473 AMERICAN Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education www. grnjournal.us AMERICAN Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education Volume 01, Issue 08, 2023 ISSN (E): 2993-2769 Study of Turkic Root Words in Turkology Oygul Makhmudova Teacher of Fergana State University Abstract in this article, the analysis of the issue of Turkish root words recognized in Turkology is mentioned. In 2017, the "Fan" publishing house published a major work by Professor M. Mirtojiyev entitled "Research of Turkish root words". This book can be recognized as the most important resource created not only in Uzbek linguistics, but also in world linguistics, particularly in Turkology. After this book was published, German linguists from Germany offered the professor to translate the book into German together. However, M. Mirtojiyev did not accept this offer due to his age and busy schedule (from conversations with M. Mirtojiyev). Keywords: Turkology, Turkic languages, root word, grammatical structure, semantic group, polyfunctional words. One of the features that unite Turkic languages into one language family and distinguish them from other language families is the closeness of the lexical content and common grammatical structure. Therefore, except for Chuvash and Yakut languages, all Turkic languages are mutually intelligible [4, 3]. As I.A. Baudouin de Courtenay says, "it cannot be scientific to directly construct a category of another language in a given language. It is a science to search for a category that lives in the language, without inserting a category that is alien to the language" [4, 3]. As Professor M. Mirtojiyev said, Turkish root words are a linguistic fact that shows the origin, formation and development of Turkic languages, and illuminates the historical and life experience of the people who communicate in this language, so researching and studying all its features is a necessary issue for Turkology. remains. The root of the professor's critical thoughts here is that we have gone out of our way to take rules from other languages and apply them to ourselves. However, the rule of another language does not apply to us. It is necessary to create rules and definitions based on the laws of our language. Even now, we have not gotten rid of the influence of the Russian language in mother tongue education. It is necessary to understand that developing our language according to the samples taken from other languages, "implanting" style and features to our language will not bring good [7]. M. Mirtojiyev in his large monograph "Research of Turkish root words" reviewed the issues of polyfunctionality, semantic grouping, development and genesis of grammatical categories of Turkish root words in 23 languages and clarified the problems in this regard [8, 128]. This research consists of five chapters, in which the shakily structure, semantic, grammatical and phonetic features of Turkish root words are covered, in which all the linguistic and speech features of Turkish root words are studied based on the materials of the sister Turkish language [9, 127]. 474 AMERICAN Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education www. grnjournal.us The scientist says that there are 27 Turkic languages in the world, and he did not include 4 of them in this book because he did not collect enough facts about them. These languages are Karagas, Chulum, Tuman and Meskhet languages. Our Turkic scientists tried to classify many Turkic languages from different points of view (one based on phonetic features, one based on geographical location, and another based on ethnographic aspects). In each classification, we see some differences in the names of the Turkic languages. "Slovoobrazovatelnyy potensial narechiya v turkskikh yazykah" by L.H. Kishtikova (2004), "Arabism in Uzbek language in practical and theoretical aspects" by G.A. Kazakbayeva (2012), "Nominatsii znacheniy svoystva v Tajik and Uzbek language" (2009), by I.R. Kazakov A comparative functional-semantic study of noun-forming suffixes in Uzbek and Karakalpak languages" (2011), Sh.R. Usmanova's "Research of the common household lexicon in Altai languages" (2011), U.T. Djusupova's "Synharmonism and word stress - word prosodic dominants (in the example of Russian, Uzbek and Kazakh languages)" (2023), Sh.T. Kudyarova's "Lexical-semantic features of words in Karakalpak and Kazakh languages" (2006), N.A. Turabayeva's "The influence of Uzbek on the development of the lexicon of the Karakalpak language" (2008 ) in a number of dissertations, problems related to the issue of Turkic languages were solved in a certain sense. I. Ismailov's "Relationship terms in Turkic languages", I. Ismailov, K. Meliyev, M. Saparov's "Research from the lexicon of the Turkic languages of Central Asia and Kazakhstan", N.G. Shaymerdinova's "Qypshaqtar: History of Pen Language", J. To show "Turkology's historical- linguistic scientific principles" by Tüymebayev and M. Yeskeyeva, "Kazaq jəne karakalpak tilderiniƞ salystyrmaly grammatiksy" by J. Tüymebayev and M. Yeskeyeva, Sh. Abdinazimov as separate publications dedicated to the study of the lexicon of Turkic languages possible A. Rafiyev analyzed modern Turkic languages into 7 groups according to their location [10, 12]. In general, Turkic root words are called "root words" in Turkology [4,3]. That is, they connect the root word with the stem. A stem is one of the smallest meaningful parts of a word in communication. The smallest meaningful part of a word is considered a morpheme. Word morphemes are divided into two types: stem morpheme and suffix morpheme. According to N.A. Baskakov, M. Mirtojiyev said that the root morpheme is considered as the base that indicates the category of the word, but he did not take into account the artificial word in this case. if it is, he emphasizes that it is right and reminds that it is the basis that determines the category of the root word. Turkologists who speak Indo-European languages, when discussing about Turkic languages, always keep in mind the laws specific to their languages. When they argue about the root morpheme, they take into account how words in Indo-European languages appear in communication. Here, M. Mirtojiyev cites the Russian verb zavodit (to set in motion) as an example. Its root is vodishchemi, which means "begin". U II person singular imperative form. It is logical for this root to be named after a real root word. As long as any verb in the Russian language is divided into meaningful parts, its root morpheme does not have a lexical meaning denoting the base of the word as above in the existing phonetic structure. According to M. Mirtojiyev, it is possible to think by equating the root morpheme with the root word in Turkic languages. Because the state of Turkish words in communication is divided into meaningful parts, the first part of it has its own independent meaning and is considered a root morpheme. As this root morpheme is considered as a root word, it is called "root word" based on its lexicality in Turkic languages. S.K. Bulich: "The root is the composition of the word, because it existed before the word came into the world, and when it was formed, it became part of it" [4, 4]. From this point of view, Turkic root words were created earlier in the language and lived in that language. When artificial words were created, it was included as a root. That is, root words are always alive in the language both as independent words and as root morphemes in artificial words. S.K. Bulich continues the above opinion and states that stems are words until inflection, 475 AMERICAN Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education www. grnjournal.us and disappear as words when inflection occurs [4, 4]. In other words, the artificial word is absorbed into the structure of the word as a certain part of it. This opinion of S.K. Bulich is characteristic of inflectional languages. He made this theoretical conclusion based on the facts of the Russian language and the Indo-European languages at the beginning. The vowels in the stems are not the same in Turkic languages, sometimes even within one Turkic language: in the first syllable of the same word, in one Turkic language or dialect, the front row vowel, in the second Turkic language (dialect), the back row vowel can come. Such a phenomenon is called synharmonic variants in Turkology. For example, crane is tirna in ancient Uighur, comul is cotnul in Kyrgyz, sai-say in Kazakh, okuz-dkuz in Azerbaijani [3, 73]. It is clear from this that in agglutinative languages, including Turkic languages, the root morpheme as a root word has an independent life in the language and in the composition of artificial words, it lives without losing its semantic essence, while preserving its phonetic integrity. will be In inflectional languages, when the stem forms a word based on inflection, it loses its phonetic integrity and is absorbed into it as a meaningful part of the word, losing its independent vocabulary. Professor M. Mirtojiyev said that "words in Turkish languages do not exist without a root morpheme, and the root does not always correspond to the part considered as the root, because today the root of units with the status of a root word can be divided into even smaller parts. comes to the right conclusions" [9, 128]. Here, the scientist notes that Turkish root words appear in the process of communication both as independent words and as the root morpheme of artificial words without violating the essence of phonetic integrity and semantics, that it has its own characteristics, these characteristics are phonetic composition and notes that it consists of construction, semantic system and its place, grammar, conversion and the system formed in it, phonetic construction and the change of sounds in its composition, essence, etc. He tries to study each of them one by one. As noted by the Kyrgyz linguist B.M. Yunusaliyev, the root is a complex of sounds that cannot be divided into morphological parts and serves to express a specific concept of an object or an action-state. According to him, the roots of Turkish words consist of one sound or a complex of sounds. According to this view, there is no limit to the phonetic composition of Turkish word stems. In fact, he was firm in his opinion, and in his monograph, he showed and analyzed 27 types of them from one sound to seven sounds. Russian Turkologist N.A. Baskakov puts forward his opinion that "the uniqueness of Turkish word stems consists of a stem composed of K+V+K sounds." Turkologist E.V. Sevortyan was of the same opinion, he noted that "words with verb stems are characterized by closed syllables and auslaut consists of a consonant" [4, 5] emphasizes. Several other Turkologists also supported this idea. However, supporters of this opinion did not provide evidence to support it. Only E.V. Sevortyan gave an argument proving that basic words have S+V+S type phonetic structure by saying that monosyllabic stems have closed endings. But that was not enough. Since the stem is intransitive in Turkic languages, the changes during further development occur with the help of tools added after the stem in the flow of speech. In Turkic languages, a new meaning is always created by adding a sound, that is, a sound is not dropped. After all, a new word is formed by adding a word-forming suffix to the root according to the rule of agglutination. Agglutination is the main typological feature of Turkic languages. It determines the following: a) clear boundary of morphemes; b) phonological invariance of morphemes; c) morphemes often have the same meaning; d) relative independence of morphemes [10, 39]. 476 AMERICAN Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education www. grnjournal.us M. Mirtojiyev emphasizes that it should not be forgotten that the basic words of C+V+C are found in several word groups, not only in Turkic languages. They are found in nouns, adjectives, adverbs and verbs. At the same time, there are also in the number and pronoun groups, but in a limited amount: the words one, five, juz in the number group, me, sen, we, you, bul, etc. words are considered root words in the pronoun group. Turkish root words exist in both nouns, adjectives, verbs, and adverbs. But in terms of quantity, it is important depending on the position of the lexicon of the category in the richness of the language. Therefore, it is the same with root words. But according to the results of their research, Turkologists say that they have a special attitude towards basic verbs. V. Bang connects the origin of nouns with verbs. In addition, Y. Deni says that "... the root can be formed separately in Turkic languages and perform a morphological function without the help of affixes or modifiers and modifiers" [4, 5]. the auslaut of root verbs performs a grammatical function. The formation of nouns from verbs is common in Turkic languages, so there is a convenient opportunity for conjugation of verbs: in Altaic haphai, Turkmen degishgan (funny), bahli (good- natured), Kazakh tohma, Altaic bu:lam (link ), such as Turkish yemish, Kazakh sh'gm (waste), Kyrgyz yart (half), Turkish gurultu (noise) [10, 42]. B.M. Yunusaliyev also mentions a unique feature of Turkish verbs. According to him, the verbs faq-, dan-, gal-tub in the Kyrgyz language require each other semantically. He connects this with the exactness of the first and second sounds in basic verbs. This assumption of the scientist is not in vain. These basic verbs retain their value in their variants in other Turkic languages. For example, it is possible to pay attention to the variants jaq-, jan-, jal- in the Uzbek and Uyghur languages. B.M. Yunusaliyev considers this phenomenon as the formation of the root verb from the C+V sound system. But the sound composition is in the C+V position, and the group of root verbs that require each other is distributed as a system in Turkic languages. It is difficult to explain it in terms of verb formation. If they are explained by the formation of words, it is not permissible to mention the root verb in this place. Of course, for this, he believes that it is necessary to carry out research within his scope in this work. From the point of view of the history of Turkic languages and their nature, verbs in the second person singular remain the base, the main form", the opinion was expressed in the explanatory dictionary of the Kazakh language [4, 8]. Prior to that, A.A. Leontev, thinking within the framework of general linguistics, showed that "most languages in the world, regardless of which family they belong to, according to their origin, the root verb is imperative and nouns are vocative." comes to a conclusion. It is known that Turkish root words belonging to the noun family have only the grammatical meaning of naming, while those belonging to the verb family have both the singular and the 2nd person imperative grammatical meaning. Therefore, it shows that verb stems are primary compared to noun stems. In addition, B.M. Yunusaliyev, if the auslaut of root verbs consists of rj (ts), t, p sonants, they are intransitive; If q (k, g, f) consists of r, z, s, s sounds, it is transitive. No matter whether the original verb is intransitive or transitive, it is not observed that the phonetic structure of the noun or the original words belonging to another group do not reflect any grammatical features. The given information suggests that the auslaut of root words, especially root verbs, is not related to the genesis of grammatical indicators in Turkish morphology. Of course, for this, it is necessary to conduct research within its scope in this work. When we talk about Turkish root words above, it is understood in many places that they have the same phonetic structure in the form of noun and verb stems. In Turkology, it is said that there are different opinions about root words having the same phonetic composition consisting of nouns and verbs. Russian linguist V. V. Vinogradov, taking into account that the language consists of pairs of nouns and verbs with the same phonetic composition, "...the verb system is more syncretic and syntactic compared to all independent word groups [4 , 207]", provides the information. In this, he did not mean only the Russian language or languages belonging to the Indo-European 477 AMERICAN Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education www. grnjournal.us language family, but languages in general. Turkic languages are also included in this framework. Turkologist E.V. Sevortyan also mentions the same opinion. He says that "...the formation of the verb at the initial stage consists of a verb and a noun stem, and differs only in the text." Kyrgyz linguist B.M. Yunusaliyev also referred to this point. It seems that in Turkic languages root words are observed in many cases with a pair of noun and verb. There are different opinions on how to form it, and controversial views have arisen. In the end, it was assumed that the root verb is primary. According to M.Mirtojiyev, almost every Turkish root word has its own consonant in the second group, i.e., a homonym, while forming a composition of the original homonym. language has almost its own reflection and it is natural. This aspect of Turkic root words has also been the focus of attention of linguists in Turkology. Turkologists, first of all, paid attention to what kind of consonants appear in the anlaut and auslaut of Turkic root words, and paid attention to the system in which some anlaut or auslaut changes in each of them. According to M. Mirtojiyev, languages were created equally and branched out due to the difference in this sound. What is the law of this difference can be solved by paying attention to the system of phonetic development of Turkic root words and re-researching. In this regard, M.M. Mirtojiyev's monograph entitled "Research of Turkish Root Words", which includes many issues, was an important step. 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