378 AMERICAN Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education www. grnjournal.us AMERICAN Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education Volume 01, Issue 09, 2023 ISSN (E): 2993-2769 Contextual Functions of False Speech Acts Kodirova Holida Khayriddin kizi Bukhara State University Abstract Although linguists have not come to a clear consensus on whether the communication environment in which speech acts occur is limited or not, their contextual function performs different tasks under the influence of factors such as time and space, the speaker's communicative goal, and the background knowledge of the communication participants. Even one text can perform several functions depending on the context under the influence of the factors. Based on the functions of the language, speech acts in the process of communication perform various contextual tasks based on the communication goal and intention of the addressee, the content of the information being sent, and the situation in which the speech act occurs. Keywords: discourse, Speech acts, communicative goal, language function, illocutionary force, linguistic context, situational context. When a person gives his speech, the listener can learn about the worldview, psychological maturity, intellectual, spiritual and aesthetic views of the speaker, depending on the content of the speech directed by the speaker. Because it is through speech activity that people develop communication skills and develop and polish their speech skills based on the experience gained over the years. The communication process requires the speaker to skillfully use verbal and non- verbal speech tools at the same time. After all, the idea expressed using only linguistic units may not be sufficiently understandable to the listener. The development of pragmatics in the second half of the 20th century is related to the formation of the speech act theory as a full-fledged linguistic-philosophical doctrine. The concept of speech act was used in earlier times by V. Humboldt, Sh. Bally, K. Buhler, E. Benveniste, M. Bakhtin, etc., but the theory of speech act was formed as a complete theory in the works of English logician J. Austin, American psychologist J. R. Searle and others. Philosophers working at Oxford and Cambridge universities paid attention to the multitasking of linguistic activity and its inseparable form of human life. A speech act is a linguistic address of the speaker to the listener in a certain environment and for a specific purpose. Discourse, which is one of the important areas of pragma linguistics, deals with the theory of speech acts and studies them. Discourse analyzes the flow of any speech events or any order of written speech that connects certain sentences or speech expressions to each other based on sequence (Y. Yang, 2014). Discourse is created in a certain context, but it is an important part of this context. Discourse without context has no significance, and discourse becomes a more meaningful event in the context through certain speech acts. The structure of speech acts expresses the model of action and creates a certain intention, purpose and effect. Speech acts occur as a result of the communicative dialogue between the addressee and the addressee, who are its participants: whether it is true or false, a certain level of communicative intention, purpose and effect of speech performance is explicit (overt) or implicit (hidden) can happen in this way. 379 AMERICAN Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education www. grnjournal.us By controlling the sequence of speech, the speaker controls the change of speech situation. In order to facilitate this task, the language develops appropriate strategies to more successfully convey to the speaker the information that expresses the relationship of the sentence to reality. According to M. Buzrukova's interpretation, the speech act is one of the main concepts of pragmatics and is a purposeful communicative action performed in accordance with the rules of language movement. Initially, J. Austin divided speech acts into locative, illocutionary, perlocutionary acts, and J. Yule suggested that there are three related actions in the performance of speech acts, that is, they include locative, illocutionary and perlocutionary acts. At the same time, Uzbek linguist Sh. Safarov also emphasizes that the speech act is a three-stage activity and three different actions are performed in them. J.L. According to Austin and his colleagues, when each sentence is pronounced, in addition to expressing its meaning, it performs a certain action, that is, a message is given about an event, this message is confirmed or denied, something please it is done, prohibited and commands, advices, permission are given, promises or invitations are given, and thanks are expressed, etc. So, a speech act is the pronunciation of a certain sentence in a specific communication environment. According to Sh. Safarov's interpretation, illocution is an expression of interpersonal relations (between communication participants), and the illocutionary force of the speech structure is determined by which of these communicative goals is realized in a given situation. J. Searle divides illocutionary acts into five main types, i.e. representatives (or assertives), directives, commissives, expressives and declaratives. J. Searle's classification allows studying and analyzing the main features of speech acts by summarizing and systematizing them. Context includes matters related to the formal or social environment of speech expressions, as well as knowledge shared by the speaker and the interlocutor that helps the interlocutor to interpret the meaning of the speech. In other words, communication involves not only language, but also the conditions and situations that arise in ongoing communication. It is known that in the process of communication, language appears in the form of a text, because linguistic actions are not performed individually, they appear in groups, each of them has its place in the linguistic text. Placement of each linguistic structure (sentence) in the text is important both for this structure itself and for the composition of the entire communication text in form and content. Therefore, it is necessary to distinguish the contextual functions of the linguistic sign. The main purpose of language communication is to transmit and receive information. But the purpose of communication is not limited to simple information exchange, information transmission is expected to influence the "partner" (listener), to convince him of something, to subjugate him, to encourage him to act. Also, symbols, which are a means of communication, can be used to express liking, displeasure, surprise, other mental feelings, and actions. In addition, as we live in society, it requires us to be secretive, dishonest and lie to a certain extent. Of course, it is impossible to imagine that sincerity and honest thinking will become the norm. As a result, there is mutual insincerity, lies or fakeness among the speech participants in the communication environment. In order to maintain the continuity of the communicative dialogue and for other purposes, the speaker violates the conditions of sincerity, knowingly or unknowingly, and tells lies through various speech acts. False speech expressions through speech acts perform a certain contextual task based on the time, space and speaker's purpose of the communicative communication environment. M. Holliday's classification also mentions three functions of language: 1) perception, the ideational function, that is, language serves to express the thoughts and ideas of speakers about reality, their inner experiences; 2) interpersonal function (interpersonal function): language plays the role of communicating and establishing interpersonal relationships; 3) context or text function (textual function): performs the function of forming a connection between the language itself and the elements of the situation in which it is used. This is an internal task of the language 380 AMERICAN Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education www. grnjournal.us system, it serves as a tool for the implementation of the previous two tasks, and it is closely related to discourse. The third function of language, i.e. context, plays an important role in the analysis of speech acts. Through it, it allows to analyze the contextual functions of both true and false (false) speech acts in the communication that occurs between the speaker and the listener during the communication process. Contextual function examines the communicative nature and internal structure of text, including text interactivity, spontaneity (unintentional occurrence), and communication distance. Although the text is considered the operative unit of language, the contextual function is not limited to the relationship between sentences. It is also related to the internal structure of sentences, both in the sentence itself and in relation to the context of communication, as well as its content as information. In subsequent studies, the number of functions distinguished by scientists increased. The task of the language and the functional approach to language phenomena V.Z. It was further analyzed in the research conducted by Demyankov. The scientist gives an overview of theories that divide the universe into classes in different ways. Undoubtedly, the number of linguistic functions is given differently in modern linguistic literature, and no clear decision has been made on this issue. The greater the number of functions, the less transparent the basis for their classification. Also, the issue of the relationship between linguistic phenomena and their functions in the context has not been fully resolved. M. Holliday's classification also mentions three functions of language: 1) perception, the ideational function, that is, language serves to express the thoughts and ideas of speakers about reality, their inner experiences; 2) interpersonal function (interpersonal function): language plays the role of communicating and establishing interpersonal relationships; 3) context or text function (textual function): performs the function of forming a connection between the language itself and the elements of the situation in which it is used. This is an internal task of the language system, it serves as a tool for the implementation of the previous two tasks, and it is closely related to discourse. The third function of language, i.e. context, plays an important role in the analysis of speech acts. Through it, it allows to analyze the contextual functions of both true and false (false) speech acts in the communication that occurs between the speaker and the listener during the communication process. Contextual function examines the communicative nature and internal structure of text, including text interactivity, spontaneity (unintentional occurrence), and communication distance. Although the text is considered the operative unit of language, the contextual function is not limited to the relationship between sentences. It is also related to the internal structure of sentences, both in the sentence itself and in relation to the context of communication, as well as its content as information. In subsequent studies, the number of functions distinguished by scientists increased. The task of the language and the functional approach to language phenomena V.Z. It was further analyzed in the research conducted by Demyankov. The scientist gives an overview of theories that divide the universe into classes in different ways. Undoubtedly, the number of linguistic functions is given differently in modern linguistic literature, and no clear decision has been made on this issue. The greater the number of functions, the less transparent the basis for their classification. Also, the issue of the relationship between linguistic phenomena and their functions in the context has not been fully resolved. Among these functions, the referential function of a lie is context-oriented and depends on such factors as the knowledge base of the communicators, the organization of the speech, and the intention of the speaker. Analyzing the referential function of a lie is done by analyzing the content of the message. The pragmatic factor of the reference of false speech statements is related to a different view of the knowledge base of the addressee. In false reference, the speaker does not indicate the specific object he is giving information about. For the effect to be successful, the sender identifies an object that is available to the receiver using a false speech expression. For context, which is the environment of communication, the purpose of the speaker, the event of time and space are very important. A text with the same content appears in different contexts 381 AMERICAN Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education www. grnjournal.us at different times and places, so it is important to take into account the time and place of the context in which it occurs when receiving certain information. A sentence or text that is true in a certain situation or context may be false or untrue in another context. According to J. Austin, in order to assess whether a judgment/assertion is true or false, we must take into account the goal of the participants of the dialogue and the situation in which the judgment/assertion occurred. J. Austin explains his views as follows: "France is hexagonal" is true if it is said with a specific goal in mind (taking into account how many sides the army can invade France from) can be considered, and from another point of view (when describing in detail the structure of the borders of France) this judgment is considered false or false " . Thus, the purpose of the conversation determines which (and how sensitive) aspects of the same object or phenomenon should be evaluated for the truth/falseness of the speech act. It becomes clear from this that the fact that such aspects are different in different situations shows that the situationality of speech acts goes along with the limitation of its context, and J. Austin emphasizes that the context of the speech act is limited. In the theories emphasized by J. Searle, the context is described as infinitely expandable and omnipotent: each speech act in it is uncountable and tends to generate other assumptions. will have a specific content only against background assumptions. In the communication environment and in the process of human interaction, false speech acts lie directly or indirectly, intentionally or unintentionally, by conveying false or incorrect information or misleading the listener. There are context-dependent purposes for using this type of lying in communication, in particular, to protect oneself or others, to seek some benefit from lying, to avoid punishment, to advance one's own self-interest. eyeing, flattery, flattery, self- deception, putting pressure on others, avoiding something or achieving something, testing the participants of communication, being ashamed to tell the truth, self-indulgence To act or indulge in arrogance, to be forced to lie in terms of etiquette, and performs several other tasks. D.I. Dubrovsky emphasizes that among the main functions of a lie is the protection of the interests of an individual and a group of individuals, and the realization of their interests. P.I. Yunatskevich and V.A. In his book "Psychology of Deception", Kulagin considers lying as a means of maintaining communication "in conditions of conflicting or practically incompatible interests". Also, the society puts us people in such a situation that we have no choice but to lie about the norms of morality, customs and laws. As a matter of etiquette, we try to hide the truth, lie and convince the interlocutor with these false statements. The reason is that in childhood we learn to hide our feelings, not to show our true feelings, not to speak openly, not to reveal the truth if it could hurt or hurt the interlocutor/listener. As a result, whether we like it or not, mutual insincerity occurs between the speaker and the listener. Due to etiquette rules, which are an important and integral part of our social life, we directly or indirectly create false speech acts. But a lie used for good does not conflict with universal values, and the resulting insincere or false act is interpreted as an incident in the interest of the sender and receiver. Another contextual function of false speech acts is that the speaker encourages the listener to believe in his opinion. In the process of communication, the addressee tries to convince the listener by means of false speech acts, to achieve his goal, by inviting the addressee to the information that he speaks and knows to be a lie, which is not actually true, and the successful conclusion of this lie is illocutionary. will also depend on affective and perlocutionary factors. It should be noted that, depending on the types of discourse, speech acts performing false and incorrect information have different functions depending on the context. In a social context, lying can serve the function of ensuring mutual cohesion or organization among members of society: because of lies told in the name of goodness, individuals do not hurt others' feelings and develop positive relationships with each other. . In addition, in the context of social networks, false statements are used to promote trolling and destructive ideas. Social 382 AMERICAN Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education www. grnjournal.us network operators cause mutual provocation or conflict by spreading false information or involving network users in deceptive activities. List of literature 1. Sbisa`, M., 1987. Speech acts and context change. In: Ballmer, Th., Wildgen, W. (Eds.), Process Linguistics. Niemeyer, Tu¨ bingen, pp 421-436. 2. Yunatskevich P.I., Kulagin V.A. (2000) Psikhologiya obmana. Uchebnoe posobie dlya chestnogo cheloveka 3. Halliday M.A.K, Sytem and function in language. London: Oxford University Press, 1976 4. Halliday, M. A. K. (1985). An Introduction to Functional Grammar (2nd edn). Edward Arnold. 5. Hu, Z. L. (1994). Textual cohesion and coherence. Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press 6. Malinowski, B. (1923). The problem of meaning in primitive languages. Supplement to C. K. Ogden, & I. A.Richards (Eds.), The Meaning of Meaning: A Study of the Influence of Thought and of the Science of Symbolism (pp. 296-336). Harcourt, Brace & World, Inc. 7. Searle, J.R4. Spreech Acts: An essay in the philosophy of language / J.R. Searle. - N.Y.; L.: Cambridge University Press, 1969 8. Jumaqulova, S. (2022). PRAGMATIKADA NUTQIY AKT TASVIRI. Zamonaviy dunyoda ijtimoiy fanlar: Nazariy va amaliy izlanishlar, 1(22), 19-21. 9. Xalimbayevna, Y. F. (2023). NUTQ AKTI TURLARI TAKSONOMIYASI. BARQARORLIK VA YETAKCHI TADQIQOTLAR ONLAYN ILMIY JURNALI, 3(2), 186-188. 10. O’rinbekovna, U. M. . (2023). ПРОБЛЕМЫ С ЛАКУНАМИ И ИХ КЛАССИФИКАЦИЯ. Integration Conference on Integration of Pragmalinguistics, Functional Translation Studies and Language Teaching Processes, 30–32. Retrieved from https://conferenceseries.info/index.php/online/article/view/695