331 AMERICAN Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education www. grnjournal.us AMERICAN Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education Volume 01, Issue 8, 2023 ISSN (E): 2993-2769 LEXICAL COMPOSITION OF THE MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY IN THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE Tangirkulova Karomat Saitovna Termiz institute of agrotechnologies and innovative development Abstract: The article describes the main sources of borrowing the medical terminology in modern English. The authors determine the basic lexical composition of the English medical terminology and describe the process of the formation of medical vocabulary and the main sources of borrowing. The main languages from which the borrowing took place and the ways of borrowing terms are indicated. Keywords: borrowings, medical terminology, terms. The modern English language of medicine is a conglomerate of terms borrowed from various languages, which is associated primarily with the development and establishment of medicine as a science. The first collection of medical treatises was the so-called Hippocratic Corpus (Latin Corpus Hippocraticum), which included 60 medical studies. Most of the articles in this treatise were written in the 4th century BC. The terminology used in this collection forms the basis of modern medical terminology. which is still used today, for example arthritis, nephritis, pleuritis. Modern medical English contains many names for diseases and symptoms that come from Greek, for example, diarrhoea (throughflow), dyspnoea (bad breathing), melancholic (pertaining to black bile) and podagra (a foot trap) [5]. Some terms consist not of one, but of several borrowed term elements. For example, the word dermatology consists of the following parts: Derma - skin and logy (logia) science, that is, the science of the skin. The term “neuralgia” also consists of two bases: neuro (from neuron - nerve) and algia (pain) Many terms were derived from the names of ancient Greek mythological heroes: the name Oedipus complex came from the myth of King Oedipus; aphrodisiacs were named after the goddess of love Aphrodite. Also from her name came the name of such phenomena as hermaphroditism and venereal disease, from the Roman variants of the name Aphrodite, Venus. [1] At the beginning of the first century AD. Greek was still the language of medical terminology. At this time, the Roman aristocrat Aulus Cornelius Celsus wrote a medical treatise, De Medicina, based primarily on Greek sources. Celsus was faced with the fact that many Greek terms did not have Latin analogues, since Greek medicine was more developed and the Romans did not have their own terminology. How he was able to solve this problem is of great interest from a linguistic point of view. He transferred some terms without changes, even leaving the Greek endings. For example, he wrote the words eileos (ileus in modern language) and pyloros (pylorus in modern language) in Greek letters in his text written in Latin. He also wrote down some terms in Latin, 332 AMERICAN Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education www. grnjournal.us replacing the Greek endings with Latin ones, for example stomachus and brachium. Most important, however, was his literal translation of some terms into Latin, such as typhlon (cecum) from the Greek caecum. [5] Latin remained the lingua franca of medical work for several centuries. The texts began to be translated into other languages, such as English, French, German and Portuguese, in the 14th and 15th centuries. However, at that time Latin was still the only common European language. The situation changed at the end of the 16th century. At that time, some authors began to publish their works not only in Latin, but also in their national languages. [4] After the French Revolution, the French language gained great influence in Europe and began to be used by the scientific community. A striking example of the influence of French on medical English is the common suffix –ia, which in modern English is written as –y. examples are words such as atrophy, dysentery, epilepsy. The suffix –ine, which is written as an unpronounceable –e, is also often used, for example, in the words atropine, chlorine, fluorine, iodine, morphine, nicotine. However, some French words pass into English unchanged, such as débridement (as part of the term surgical débridement) or perlèche. [1] Among the most common terms borrowed from French into English, it is worth noting invalid, leper, migraine (from which many derivatives were formed, such as migraineur, migrainoid, migrainous), nurse, tampon, ointment, pain, pipette, venom. [1] In medical terminology, eponyms have become widespread - the name of a phenomenon, concept, structure or method after the name of the person who first discovered or described them. “No science contains so many phenomena named after its inventors as medicine” [3]. It is worth noting several eponyms of French origin: Bonnet-Dechaume-Blanc syndrome (< Paul Bonnet, Jean Dechaume and Emile Blanc), Cotte's operation (< Gaston Cotte), DebréSémélaigne syndrome (< Robert Debré and Georges Sémélaigne), LallemandTrousseau bodies (< Claude François Lallemand and Armand Trousseau). Spanish also contributed to medical vocabulary, but to a lesser extent than French. Especially many eponyms were borrowed from Spanish, for example, Cajal’s cells, Arias-Stella reaction. However, not all eponyms got their names from the names of Spanish scientists. Many were named after Latin American scholars who published work in Spanish. For example, Carrión’s disease (Carrion’s disease, on behalf of the Peruvian scientist Daniel Alcides Carrion Garcia), Opitz-Frias syndrome (Opitz-Smith syndrome, on behalf of the Chilean scientists John Marius Opitz and Jaime Fritz). As a rule, diseases named by eponyms are formed from the names of the scientists who discovered them or found a cure. However, they are sometimes named after famous people or patients. For example, the Diego blood type is named after a Venezuelan family in whose blood special antigens were found. [1] A large number of eponyms in medical English also (this is a word I don't like) (have been borrowed from German. For example, Müller's muscle/sign (from the name of Friedrich von Müller) or "Schwann's cell" (Schwann's cell, from the name of Theodor Schwan). Some eponyms are derived from names, for example, bilharzic, bilharzial, bilharzioma (from the name of Theodore Bilharz). 333 AMERICAN Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education www. grnjournal.us Some terms also passed from German into English, such as anlage (organ or tissue primordium), kernicterus (bilirubin encephalopathy), magenstrasse (gastric canal). Barbiturate (barbiturate) and ester (ether) which are adapted from the German Barbitusäure and Essig. [1] In the 17th-19th centuries, new branches of medical sciences began to appear, such as pharmacology, physiology, pathology, toxicology, etc., which led to the enrichment of medical terminology with new vocabulary. In the 17th century, the development of public health began and words such as policlinica and quarantine appeared. Also, in connection with the development of public health, medical texts have appeared that are not strictly scientific in content: popular science, intended not only for scientists, but mostly for a wide range of readers. These texts were written in national languages, while most scientific works were still written in Latin. [4] The 20th century brought many discoveries in the field of medicine, including during the Second World War. In the period between the first and second world wars, German could become the main language in medicine, but in the 50-60s the situation changed with the appearance of a large number of medical works in French. The strengthening of the economic power of the United States has led to the spread of English as the main language in all areas of science in the world, including medicine. In the Internet era, English has become a way of transmitting information and has become the dominant language of scientific communication. The most influential medical journals are published in English. If earlier terms were formed from Greek or Latin elements, then new terms are formed entirely or partially from simple English words. Doctors from non-English- speaking countries can either directly borrow the term without changing it, or translate them into their own language. For example, the term "bypass" has remained unchanged in German, Scandinavian, Italian and Romanian, while in French it is translated as "pontage". The Russian term “shunting” is derived from the English “shunt” [4, 5] Thus, we can conclude that the bulk of medical terms in English are of Greek and Latin origin. Also, a large layer of medical vocabulary comes from French, German and Spanish. However, nowadays English itself is a borrowing language, since it is the main language of science. Many terms are directly borrowed from English into other languages, or translated. Literature: 1. Angeles Maria. The English of the health sciences: a note on foreign borrowings [Электронный ресурс]. – Режим доступа: https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=jV8gQY8AAAAJ&hl=ru 2. Banay George. An introduction to medical terminology [Электронный ресурс]. – Режим доступа: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC194697/pdf/mlab00247-0013.pdf 3. Dirckx John. Greek and Latin in medical terminology [Электронный ресурс]. – Режим доступа: http://stedmansonline.com/webFiles/DictStedmans28/APP04.pdf 4. Nagy Imola Katalin. The history, peculiar terminology and translation problems of the language of medicine. [Электронный ресурс]. – Режим доступа: http://www.upm.ro/ldmd/LDMD- 01/Lds/Lds%2001%2022.pdf 5. Wulff Henrik. The language of medicine. [Электронный ресурс]. – Режим доступа: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1079361/ http://stedmansonline.com/webFiles/DictStedmans28/APP04.pdf http://www.upm.ro/ldmd/LDMD-01/Lds/Lds%2001%2022.pdf http://www.upm.ro/ldmd/LDMD-01/Lds/Lds%2001%2022.pdf