70 AMERICAN Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education www. grnjournal.us AMERICAN Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education Volume 01, Issue 09, 2023 ISSN (E): 2993-2769 Structural-Semantic Peculiarities of the Proverbs In The Uzbek And Karakalpak Languages Shukhrat Abdullaev The candidate of philological science, associate professor, Karakalpak State University Abstract. The article compares the structural composition and semantic features of some proverbs used in the Uzbek and Karakalpak languages, and highlights their similarities and differences. Key words: proverb, poetic form, Turkic languages, Uzbek language, Karakalpak language, phonetic-graphic regularity, lexical variant, grammatical structure, antonymic relationship. It is known that proverbs often acquire a poetic form due to their composition. Proverbs have been refined by the people and reflect wisdom, advice, and many other meaningful and wise thoughts. Folk proverbs are about different topics. Due to the fact that the Uzbek and Karakalpak people live in the same region and their languages are related, there are many similarities in their languages. However, since the Uzbek language belongs to the Qarluq group of Turkic languages and the Karakalpak language belongs to the Kipchak group, there are phonetic, lexical, and grammatical differences. Among the proverbs of these two peoples, there are many proverbs of similar form and content, with some peculiarities. Even though similar proverbs are similar in content, they are phonetically unique. These features are evident in the analysis of proverbs. For example, there is an Uzbek proverb. Birni birov beradi, Koʻpni - mehnat (Someone gives one, A lot by the work) If you pay attention to the structure of the proverb, it is not difficult to understand from its meaning that the word "beradi (gives)" in the second verse is used in a hidden state. A similar equivalent of this proverb is used in the Karakalpak language: Birdi birew beredi, Kópti miynet beredi. It seems that, first of all, no words were ellipsised in the text of the Karakalpak proverb. Secondly, only phonetic differences are observed in this proverb, i.e birni (uzb.) – birdi (kk.), birov (uzb.) – birew (kk.), beradi (uzb.) – beredi (kk.), koʻpni (ўзб.) – kópti (kk.), mehnat(uzb.) – miynet (kk.). 71 AMERICAN Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education www. grnjournal.us Thirdly, these words have the same meaning in both languages, but their pronunciation and spelling differ slightly. This indicates that they belong to different groups of Turkic languages due to their unique phonetic-graphical rules. Fourthly, the use of the word "beradi (gives)" used in the second line of the Uzbek proverb is not syntactically necessary according to the speech requirement, but the meaning of the proverb is fully understood. It is possible that the grammatical use of the word "beradi (gives)" in the text of the Karakalpak proverb. The use of dialect words is not often in Uzbek proverbs. This can be explained with the regional nature of the proverb. Because literary language and dialect are constantly in relationship and development. Let's turn to the example: Yigʻlab-yigʻlab yop qazisang, Kulib-kulib sugʻorasan. (Dig the ditch crying and crying, Water the field laughing and laughing) The component "yop" in this proverb is characteristic of the Kipchak and Oghuz dialects of the Uzbek language, and it is used in the literary language in the sense of ‘a big ditch’. In the explanatory dictionary of the Uzbek language, the word "yop" is explained as "irrigation channel, big ditch" [1, 41]. In the text of the proverb, this word is also used in the sense of a ditch used for irrigation, which is confirmed by the component "sugʻorasan" in the second verse. Also, the repeated use of adverbs in the proverb (crying-crying, laughing-laughing) does not only indicate that the action is continuous and repeated, but also expresses the meaning of strengthening the effectiveness of the content of the proverb. The same proverb is used in the same form in Karakalpak language. For example: Jílay-jílay jap qazsań, Kúlе-kúlе suw isheseń. It can be seen that the content of the Karakalpak proverb is similar to the content of the Uzbek proverb. The word "jap" in this proverb is used in the Karakalpak literary language in the sense of "ariq (ditch)" in the Uzbek language. The word "jap" is interpreted as "a channel, a channel dug to drain water from inside" in the explanatory dictionary of the Karakalpak language [2, 176]. From the text of the proverb, it can be observed that the word "jap" is used in the sense of a ditch used for irrigation, as in the Uzbek text. At the same time, the word "isheseń" in the second verse is used as a contextual synonym of the word "sugʻormoq (watering)" which means watering all the crops and fields through "jap". As a result of repeated use of adverbs (jílay-jílay, kúle-kúle) in the Karakalpak proverb, the meaning of reinforcement along with the meaning of incompleteness, repetition, continuity is understood. So, this proverb has the same meaning and the same grammatical structure in both languages, with only phonetic and some lexical changes. Some components of the proverb yigʻlab-yigʻlab - jílay-jílay (cry-cry), yop-jap (ditch), qazisang-qazsań (if you dig), kulib-kulib - kúle-kúle (by laughing) are phonetically different, sugʻorasan - suw isheseń have undergone lexical-grammatical changes. It is related to the national, socio-political and cultural characteristics of each nation. In some of the folk proverbs in these languages, it can be observed that words with opposite meanings are used. For example, the proverbs ‘Yoʻrtgan – oʻzar, yotgan – toʻzar’ is widely used by 72 AMERICAN Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education www. grnjournal.us the Uzbek people. It is not difficult to notice from the content of the text that the words "yoʻrtgan" and "yotgan" (substantivized adjectives) express opposite meanings in the proverb. But in fact, ‘yoʻrtmoq and yotmoq’ do not belong to the group of words with opposite meanings. The word "yoʻrtmoq" in the explanatory dictionary means "to walk fast with a big step, to walk; in the sense of to stumble (about the gait of horses and donkeys)" [1, 282], and the word "yotmoq’ (lying down) is interpreted in the sense of "to lie down with the back part of the body on the ground (bed, cot, etc.)" [1, 50]. While the word ‘turmoq’ (to stand) is presented as the antonym of the word ‘yotmoq’(to lie down) in the explanatory dictionary of antonyms of the Uzbek language. [3, 79]. In the context of the word "turmoq’(to stand) as the opposite meaning of "yotmoq(to lie down) becomes more concrete in the context. But in this proverb, "to lie down" is used as an antonym of the word ‘yoʻrtmoq’ (to go fast with big steps). Because from the meaning of the proverb, the process of action in "yortmoq" is reflected by the word "oʻzar" (wins the race), while in ‘yotmoq’ (lying) the meaning of inaction and its result is expressed by the word ‘toʻzar’. Therefore, it is correct to call them contextual antonyms. There is a lexical-phonetic equivalent of this proverb in the Karakalpak language, and the content of the proverb expresses a common, integrated meaning with the Uzbek version. This can be determined by the words in the proverb and their meaning in context. For example, ‘Júrgen ozar, turǵan tozar’. In the explanatory dictionary of the Karakalpak language, the word ‘júrgiziw’ is introduced as the other form of the word "júrgen" which means to move something [2, 227], and the word "turǵan" in the form of "turíw" is explained as the act of people and animals meaning of ‘standing on their feet’[4, 356]. In the Karakalpak language, the words "júrgen" and "turǵan" (substantivized adjectives) are mutually antonyms. Because "júriw" means to move, "turíw" means not to move, to stop. These words participate as antonyms with their opposite meanings in this proverb, and they serve to ensure the effectiveness and figurativeness of it. In both Uzbek and Karakalpak languages, antonyms have a stylistic-semantic character in proverbs, and in Uzbek and Karakalpak proverbs, the words are used interchangeably with words with similar meanings and equivalents with opposite meanings. In Karakalpak proverb, the Uzbek word "yoʻrtgan" is used with "júrgen", and the word "yotgan" is used with the antonym variant "turǵan". Although there is a lexical difference in the structure of the proverb, the general meaning understood from it does not contradict each other. Also, there are phonetic changes related to the rules of the language in some words (oʻzar-оzar, toʻzar-tozar). There are several examples that can be given to explain clearly the lexical-semantic, phonetic and stylistic aspects of proverbs in these languages. For example: 1) (Uzb) Ishyoqmas oʻroqchi oʻroq tanlar. – (Kk) Oraqshíníń jamaní oraq tańlaydí.(The unmotivated reaper choses the scythe) 2) Mehnatning koʻzini topgan, boylikning oʻzini topadi – (Kk) Miynettiń kózin tapqan, baqíttíń ózin tabadi; (He who found the source of labor, finds the real wealth) 3) (Uzb) Oltin oʻtda bilinar, odam mehnatda. – (Kk) Altín otta belli, adam miynette belli. In general, on the basis of the above-mentioned opinions, it can be felt that along with some peculiarities there are strong commonalities in their lexical-grammatical features the proverbs and sayings created by the people the Uzbek and Karakalpak languages. Comparative-historical, typological research of the structure of proverbs, lexical-semantic, methodological and syntactical 73 AMERICAN Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education www. grnjournal.us features of the components of the proverbs makes it possible to clearly define the historical foundations and specific aspects of these peoples and their languages. Reference 1. An explanatory dictionary of the Uzbek language (In Uzbek). 5 volumes. Volume 2. -Tashkent, 2006. 2. Explanatory dictionary of Karakalpak language (in Karakalpak). 4 Volumes. 2nd edition. - Nukus, 1984. 3. Rahmatullaev Sh., Mamatov N., Shukurov R. An Explanatory Dictionary of Antonyms of the Uzbek Language. -Tashkent, 1980. 4. Explanatory dictionary of Karakalpak language. 4 Volumes. 4 th edition. - Nukus, 1992.