402 AMERICAN Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education www. grnjournal.us AMERICAN Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education Volume 01, Issue 08, 2023 ISSN (E): 2993-2769 Measures to be Implemented to Preserve and Protect Architectural Monuments in the City of Bukhara Xayritdinov Otabek Murotjon IGFO'M (History) major Chirchik State Pedagogical University otabekxayriddinov99@gmail.com Annotation This article talks about the measures being taken to develop and implement the legal basis for the protection of historical monuments and cultural heritage objects located in the city of Bukhara. Key words: Bukhara, architectural monument, UNESCO, mosque, madrasa, tower, house, mausoleum, tim (covered market), architecture, architecture, legal protection As a result of natural factors and anthropogenic influences emerging in today's globalization process, the existence and preservation of the original state of rare examples created during human civilization, including objects of cultural heritage and historical monuments, is under threat. This process is observed all over the world. Historical monuments can be found in many historical cities of our country. It is the duty of every citizen of Uzbekistan to preserve and protect these cultural heritage objects and historical monuments handed down from ancestors to generations. Bukhara, located at an important crossroads of the Great Silk Road connecting the West and the East, has an ancient and rich history. And architectural monuments are one of the physical evidences that provide information about the ancient history of the city of Bukhara. The city of Bukhara, which is known as an open-air museum, is attracting the attention of the whole world with its many historical architectural monuments. Bukhara is one of the oldest cities and is included in the UNESCO World Architectural Heritage List. In 1997, the city, which consists of exquisite art and architectural masterpieces created in different eras, celebrated its 2500th anniversary. The architectural monuments that adorn ancient Bukhara still amaze the people of the world as a bright symbol of the intelligence and talent of our ancestors. Many mosques and madrasahs, caravanserais, baths, monuments such as Ismail Somoni's mausoleum, the Great Fortress and the Ark, the fortified residence of the ruler of Bukhara, Minarai Kalon, a lively labyrinth, remain among the unique historical structures of holy Bukhara. Bukhara has long been an important economic and cultural center of Central Asia. The city served as a major center of Islamic culture for many centuries and later became a major cultural center of the Caliphate. Bukhara is the most complete and intact example of medieval Central Asian cities, and has preserved its structure to this day. In the 9th-16th centuries, Bukhara was the largest center of Muslim theology, especially Sufism, in the Middle East, with more than two hundred mosques and more than one hundred madrasahs. Despite the neglect of much of the new construction and damage from the earthquake, Bukhara has retained its historic atmosphere and still has a largely intact urban fabric. It is the most complete example of a medieval city in Central Asia, with mostly intact urban http://www/ mailto:otabekxayriddinov99@gmail.com 403 AMERICAN Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education www. grnjournal.us architecture. In the 9th-12th centuries, the material culture in Movarounnahr continued to develop in its own unique styles and forms. Local masters, architects, painters, potters, jewelers, and coppersmiths from among the people created wonderful architectural monuments and works of art that introduced the country's beauty to the world. Especially in the city of Bukhara, architecture has entered a new stage of development. During this period, many palaces, mosques, madrasas, minarets, shrines, mausoleums, tims (covered markets) and caravanserais were built in the city of Bukhara. In the 9th-12th centuries, in the architecture of Central Asia, due to its social nature, the use of straw, raw brick and brick, as well as ganch as a connecting element, was widely used as a building material. By the 10th century, the order of construction in architecture also changed. Cube-shaped buildings covered with a dome began to play an important role in grandiose construction. The following are the unique architectural monuments of this period: Ismail Somoni mausoleum (approx. 864-868), Magoki Attori mosque (10th-16th centuries), Qusam ibn Abbas mausoleum, Bukhara arch, Chashmayi Ayyub mausoleum, Minorayi Kalon (1127). , Vobkent tower (XII century) With the founding of the Bukhara khanate by the Shaibanis, the most famous buildings of Bukhara appeared: the Labi-Hovuz ensemble, the Kosh madrasa and the Gavkushan madrasa in the Khoja-Kalon ensemble. Later buildings at this stage of Bukhara's history include monumental madrasas at important intersections: Taqi Sarafon, Taqi-Telpak-Furushan, and at the beginning of the 17th century, the new large mosque Magoki Kurns (1637) and the Madrasah of Abdullazizkhan (1652) were added. However, the real importance of Bukhara is not in its individual buildings, but in the urban planning and architecture that began during the Shaibani dynasty. Bukhara had a great influence on the development and construction of cities in the Central Asian region in terms of its urban layout and buildings. But over time, such architectural structures lose their strength under the influence of the natural environment, and as a result of the human factor, such structures can be damaged. Therefore, our government has implemented a number of practical works in order to preserve these cultural heritage objects, and legal bases for their protection have been developed. Relevant national laws and regulations relating to World Heritage sites include the Protection and Use of Cultural Heritage Sites Act, 2001. Current laws, together with urban planning codes, ensure the protection of cultural heritage objects and the area where they are located. These documents were reflected in the 2005 General Plan of the city of Bukhara. To further improve and regulate the protection and use of cultural heritage objects in the historical part of the city of Bukhara, comprehensive study, popularization and promotion of historical, cultural and architectural monuments, to preserve the invaluable national values of the Uzbek people for future generations. The decision of the Cabinet of Ministers was developed and implemented on September 11, 2007 in order to preserve and create conditions for the historical part of the city of Bukhara to fully function as a single complex. According to this decision, the restoration of immovable cultural heritage objects in the historical part of the city of Bukhara requires scientific research, the use of historical documents and archival documents, taking into account the historical values of the urban environment, the modern needs of society, special norms developed for the reconstruction of the historical center and in accordance with the rules, it is carried out in accordance with the procedure established by law, in agreement with the Government Commission on the protection and coordination of the issues of cultural and archaeological heritage objects. In addition, the decision of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan No. 49 of March 23, 2010 "On the state program of research, conservation, restoration and adaptation to modern requirements" was approved. The Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan adopted the State program of http://www/ 404 AMERICAN Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education www. grnjournal.us comprehensive measures for the research, conservation, restoration and adaptation of cultural heritage monuments of the "Bukhara Historical Center" as part of the protection of the cultural heritage of the "Bukhara Historical Center". In accordance with the decision of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan dated December 19, 2018 No. list is published. Accordingly, there are 448 objects of tangible cultural heritage in Bukhara. They are under state protection. And the fact that some of them are given to entrepreneurs on the basis of a selection, with the condition of investment, expands the possibility of preserving monuments. An example of this is the Magoki blanket mosque, which has a history of about 400 years. This monument, shining from neglect, was leased to "Bukhara nice carpets" LLC under certain conditions. The monument was restored thanks to foreign investment. Of course, the importance of such practical works, which can be carried out to preserve historical monuments in order to pass them on to the future generation, is extremely important. Thanks to our independence, the scope of practical work in this regard has expanded. Repaired buildings in the "Yetti Pir" complex, located in Bukhara, began to be renovated from the first years of independence. "Sayyid Amir Kulol" mosque was rebuilt in 1994 after independence. The mosque continues its activity until now. There is a porch in front and on the right side of the mosque building. There are 2 rooms on the right and left sides of the entrance to the building. The height of the mosque is 4.70 meters, length - 24.4 meters, width - 18.5 meters. The room of the dome of the mosque is a reading room, and the second room contains the tombs of Sayyid Amir Kulol. The mausoleum was built with a dome in the style of national architecture in 2007 at the initiative of the first President of the Republic of Uzbekistan I. Karimov. "Khoja Mahmud Anjir Fagnawi" pilgrimage site was neglected and very dilapidated during the Shura period. The mosque here was converted into a collective farm warehouse. Reconstruction and beautification works were carried out in this shrine during the years of independence. In 1999-2000, a two-story mausoleum, a new three-porch mosque with a capacity of 300 people, a pool, a gate house, a hotel, and a modern toilet were built over the grave of Khoja Mahmud Anjir Fagnavi. Ornamental and fruit trees were planted in the courtyard of the mosque, and gardens were established. All convenient conditions have been created for those who come to visit and pray. Jome Mosque was officially registered and began to operate in 1998. Khwaja Mahmud Anjir was the piri murshid of the twelfth ring in the Fagnawi silsilai-sharif, a student of Khwaja Arif Mohitoban, a teacher of Khwaja Ali Romitani, who lived in the Vobkent region in the 13th century. In 2003, in connection with the 900th anniversary of the birth of His Holiness Khoja Abdulkhaliq Gijduvani, large-scale beautification works were carried out. In particular, a ten-pillar porch will be built over the tomb of the Holy Prophet. This was a symbolic sign that Hazrat was in the tenth place in the series of nobles. Next to the mausoleum, a new congregational mosque with a capacity of 1,500 people will be built, and the pool and well, which were buried during the Shura period, will be restored. A beautiful 4-hectare avenue will be built around the mosque and complex. The fourth of the seven pirs is the shrine of "Khoja Ali Romitani" located in the Romitan district. It is about 37 kilometers from Vobkent district. Khoja Ali Romitani (also known as Khojai Azizon) (Kurgon village, Romitan district-1195/1324) - representative of the "Khojagon Naqshbandiya" sect. She was engaged in weaving. He lived in Khorezm for a while, opened a monastery and spread the "Khojagon" order in this area. His spiritual teacher is Mahmoud Anjir Fagnavi. He, in turn, is the mentor of Khoja Muhammad Babayi Samosi. The mosque named after "Khoja Ali Romitani" was built in 2004. It has a gatehouse, a mosque, a mausoleum and a porch built in the national style, a pool and a well, a hotel and kitchens. In addition, there are two hotels, a well and a special garden with fruit trees around the mosque. In this mosque in the village of Kurgan, Friday prayers, Ramadan and Eid al-Adha prayers are performed. Men's and women's restrooms are http://www/ 405 AMERICAN Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education www. grnjournal.us available for worshippers. Skilled painters were invited, and in the fall of 2014, the tombstone in the mausoleum of "Khoja Ali Romitani" was renovated. At the moment, construction and improvement works are underway. In conclusion, we should say that it is the duty of every citizen of Uzbekistan to protect all cultural heritage objects and historical monuments located in our country. Article 61 of the new constitution of the Republic of Uzbekistan states: Citizens must preserve the historical, spiritual, cultural, scientific and natural heritage of the people of Uzbekistan. Historical, spiritual, cultural and scientific heritage is protected by the state. Of course, the development of legal aspects of the protection of cultural-heritage objects and the adoption of decisions are important in conveying them to the future generation in their original form. Because the legal protection of historical monuments and objects of cultural heritage is the basis for practical work in their preservation. REFERENCES 1. 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