396 AMERICAN Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education www. grnjournal.us AMERICAN Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education Volume 01, Issue 09, 2023 ISSN (E): 2993-2769 Socio-Economic and Administrative-Territorial Changes on the Eve of the Zoning of Samarkand Normatov Otabek Maxamatjonovich Chirchik State Pedagogical University, Doctor of Philosophy in History (PhD), Associate Professor Abstract This article analyzes the socio-economic, political and administrative conditions of the Samarkand region, one of such areas, on the eve and during the period of regionalization. The article briefly mentions that the Samarkand region is a political, economic, administrative and cultural center, occupying an important position not only in Uzbekistan, but also in Central Asia. Keywords: Central Asia, agriculture, region, district, horticulture, results of zoning, Samarkand region, ethnic composition, zoning, transport communications system. After the establishment of Soviet power in Turkestan, it sought to maintain the region on a permanent basis under its influence as a colony of a centrist order and to further strengthen the image of the metropolis as a raw material base and market for products. At the end of 1924 - beginning of 1925, the Soviet authorities carried out national-territorial demarcation in Central Asia. On February 13, 1925, the First Congress of Soviets of the UzSSR opened in Bukhara. On February 17, he adopted the “Declaration on the Creation of the Soviet Socialist Republic of Uzbekistan.” As stated in the declaration, the Uzbek SSR included the Tashkent, Samarkand, Fergana, Kashkadarya, Zarafshan, Surkhandarya and Khorezm regions, and it also included the Tajik Autonomous SSR. On September 29, 1926, after economic zoning in Central Asia, 10 districts were created instead of the existing regions. If we talk about the Samarkand district, one of the main districts, then the general situation of the Samarkand district, which was originally part of the Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, was as follows. It is planned to include the Samarkand region, Bogcha-Isfara, Golakandoza, Pistakoz-Novskaya, Undzhinsk, Ural and Chankol volosts of the Khojand district, as well as the southern part of the Mirzachol district of the Syrdarya region (Savat voivodeship). According to the state planning commission for zoning compiled by the center, the Samarkand region borders on the Turkestan district and Syrdarya region in the north, Mirzachol region in the northeast, Kokan-Fergana region in the southeast, Bukhara region in the south and southwest. and borders the Amudarya region in the north-west. So, according to the data, Turkestan at the time when it was part of the Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was much larger, and the territory of the Samarkand region was 66.7 thousand square meters. The population of the district is 674.8 thousand people, and the population density corresponds to 10.1 people per square meter. In 1923, there were 5 large cities in the district: Samarkand (population 71,456 people), Jizzakh (9,564 people), Kattakorgan (10,219 people), Oratepa (13,069 people), Penjikent (3,145 people). 64.6% of the population of the Samarkand region are Uzbeks, 26.6% Tajiks, 2.9% Russians, 1.8% Persians, 1.7% Kazakhs, 2.4% Armenians and representatives of other nationalities. 397 AMERICAN Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education www. grnjournal.us Even after the formation of the Uzbek SSR, the Samarkand region remained one of the most important regions of the republic, without losing its position as a strategic economic and central region. In 1926, the district commission of the Uzbek SSR established 10 districts (districts) within the Samarkand region: Mitansky, Poyarik (Chelak), Akdarinsky, Pastdargomsky, Bulungursky, Upper Dargomsky, Yangikozonariksky (Urgutsky), Jizzakh, Yangigo. 'organ, Zomin. The territory of the district borders the Tashkent region in the east, the Tajik Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic and the Kashkadarya region in the south, the Srednezaravshansky (Karmaninsky) region in the west and Kazakhstan in the north. In 1926, the territory of the Samarkand region, which was part of the Uzbek SSR, was 16,776 square meters, and the population was 461,304 people. The main part of the population of the region is considered to be the rural population; they mainly lived in villages and hamlets located on the banks of streams. In addition, there is a nomadic and semi-nomadic population in the region, although they do not constitute the majority, they live in villages in winter, in mountain pastures in summer and are engaged in animal husbandry. There are 1,430 villages, 79,142 farms, and a population of 366,560 people in the region. After zoning in 1926, 2 of the 5 cities listed above remained part of the Samarkand region. These are the cities of Samarkand (84,744 inhabitants) and Jizzakh (100,000 inhabitants), and the city's residents lived mainly in both cities. If you look at population density by region, the urban population corresponds to 27.5 people per square meter, and the rural population corresponds to 21.9 people per square meter. But if we look at each region separately, we will see that the population density is very different: from 7.4 to 185.5 people per 1 square meter. For example, in the Zominsky district - 7.4 people per square meter, in the Upper Dargom - 185.5 people, in the Mitansky district - 16.1 people. If you pay attention to the agriculture of the Samarkand region, it has a unique appearance. In the Zerafshan Valley of the region, irrigated agriculture is developed, and in the mountain and foothill areas - agriculture based on rainfed agriculture. The total area of arable land in the district is 278,137 dessiatines, of which 159,307 (57.2%) dessiatines are adapted for irrigated agriculture, 106,257 (38.2%) dessiatines are suitable for rainfed farming, the rest are for horticulture and viticulture. Rice (13.5%), cotton (12.8%), wheat (36%), horticulture and grapes (7.3%) were grown on irrigated agricultural land. In drylands, winter wheat is the main crop and is grown in 92,834 tenths of drylands. In the field of agriculture, livestock farming was one of the unique industries of the Samarkand region. The total livestock population in the region is 397 thousand heads, of which 12.1% are horses, 35% are cattle, and 46.4% are small ruminants. The transport system of the Samarkand region is also distinguished by its uniqueness. An important route of the Central Asian Railway passes through the area; its length is 206 miles. There were railway stations in the region: Obruchev, Lomakino, Jizzakh, Milyutin, Kurapatkino, Rostovtsevo, Samarkand and Juma. The center used this railway to its advantage. For example, according to data from 1923-1924, 4 062 000 pounds of various products were shipped from railway stations. In addition to railways, there were various roads in the region that connected central points and populated areas. If you pay attention to the industry of the region, large industrial enterprises are located here. Among them we can note 4 flour producers and 7 wine-tobacco enterprises, 10 leather processors, 3 cotton ginneries and 1 winery, 14 fruit processors and 1 pasta factory and 1 printing house. In addition, there are 1043 water mills, 702 oil factories, 103 sewing and other blacksmith and shoe workshops in the region. The city of Samarkand is considered the economic, political, cultural and administrative center of the Samarkand district, and the distance from the regional centers to Samarkand ranges from 22 to 150 versts. The city of Samarkand was considered one of the central cities not only of the region, but also of the republic. In 1925-1930 - the capital of the Uzbek SSR. On the eve of zoning, 41 volosts and 115 village councils were registered in the region. Later, the zoning commission planned to create in their place 10 districts and 171 village councils, of which 4 398 AMERICAN Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education www. grnjournal.us Tajiks, 2 Kyrgyz, 1 Arab, 3 Persians, 1 Russian, 5 mixed, and the remaining 155 Uzbeks, and this project was implemented. , increased. Trade in the Samarkand district was conducted in a unique way. There were 50 markets and 3 500 trading stalls in the area. Of these, 109 retail outlets were state-owned, 103 were commercially owned and 3 288 were privately owned. In the first half of 1925, the turnover of these trading houses amounted to 33 856 000 rubles, of which 1 853 800 rubles belonged to state trading houses, 3 711 000 rubles to commercial trading houses, 11 608 000 rubles to private trading houses. If we pay attention to the general situation of the Samarkand region on the eve of the Soviet authorities’ implementation of the zoning policy in Central Asia, then the Samarkand region has a great position and place not only in Uzbekistan, but also in Central Asia. politically, economically and is considered an administrative and cultural center. Considering these aspects, it is important to study the history of Samarkand during the period of regionalization policy in Central Asia. LIST OF REFERENCES AND SOURCES: 1. Материалы по районированию Туркестана. Выпуск II-ий. Проект административно – хозяйственного деления 2. ТССР. Под редакцией Председателя Комиссии по районированию Д.П. Красновского. – Т.: Изд ТЭС, 1924. 3. Ўзбекистон МДА, 86-фонд, 1-рўйхат, 3405-иш, 229-варақ. 4. Материалы по районированию Узбекистана. Выпуск I. Краткая характеристика проектируемых округов и районов. – Самарканд: Изд.ЦК Р Уз, 1926. 5. Ўзбекистон МДА, 86-фонд, 1-рўйхат, 3402-иш, 333-варақ. 6. 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