguished by their quality and cheapness, due to which they displaced the products of local artisans, which ultimately led to a lack of demand for their goods [1]. The first trade fairs appeared in the Turkestan region at the end of the 19th century, and there was already plenty to form them from. There were industries, such as livestock farming, that brought in good income. Businessmen and industrialists who came to the outskirts of the Russian Empire after General M. Chernyaev recaptured the cities from the Khanate of Kokand immediately noted not only the potential of the economy of Central Asia, but also of Russia as a whole: free lands on which, with irrigation, it is possible to grow cotton, various crops, steppe cattle breeding. The large profits obtained from all this are initially a profitable business that is worth getting into. Guests took away a lot of cheap goods from the fairs, but they also actively sold their own, which the outskirts of the Russian Empire needed. Some of those who arrived opened their own businesses using profitable local raw materials, often agricultural products. Foreign capital also flocked to the region. Thus, in Chimkent, in the city center, on Bolshaya Nikolaevskaya Street, a foreign company of sewing machines “K and Singer” appeared, which had long settled in the center of Russia, but easily conquered the untouched market on the outskirts of the Russian Empire. The German entrepreneur N.D. Dürschmidt had a tannery in Turkestan, where he achieved perfect leather tanning, which was noted at the first Turkestan fairs, where the first, albeit small, orders for quality goods were placed. Fairs and exhibitions stimulated the arrival of capital and new production technologies [2]. In accordance with the caravan routes, this or that village had its own market days, one or two a week. Visiting merchants exhibited goods that were in demand among Russians, including Chinese (silks, dishes and much more), handicrafts, alcoholic beverages, soap, salt, sugar, and dried fish. Residents of local villages and villages brought fruits, spices, sold local livestock and livestock products (wool and woolen products, kumis). Russian peasants offered mainly fruits and vegetables (including pickles), and dairy products. Merchants regularly came to some villages located far from cotton gins to purchase raw cotton. Thus, merchants from the Ferghana Valley usually visited Sretenka. Local bais entered into commercial transactions with the Russians, gave loans, and provided loans for the harvest. According to our informants, transactions were made, as is customary in Central Asia, on parole in front of witnesses [Tetr. 2B, p. 74 (Sretenka)] [3]. Imported textile products began to displace fabrics that were produced at home. Not without reason, tsarist officials openly declared “local silk production is sentenced to death [4].” For example, Bukhara, Khiva and Turkestan merchants who participated in fairs in Tashkent until 1872 were exempt from paying zakat. In trade relations between Turkestan and Russia, fairs held in Tashkent were of great importance, which, on the one hand, introduced the population of the region to Russian goods, and on the other, filled local markets with these American Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Development ISSN Online: 2771-8948 Website: www.ajird.journalspark.org Volume 25, February, 2024 253 | P a g e goods. Consumer demand for the goods demonstrated at these fairs increased significantly [5]. At the agricultural exhibition of 1870, immediately from the opening of the fair, one could see how the position of the Kokand Khanate was improving in providing raw materials such as cotton, fabrics, sarnak, thread and silk. Sarnak worth 24,664 rubles and silk worth 14,614 rubles were brought to the fair from Kokand [6]. In the fall of 1871, silk worth 116,775 rubles was exported from the exhibition to Russia. At the same time, from the autumn fair of 1876, which was held in Tashkent, only 12,130 rubles worth of silk were exported to Orenburg [7]. Apparently, the decrease in production, as well as the decrease in trade turnover, was influenced by the political instability that arose as a result of the uprising in the Fergana Valley [8]. Russian officials tried to establish and expand caravan trade with Central Asia. For example, the director of the Orenburg border customs P.E. Velichko in 1808 prepared a report to the Orenburg military governor, which proposed measures for “attracting Russian merchants to trade in Bukharia”, “creating the protection of caravans by military detachments”, “creating a Russian- Asian Company for Trade with the States of Central Asia, Kashgaria and India." [9] However, these projects remained projects. Originally Central Asian roads, cities, ruins of architectural monuments, etc. explored by Russian officers and military engineers who were advancing deep into Central Asia together with the tsarist troops. It was they who, during their reconnaissance, compiled the first “Road Guides to Central Asian Areas”, described in detail the location and routes to cities, fortresses, religious buildings, ancient and medieval ruins, and drew maps. Among this kind of materials we can note the reports of Colonels Matveev and Evreinov, captains Arkhipov, Guintello, Trusov [10] and others, as well as materials about Colonel Belyavsky’s trip to Bukhara (1884) to familiarize himself with trade routes from the Amu Darya to the southern border [11] and about the business trip of the provincial secretary Ivanov to describe the caravan routes of the Andizhan district (1877) [12]. Trying to subordinate the economy of the Turkestan region to the needs of the developing industry of Russia, tsarist officials, and for objective reasons, scientists, did not ignore such an important issue as silk production in the region. Turkestan was a major trade and transshipment center, through which 12 thousand camels passed a year. And in the city itself there were 391 trading stores with an annual turnover of 316 thousand rubles. At the Turkestan bazaar they sold various furs, silk products, blankets, and robes made from cotton fabric. There was a trade in camels in the city of Turkestan, and buyers came from afar to buy them. Camels were a reliable means of transport for transporting goods over long distances [13]. However, with the advent of General Konstantin Petrovich von Kaufman to rule the Turkestan region in 1867, which lasted until his death in 1882, it was decided to give a new impetus to the economy, which was very weak during the Khanate. One of the points of the upcoming transformation was to be a fair in Tashkent, the center of the Syr-Darya region, which included the territory of the present Turkestan region. A fair is a congress of American Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Development ISSN Online: 2771-8948 Website: www.ajird.journalspark.org Volume 25, February, 2024 254 | P a g e industrialists and businessmen for the wholesale sale and purchase of goods based on exhibited samples. Translating the fair idea into modern language, it was about attracting investment to the region, strengthening and developing trade and economic relations with both near and distant neighbors, and the exchange of goods. By this time, there was a rise in the cotton industry in Turkestan, the development of which was Kaufman’s priority. In our Syr-Darya region alone, 33 cotton factories were built, using local raw materials. To be fair, it should be said that in the cities and towns recaptured by General M. Chernyaev from the Kokand Khanate, predominantly primary processing of raw materials took place; textiles were manufactured at Russian enterprises, which were then transported to the region. So, Kaufman came up with the idea of opening a fair... How all this happened, I will rely on the veracity of the presentation of the fair history by Fyodor Karlovich Girs, the Privy Councilor who was entrusted with the audit of the Turkestan region. This event was preceded by the death of Governor General K. P. von Kaufman, who was replaced by the well-known Lieutenant General M. G. Chernyaev in the region. In April 1882, Mikhail Grigorievich submitted a note to the Russian Emperor for consideration, where he expressed his opinion on conducting a senatorial audit of the region entrusted to him. The mutual hostility of Chernyaev and Kaufman is well known, which is what Giers meant, but without denying Chernyaev’s personal interest in the audit, real problems in the administrative management, socio-political and judicial system of the Turkestan region played a role. F. Girs arrived in the region with three assistants. Looking ahead, I will say that the members of the commission worked for a whole year, the results of the inspection formed the basis of the new Regulations on the management of the Turkestan region. We are interested in Giers in connection with his report, and specifically the story about Kaufman’s sins, in particular related to the organization of the first trade fair in Tashkent. With all the merits of the general as a manager, the idea of a fair that could attract capital from different places and introduce locally produced goods, it is worth noting that Konstantin Petrovich did not immediately succeed as planned. This is what Fyodor Karlovich wrote in his report about Kaufman: “In 1870, he wanted to transfer local trade from the Asian part of Tashkent to the Russian one, for which he decided to arrange fair premises. There was no government land convenient for this, and therefore he made an order to alienate land from local residents at an extremely low valuation, reaching in some cases up to 1.25 per square fathom kopecks. This payment was so inconsistent with the actual value of the land that many of the owners completely refused to receive the amount offered. In total, more than 300 acres of land irrigated by irrigation ditches were alienated.” What happened next? Traders did not want to leave their usual places of trade for the fair, for which more than a million rubles from the state treasury were spent on the construction of visitors. The premises, wrote Giers, remained unoccupied and over time turned into a pile of ruins, however, emphasizing, with the exception of some buildings. There are other sources telling about the first fair in the Syr-Darya region. In particular, G. P. Fedorov’s memories of his service in the Turkestan region are very interesting, and they also relate to that very fair of 1870. Here is what he writes: “General American Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Development ISSN Online: 2771-8948 Website: www.ajird.journalspark.org Volume 25, February, 2024 255 | P a g e Glukhovsky convinced Kaufman to build fair premises for trading and concluding contracts on the stock exchange, as well as a thousand trading shops. All this was built. However, the city did not hide the reluctance of residents, especially traders, to go to the opening of the fair, but the police drove people to it by force. Kaufman admitted his failure and ordered the exchange building to be rebuilt as a theater.” However, one should not, apparently, completely trust memories. Documents from the regional state archive, collected from various archives of the former USSR, indicate that the first fair and exhibition did take place in 1870. Here are the details. Goods worth 95,103 rubles were brought from the districts of the Turkestan region: silk and semi-silk materials worth 15,707 rubles, locally produced cotton products worth 8,619 rubles, cotton worth 7,954 rubles, tea - 17,935 rubles. And also felts, carpets and leather. Silver and copper handicrafts from the city of Turkestan were presented at the fair, which aroused the interest of the guests. This work was carried out by craftsmen in six city workshops. No matter what memoirists write, fairs in Tashkent have resumed their work. They have become more specialized. The report of the manager of excise duties in the Turkestan General Government for the second half of 1885, provided to the department of inconvenient collections, speaks of “the welfare of the Turkestan region ensured in the past year by bread, grapes, tobacco and cotton... in the local Muslim country, instead of distilling, winemaking has been developed (mussalas - sharie). And if tobacco finds buyers in the empire, then people came from afar for grape wines,” the French, for example. Seeing such interest, the Russian winemaker dared to show himself to Europe at world exhibitions and fairs. The wines of the merchant of the first guild, Nikolai Ivanovich Ivanov, were awarded gold medals at the world exhibitions in Paris and Naples in 1883 and 1884, since “there was no falsification in them. Therefore, local doctors advise those recovering to use them.” Ivanov’s vineyards were scattered near Tashkent, in Keles. The merchant created several varieties of wines: “Semilion”, “Sultani” and “Muscat”, highly valued by tasters. At Tashkent fairs and exhibitions, special pavilions were built where local products were exhibited. Businessmen tried to build a more attractive pavilion in order to attract people. Ivanov’s wines competed with the Samarkand wines of D.L. Filatov. Commercial advisor Nikolai Ivanovich Ivanov is known as the owner of the santonine plant in Chimkent. But few people know that the city had the only mead-making plant in the entire Turkestan region, built with Ivanov’s money. The plant supplied products to vodka factories. Nikolai Ivanovich also organized the sale of honey to the population. Raw materials were supplied to the plant by four apiaries, purchased at the expense of the merchant Ivanov. The two largest ones stood on the banks of Badam. The honey of Chimkent district was recognized as the best at the Tashkent fair in 1909. Photographs have been preserved, one of which shows participants in the exhibition in Chimkent district in 1909. What K. P. von Kaufman dreamed of: making the region attractive to foreign capital came true under another governor-general, Alexander Vasilyevich Samsonov, who was elected honorary director of the 1909 fair. Entrance to the exhibition was paid, but this did not become an obstacle to those who wanted to see what was happening in the city center. In the first two weeks, the American Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Development ISSN Online: 2771-8948 Website: www.ajird.journalspark.org Volume 25, February, 2024 256 | P a g e exhibition was visited by one hundred thousand people, as noted in some archival sources, but I question this fact, citing the population census: in 1897, the population of Tashkent was 155 thousand 673 people, in 1910 - 146 thousand. Maybe there were a lot of “guests who came in large numbers”, or did the city residents go to the exhibition every day? But, without a doubt, the exhibition was a success. There was something to see. In addition to the pavilions of the Turkestan region (the Chimkent district was also represented) and Russia, entrepreneurs from the Bukhara Emirate and the Kokand Khanate demonstrated goods. Silk products predominated, which German merchants had long paid attention to. The pavilions were also decorated by Swedish oil industrialists, the Nobel brothers, German machine builders, and enterprises created by Russian entrepreneurs together with foreign ones. In particular, rubber galoshes from the Russian-American manufactory “Triangle” were demonstrated; it was also widely known as a manufacturer of stationery paper. In Soviet times, simply “Triangle” became “Red Triangle”; Soviet people were well familiar with its products [14]. On August 23, 1869, the Governor General issued an order to levy a fairly high duty (2 rubles) per pound of mulberry seeds exported from Turkestan,[15] and then it was forbidden to export grain outside the Bukhara Emirate (1870)[16] and Turkestan edges (1871). Such measures were caused by an unprecedented influx of foreigners - buyers of Turkestan grain. In the 70s XIX century In France and Italy (the main silk producers), there was a massive incidence of silkworms, so Central Asian cocoons were in great demand in European markets. In the Turkestan region, secret supervision was established over the activities of grain buyers, and archival documents contain lists of persons - Italians, French, Germans - who were involved in the purchase and export of grain. [17] Naturally, this state of affairs did not suit either the colonial administration or the Russian merchants, who sought protectionist policies from the government. On February 25, 1870, the director of the Asian Department, in a letter to the Governor-General of the Turkestan Territory, emphasized: “The government wants the silk trade to be concentrated in the hands of Russian merchants”[18]. Control stations for greening were created in Samarkand and Kokand, and a School of Sericulture was organized in Tashkent [19]. Manufacturers of silk products from the Turkestan region participated in the International Congress on Sericulture in Milan in 1875 [20], and in 1900 in the First Caucasian Congress of Sericulture and Silk Industry, and themselves organized an exhibition of sericulture in Samarkand [21]. Along with this, Russian officials and scientists learned local methods of the labor-intensive process of raising silkworms and making silk, wrote down legends and traditions associated with this process, and recorded rituals characteristic of each region of the Turkestan region. In 1890, a report was compiled on the development of sericulture in the region over the past 25 years. Along the route of the caravans, garrisons were appointed to guard the caravan movement, for example, in sections of the Tashkent region [22], Kashgar and Ferghana Valley [23], Krylgan-Uchak (Bukhara-Khiva) [24]. American Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Development ISSN Online: 2771-8948 Website: www.ajird.journalspark.org Volume 25, February, 2024 257 | P a g e The Tashkent Fair Committee was also created (1870), which was engaged in preliminary organizational and economic work on the organization, in order to develop trade in the region, fairs and caravanserais. From the reports of the committee it is clear that caravans came to the fair in Tashkent from Samarkand, Troitsk, Orsk, Aulieata, Orenburg, Turkestan, Tokmak, Kazalinsk, Kokand, Khodzhikent, Pskent, Namangan, Uratyube, Almaty, Akmala, Chimkent, Jizzakh, Bukhara, Semipalatinsk, Karabulak, Fort Perovsky, Kanibadam, Kopala, Chinaz, which brought cotton wool, tobacco, dried fruits, leather, yarn, blankets, paints, chintz, tea, pistachios, skins, astrakhan fur, cattle, gold, etc., and exported manufactured goods and groceries, sugar, tea, paper [25]. The reports of the fair committee emphasized the decline of caravan trade, especially interstate, despite measures taken; new tax and customs benefits were introduced. Caravans that came to the fair were exempted from zyaketa, etc. [26]. Reconnaissance of areas was carried out, maps were drawn on which caravan roads were plotted. For example, in 1895, a large map of the caravan routes of the Turkestan General Government and the Bukhara Emirate was compiled [27]. Particular attention should be paid to the trade agreement with China (dated September 20, 1879) and the trade agreement with China (dated February 19, 1881), according to which all goods from China, except tea, vodka, and silver, were allowed through customs duty free [28]. Trade in Kashgar was mainly carried out by residents of Kokand, Andizhan, Namangan and Tashkent, as well as Bukharans, Persians, Indians, Kashmiri merchants, Afghans and Tibetans. Andizhan residents brought Russian goods: cast iron and iron products, cloth, yuft (a type of durable and soft leather), calico. Bukharians specialized in dried fruits, including raisins and apricots, grapes and pistachios, semi-silk products, black and gray astrakhan smushki, small whiting (fur from the skin of lamb, young sheep), etc. The Persians supplied English calicoes, silk fabrics and carpets, and Indian merchants brought muslin (transparent thin fabric). During this period, Tashkent became a major trading center of the region, in which goods arriving from other regions of the region were sorted, and from Tashkent the goods were sent to Russia and other countries. At the agricultural exhibition held in Tashkent in 1878, Kokand craftsmen presented their products. Subsequently, their products were exhibited in Moscow, Novgorod, Paris and always received high marks [29]. In particular, silk fabrics made by local craftsmen were presented at the major Turkestan Agricultural Exhibition, held on September 8–12, 1886, and were highly appreciated by many visitors[30]. The chairman of the commission for this exhibition was I. Krause, and the members of the commission were such famous people as N. A. Mayev, A. I. Vilkens, A. E. Gromov [30]. It should be noted that the fair was visited by 12,770 people [31]. It should be noted that before the conquest of Turkestan by Tsarist Russia, raw silk was mainly sold on the domestic market and only a small part was sold outside Central Asia. Beginning in 1868, most silk products were exported to Russia [32]. In 1895, 680 pounds of silk products were exported to Russia from the Margilan district of the Ferghana region, 545 pounds from the Kokand district, and 600 pounds from the Andizhan district; at the same time, 400 pounds of mulberry raw materials were exported from Andizhan district, and American Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Development ISSN Online: 2771-8948 Website: www.ajird.journalspark.org Volume 25, February, 2024 258 | P a g e 5,256 pounds of the same raw material from Namangan district. The first trade fairs stimulated the interest of wealthy people in investing their capital in the economy of Central Asia. Fairs contributed to the strengthening of trade and economic relations with different countries, as well as, as they would say now, with regions of the Russian Empire[33]. Fairs were not uncommon in Russia and abroad. And in the Turkestan region everything was just beginning, although the Aulieata trade fair had already made its presence known with a very good trade turnover. The tsarist government was interested in their development on the outskirts of the Russian Empire, which was economically beneficial. The focus was on Tashkent, as one of the largest cities in the region. Therefore, even initially, the government supported participants in fairs and exhibitions, to which they came with their goods. This support was expressed in the fact that traders of the Bukhara Emirate, the Kokand Khanate and the Turkestan region were exempted from zakat - a mandatory favor that Muslims had to pay once a year under certain conditions. There is no need to campaign for fairs now. It has long been clear: if you have a product, take it to the fair. There will always be someone who will buy it. Or you can arrange an exhibition of goods with advertising of each, with the conclusion of contracts for the supply of the selected goods. Everything has become technologically advanced and deliberate. But there was a time of pioneers, they, perhaps on a whim, started an unfamiliar but interesting business, losing in some ways, but nevertheless gaining experience that someone would take advantage of in the future [34]. CONCLUSION To summarize, the following should be noted. At the beginning of the colonial period in Turkestan, fairs became a key factor in the development of trade. Trade networks expanded thanks to regular fairs, where traders from different regions could present their goods. Exhibitions have become a platform for cultural exchange. Residents of Turkestan could get acquainted with new arts, craft traditions and technologies presented at these events. This contributed to strengthening social ties and expanding the cultural horizon. Fairs and exhibitions contributed to the development of the economy of Turkestan. Regular trading events attracted investors, promoting entrepreneurship and expanding markets. These events also played an important role in shaping the socio-cultural environment. Meetings at fairs stimulated the exchange of ideas, traditions and languages between different ethnic groups. During the colonial period of Turkestan's history, fairs and exhibitions were an integral part of public life, forming the fabric of the economic and cultural development of the region. These events not only served as a place of trade, but also became a platform for the meeting of different cultures, contributing to a unique fusion of traditions in the history of this amazing region. American Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Development ISSN Online: 2771-8948 Website: www.ajird.journalspark.org Volume 25, February, 2024 259 | P a g e REFERENCES: 1. Ўзбекистоннинг янги тарихи. Туркистон чор Россияси мустамлакачилиги даврида. Биринчи китоб. — Тошкент,2000 — Б. 236. 2. https://yujanka.kz › gubernator-pozhelal-byt-yarmarke Людмила КОВАЛЕВА Главная страница > Взгляд журналиста > Губернатор пожелал: «Быть ярмарке!» 16 Ноя 2023. 3. О.И.Брусина. Славяне в Средней Азии: этнические и социальные процессы. Конец XIX — конец XX века Москва. 142 страница. Издательская фирма «Восточная литература» РАН. 2001 4. Перовский Н. Ф. Шелководство и шелкомотание в Средней Азии. — СПб.,1874. — С. 87. 5. Алимова Наргиза. Молодой ученый. 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