499-03 The Comparative Analysis of the Adjectives in Present Day English and Uzbek Languages 499 AMERICAN Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education www. grnjournal.us AMERICAN Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education Volume 01, Issue 09, 2023 ISSN (E): 2993-2769 The Comparative Analysis of the Adjectives in Present Day English and Uzbek Languages Turaeva Guzal Khursanovna Lecturer, Karshi state university Abstract In order to compare some objects and statements we need the structure of the degrees Of Comparison. The structure of the analytical degrees of comparison is meaningfully overt; these forms are devoid of the feature of "semantic idiomatism" characteristic of some other categorial analytical forms, such as, for instance, the forms of the verbal perfect. For this reason the analytical degrees of comparison invite some linguists to call in question their claim to a categorial status in English grammar. Keywords: to compare, superlative, elative, analytical degrees, the category of comparison, grammatical change, combination, function, to identify. The adjective expresses the categorical semantics of property of a substance. It means that each adjective used in tile text presupposes relation to some noun the property of whose referent it denotes, such as its material, colour, dimensions, position, state, and other characteristics both permanent and temporary. It follows from this that, unlike nouns, adjectives do not possess a full nominative value. Indeed, words like long, hospitable, fragrant cannot effect any self-dependent nominations; as units of informative sequences they exist only in collocations showing what is long, who is hospitable, what is fragrant. The semantically boundcharacter of the adjective is emphasized in English by the use of the prop- substituteone in the absence of the notional head- noun of the phrase. Adjectives are distinguished by a specific combinability with nouns, which they modify, if not accompanied by adjuncts, usually in pre-position, and occasionally in postposition; by a combinability with link-verbs, both functional and notional; by a combinability with modifying adverbs1. In both English and Uzbek languages the adjective qualifies or modifies a substance2: English Uzbek a red apple қизил олма a clever student ақлли талаба a new building янги бино red pepper қизил қалампир In the languages compared the adjective has the grammatical category of the degrees of comparison and typical stem building morphemes: 1Кhaimovich B.S., Rogoyskaya B.L.A course in English Grammar. Moscow, 1996 2 Yusupov U’. Constrastive linguistics of the English and Uzbek languages. Akademnashr, Toshkent, 2013, 280p 500 AMERICAN Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education www. grnjournal.us English adjectives: a- (amoral), ab- (abnormal), demi- (demi season), di- (diatomic), dia- (diachronic), extra- (extraordinary) il- / jm-/in-/ir-(illegal, immature, inadmissible, irrespective), post-(post- free), pre-(prechristian), un- (unpleasant), -able / -ible (valuable flexible), -al (natural), -an / -ean / -ian (american, mediterranean en- cyclopedian), -ant (disputant), -ary (revolutionary), -ate (elaborate) -ed (talented), -en (silken), -esgue (grotesgue), -fold (twofold), - ful (careful), -ic (syllabic), -ish (bluish), -ive (impulsive), -less (homeless), -like (childlike), -ly (tigerly, -most (heedmost) -tory / -ory (explanatory, modulatory), -ous (furious), -some (lonesome), -y (shady), -ical (logical). Uzbek adjectives: ба- (бадавлат), бе- (беғам), бо- (боадаб), но-(ноаниқ, бад- (баднафс), -ли (кучли), -сиз (кучсиз), -ги / -ки / -қи (тунги, чиллаки, ташқи), -даги (рулдаги) -чан / -чанг (ишчан, кўйлакчанг), -чил (эпчил), -ий (назарий), -симон (одамсимон), -ик / -иқ / -уқ, (эгик, қийшиқ, қуруқ), -ма (эзма), -қоқ / -ғоқ (тарқоқ, той- ғоқ), -чоқ, -чик (эринчоқ, қизғанчиқ,), - кир / -қир (ўткир, чопқир), -ғон (билағон), -ив (интенсив), -ик (демократик), -ал (актуал). In English and Uzbek the adjective usually forms combinations with: 1. nouns: English: an interesting book, a tall tree, a strong man etc. Uzbek: қизиқарли китоб, баланд дарахт etc. 2. link-verbs: English: was strong, was clever, was old Uzbek: кучли эди, ақлли эди, қари эди 3. adverbs: English: very interesting, very old Uzbek: жуда қизиқарли, жуда ақлли In English the adjective can combine with the so-called prop word one (the red one, the yellow one). In the languages compared the typical functions of the adjective are those of attribute and predicative. The adjective as an attribute: English: I have brought him an interesting book. Uzbek: Мен унга қизиқарли китоб олиб келдим. 4. The adjective as a predicative English: The book was interesting. Uzbek: Китоб қизиқарли эди. According to their structure English and Uzbek adjectives may be: 1. simple: English: red, good, hot, cold, slow Uzbek: оқ, яхши, секин, совуқ, ёмон, тинч; 2. derivative: English: passive, talented, social, snowy Uzbek: кучли, амалий, актив, кучсиз, чопқир 3. compound: English: big-eyed, deaf-mute, eagle-eyed, never-ending Uzbek: хушбўй, ватанпарвар, учбурчакли, одамсимон 501 AMERICAN Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education www. grnjournal.us On the base of their meaning adjectives are grouped into qualitative and relative classes. Qualitative adjectives express the property of nouns by means of special words denoting color, size, skill, mental or moral attribute, distinctive character, characteristic trait etc. English: good, wide, small, thin, thick, fat, clever, green, blue, red, little, big, dry, pale, glad, happy, hot, sick, ill, long, fluent, blunt, sharp, high, small, right, wrong etc. Uzbek: катта, кенг, сариқ, семиз, қари, тез, тенг, тентак, текис, тетик, тик, тинч, тирик, тортинчоқ, аччиқ, сассиқ, ширин, мазали, бемаза, равшақчўзинчоқ, ифлос, ёруғ etc. Qualitative adjectives are characterized by the following common features3. 1. Many stems of adjectives are used to form adverbs: English Uzbek wide-widely янги-янгича fluent-fluently кўп - кўпинча sharp – sharply қатор - қаторасига 2. Qualitative adjectives have the degrees of comparison: Positive Comparative Superlative English sweet sweeter sweetest High higher highest Happy happier happiest Uzbek Кенг кенгроқ Энг кенг Қора қорароқ Энг қора Relative adjectives express properties characterizing an object through its reference to another object. English: excessive, excitable, exclamatory, frontless, golden, Indian, Chinese, individual, posthumous, fundamental, risky, impressionable, homeless, floppy, gold, silk, silky, mental etc. Uzbek: тушунарли, турли, туганмас, таълимсиз, ташландиқ, те- мирбетон, темирдай, сўзсиз, терма, қақраган, тақлидий, тишли, тойдек, текин, одамсимон, тонгги, тошкўнгил, ибратли, ижодий, сеҳрли, субутли, сурранг, севинчли etc. Relative adjectives differ according to their meaning. They denote properties of nouns related to: 1) inanimate nouns which are concrete or abstract: a diamond ring, бриллиант узук etc. 2) animate nouns expressing persons, animals, birds: eagle eye, товуқ мия etc. 3) animate and inanimate nouns expressing locality or position: field flowers, дала гуллари. 4) animate and inanimate nouns expressing time: winter wheat, кузги буғдой etc. 5) verbal adjectives expressing action or state: flying machine, Уйқудаги малика etc. In both languages many nouns can function as nouns and as adjectives. The category of degrees of comparison expresses different degrees of qualities of things and persons denoted by nouns. It is represented by the system of three-member opposition: Ø positive; Ø comparative; Ø superlative degrees. 3.Yusupov U’. Constrastive linguistics of the English and Uzbek languages. Akademnashr, Toshkent, 2013, 280p 502 AMERICAN Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education www. grnjournal.us The positive degree is morphologically unmarked. It is the primary form of the adjective and it expresses simple quality if the thing or the person expressed by the subject is not compared with anything: He is a clever boy. She is beautiful. In English if it is compared with something, it denotes equal quality of those things compared: David is as clever as Mike. David is as stupid as Mike. The comparative degree is morphologically marked in both languages. In English it expresses a higher or less degree of quality of the thing expressed by the subject in relation to the thing with which it is compared. Depending on the length of the adjective it is formed by two ways: 1) by adding the affix -er to short adjectives: long-longer, cold-colder etc. 2) by putting the words more or less before long adjectives: beautiful - more beautiful beautiful - less beautiful In Uzbek it is formed by adding the affix -роқ to the adjective: узун - узунроқ чиройли - чиройлироқ The affix -роқ means a (little) bit more or a (little) bit less: Мэри Аннадан чиройлироқ Mary is a (little) bit more beautiful than Ann. Бу хона анови хонадан кичкинароқ. This room is a (little) bit smaller than that one. In Uzbek the positive degree is functionally equal to the positive and comparative degrees. Compare: David is clever = Давид ақлли. David is clever than Mike = Давид Майкдан ақлли. The superlative degree expresses the highest (least) degree of the quality denoted by the adjective stem with the affix -est and the structures most + adj. and least + adj. in English and the structure энг + ad; jn Uzbek: Mary is the most beautiful girl = Мэри энг чиройли қиз. David is the cleverest boy = Давид энг ақлли бола. There are some adjectives in English whose comparative and superlative degrees are formed by changing the root: Positive comparative superlative good better (the) best bad worth (the) worst little less (the) least much more (the) most many more (the) most far farther (the) farthest further (the) furthest old older (the) oldest elder (the) eldest These differences cause a lot of interlanguage interferences when Uzbek students speak English. In conclusion we can say that he grammatical systems of Uzbek and English are fundamentally different. English is an analytical language, in which grammatical meaning in largely expressed 503 AMERICAN Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education www. grnjournal.us through the use of additional words and by changes in word order. Uzbek is an agglutinative language, in which the majority of grammatical forms are created through changes in the structure of words, by means of a developed system of prefixes, suffixes and ending. No one knows exactly how people learn languages although a great deal of research has been done into the subject. Used literature: 1. Кhaimovich B.S., Rogoyskaya B.L.A course in English Grammar. Moscow, 1996 2. Yusupov U’. Constrastive linguistics of the English and Uzbek languages. Akademnashr, Toshkent, 2013, 280p