579-586 The Demarcation of Punctuation Marks Int the Dictionaries 579 AMERICAN Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education www. grnjournal.us AMERICAN Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education Volume 01, Issue 09, 2023 ISSN (E): 2993-2769 The Demarcation of Punctuation Marks Int the Dictionaries of Linguistic Terms Rustamova Dilrabo Abdurakhimovna, PhD Associate Professor, of Andijon State University Abstract In this entry, we discuss the dictionary entry provides more details. It is said that the exchange of sounds is associated with other phenomena. As shown above, it is better to provide details in this entry rather than refer to another dictionary entry. If the dictionary is in electronic form, a hyperlink can be set. In it, the desired word is matched to the hyperlink function. As a result, when you click on that word, a separate window will open and you can read the link. Traditional / paper dictionaries or electronic dictionaries without a search engine (in pdf format) are not suitable for referencing. It takes up the student's time and leads to the division of his attention. Keywords: dictionary entry, linguistic terms, diaresis, diffusion, diffused sounds, divergent, diphthong, dissimilation. Introduction. In terminological dictionaries, there are cases of referring to another dictionary entry to reveal the meaning of one term more broadly. For example: DISSIMILIATION (lat. Dissimilis - dissimilar). The change of one of the same or partially similar sounds in a word to another sound that is articulatory different. Dissimilation is a very rare phenomenon and occurs mainly in colloquial speech: транвай (instead of трамвай), зарал (instead of зарар), etc. According to its nature, two types of dissimilation are distinguished: contact dissimilation (q.), distant dissimilation (q.). Comparison. Assimilation. In our opinion, this method is typical of an annotated terminological dictionary. In an encyclopedic dictionary, it is desirable for the dictionary entry to be complete and detailed. For example, distant dissimilation could be a large entry in itself. Distant dissimilation Distant dissimilation is the dissimilation of non-contiguous consonants. For example, зарал (instead of зарар). As a result of assimilation, differences between speech sounds disappear, they become similar or harmonize with one or more signs. However, there is also an interaction of sounds, which is the opposite of this phenomenon: in this case, the similarity of sounds is lost. If one of the two similar sounds in the word changes, and as a result they differ by an articulatory-acoustic sign or several signs, it is called dissimilation (Latin, dissimilatio - "dissimilarity"). For example, dissimilation is common in Russian and Uzbek speech: tumba (tunba), Tambov (Tanbov), tramvay (tranvay), kombayn (konbayn), djemper (djenper), ambar (anbar) In english the word marble - "mramor" in french the word marbre - came from the word "r", the sound (r) at the end of the word moved to (l) as a result of dissimilation. If it is said by adding sounds to the beginning of the word, it is called prosthesis. In Turkic languages, in particular, in Uzbek (spoken speech), adding the vowels (i), (u) before the combination of consonants that came from the Russian language is an example of a prosthesis: stantsiya (istansa, istansiya), stol (ustol), stul (ustul), spravka (ispravka) kabi. 580 AMERICAN Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education www. grnjournal.us Substitution is the replacement of sounds in words from a foreign language with sounds in the native language. Usually, the sound of a non-native foreign language is replaced more often. However, despite the fact that a sound more similar to the sound of a foreign language exists in the native language, there are many cases of its replacement. Because each language has its own sound system, and the sounds in it cannot be reproduced in another language. Such a phenomenon of sound substitution is very common in common nouns: German: Vebster - Uebster, Isaak - Isaak, lotincha: Teodor - Feodor (Fyodr), english: Tomas - Tomas . The exchange of sounds. The above sound alternation occurs in two or more languages. In different forms of words of the same language, sounds are exchanged. Such an exchange of sounds is also called alternation. Alternating sounds are called alternants. Morphonology studies the characteristics of the exchange of sounds in different morphemes. The exchange of sounds is of two types: phonetic (positional) and historical. Phonetic substitution refers to the alternation that occurs based on the current pronunciation norm of the language. Such an exchange depends on the place of sounds and occurs in a certain situation. Турсунов У.М., Мухторов Ж., Раҳматуллаев С. Ҳозирги ўзбек адабий тили. Қайта ишланган, тўлдирилган 3-нашри. –Т.: Ўзбекистон, 1992. Еникеев Р. Тил ҳақидаги қонунлар тарихига оид // Тил ва адабиёт таълими, 1997, № 2. Жамолхонов Ҳ.А. Алифбони ислоҳ қилиш керакми? // Туркий тиллар тараққиёти муаммолари, ТошДПИ илмий асарлари. –Т., 1993. Назаров К. Энг катта муаммо ечилади // Маърифат, 1992, 22- сон. Нурматов А. Илмий-техникавий тушунчаларни ифодалаш масаласи // Ўзбек тили ва адабиёти, 2000, 2-сон. Раҳматуллаев Ш, Ҳожиев А. Ўзбек тилининг имло луғати. –Т.: Ўқитувчи, 1995. www.ziyonet.com Related words: assimilation, distant, sound. Main part. As you can see from the description, the dictionary entry provides more details. It is said that the exchange of sounds is associated with other phenomena. As shown above, it is better to provide details in this entry rather than refer to another dictionary entry. If the dictionary is in electronic form, a hyperlink can be set. In it, the desired word is matched to the hyperlink function. As a result, when you click on that word, a separate window will open and you can read the link. Traditional / paper dictionaries or electronic dictionaries without a search engine (in pdf format) are not suitable for referencing. It takes up the student's time and leads to the division of his attention. Definition A derivational affix is an affix by means of which one word is formed (derived) from another. The derived word is often of a different word class from the original . The coding of the terms of the thematic group "Graphics" is unique, it mainly provides information about various records. Therefore, such a dictionary entry may contain pictures, the appearance of different scripts (for example, Aramaic, Arabic scripts, hieroglyphs, etc.). It is noteworthy that in the description of the dictionary entry, various signs and symbols are highlighted in the text. We will analyze the descriptions of the term "diacritical sign" in explanatory terminological dictionaries. In the dictionary of A. Hojiev, this unit is given as follows: DIACRITIC SIGN (Greek. Diakriticosis - differentiator). A sign that is attached to a letter and takes part in forming a letter indicating a different sound. E.g., two dots from the letter ё, the underscore in the letter қ, and others. V. Jerebilo also observes the following description: DIACRITICS [ letter sequence could be misinterpreted to be pronounced /ˈkuːpəreɪt/. Other examples are the acute and grave accents, which can indicate that a vowel is to be pronounced differently than is normal in that position, for example not reduced to /ə/ or silent as in the case of the two uses of the letter e in the noun résumé (as opposed to the verb resume) and the help sometimes provided in the pronunciation of some words such as doggèd, learnèd, blessèd, and especially words pronounced differently than normal in poetry (for example movèd, breathèd). Most other words with diacritics in English are borrowings from languages such as French to better preserve the spelling, such as the diaeresis on naïve and Noël, the acute from café, the circumflex in the word crêpe, and the cedille in façade. All these diacritics, however, are frequently omitted in writing, and English is the only major modern European language that does not have diacritics in common usage... O. Akhmanova does not describe these terms separately, but refers to another entry: DIACRITICS English. diacritic. Same as diacritic sign (see sign). DIACRITICAL SIGN see sign. The linked entry has a relatively broad description: SIGN English mark, marker, fr. marque, German Merkmal, ucn. marca. An indicator, an exponent of a given linguistic meaning; cf. marked, indicator. Sign updated in English. actualized sign, fr. signe actualisé. A communicative unit of language in its actual speech functioning, its specific application, or implementation, in speech. Sign current English. actual sign An element of speech contrasted with a “virtual sign” as an element of language. Question mark (know the question) English. question-mark, sign of interrogation, fr. point d'interrogation, German. Fragezeichen, ucn. punto interrogante. A punctuation mark placed at the end of a question sentence; cf. exclamation point, period, and Russian. Куда ты скачешь, гордый конь? Exclamation mark English. exclamation mark, French point d'exclamation, German Ausrufungszeichen, ucn. punto exlamatorio. A punctuation mark placed at the end of an exclamation sentence and other types of exclamation; cf. question mark, period, o Russian. Какая необыкновенная была эта девушка на грузовике! English vowel signs vowel-points, fr. points des voyelles, German. Vokalzeichen. Diacritics added to alphabetic characters to indicate vowels in Semitic languages. English graphic signs graphic signs. Substitutes for the sound side of language. Demarcation sign (dierema, boundary signal, structural boundary) English. border mark (modification), fr. signe démarcatif, German. Grenzsignal, ucn. signo demarcativo. Rhythmic and melodic features of a given language, as well as the appearance of a certain phoneme or a certain differential feature at a certain point in a speech segment, i.e. various phonological means that signal the presence or absence of a morphological seam or word division and thus allow one to distinguish between morphemes, words and phrases; cf. connection, English we learn and we'll earn differ in quality [1]; Russian open and closed syllables in no construction Сбиес/стро'1ки] и без тройки [бие/сгроЧки], в под троном [пл.т/тр6нъм] и патроном [пл/тронъм]. Diacritic sign (diacritic, differentiation icon) English. diacritical sign (mark), fr. signe diacritique, German diakritisches Zeichen, ucn. diacritico. 1) An icon next to a letter, indicating that it must be read differently than without it or with another diacritic, and Czech. § reads like Russian. “Ш” in contrast to s, which is read as Russian. "С". 2) A silent letter that serves in a given spelling system to indicate an additional sound characteristic, cn German. h in Dehnung to indicate the longitude of the sound e. Sign И pre-literate English. pre-literary symbols. Various objects that, before the 582 AMERICAN Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education www. grnjournal.us advent of writing, were given symbolic meaning and which were used as a replacement for or addition to oral communication, Laces with knots, “tags” - sticks with notches for counting records, etc. The sign is ideographic. Same as ideogram. English correlation sign correlation mark, mark of correlation, fr. marque de corrélation, German. Körrel at ionsmerkmal, ucn. marca, de corelación. A phonological feature, the presence or absence of which characterizes a given series of correlative pairs; cf. differential feature, Navality of vowels in French. language, differentiating correlative pairs а/а, б/о, е/е Linear signs English. linear signs. Linear writing signs. In the next, encyclopedic dictionary entry, which discusses the sign in general, we will only take information about the diacritical mark and encode the dictionary entry as follows: Diacritical sign Diacritical signs (Greek: diakritikos - distinguishing, distinguishing) - signs used in writing based on letters, which are placed above or below the lines, rarely inside. Diacritical signs serve to change the essence of some character - letter or to define it. The following types of diacritical marks are distinguished: a) symbols that impose a new function on a letter (for example, in the Uzbek Cyrillic alphabet − y, yo, gʻ, q, va b., in the Uzbek latin alphabet − oʻ (oʻ), Gʻalla, magʻrur, oʻtkir, toʻla, gʻalaba, gʻoʻr, chana, chang, singlim choʻl, shahar, shoʻr, Shermat, achchiq, pashsha, shashkachining, mening, oʻgʻil (18 words, 88 sounds, 116 characters); b) symbols representing the variants of the sound (eg, French yo, yo, yo, these also have the feature of meaning differentiation). Some diacritic marks indicate how to read letters separately (eg, French − I). Prosodic diacritics indicate the long or shortness of the sound represented by the letter, stress and its types, tone (for example, in Vietnamese, in some projects based on Latin graphics for Chinese). Diacritical marks are important in some transcription systems and international alphabet projects. The same diacritical marks have different functions in different national scripts. Diacritical marks are the most common languages - French, Polish, Czech, Portuguese, Latin, Lithuanian. Turkic languages, especially Uzbek, also have diacritic marks. Diacritical marks are also widely used in the Arabic script, which is especially important in the recitation of the Holy Qur'an in different Arab and other Muslim countries, that is, it ensures the same reading. The writings of other nations based on the Araf alphabet are not excluded from this (for example, Persian, Urdu, etc.). Diacritical marks are also found in Indic writing systems, which distinguish consonants formed in a vowel, as well as indicating length and shortening (eg, "i" and "ji"). Some scholars claim that Sumic (Arabic, Yiddish) languages also have diacritic marks, where vowels are understood by placing dots and dashes under consonants. Diacritical marks. : (colon) - indicates the length of the sound. ' (acute) − indicates palatalization if placed to the right of the sign, and velarization if placed to the left. > and < − shows the transition of one sound to another. || − refers to the parallel use of two sounds or words. ( ) − qavs ichidagi harf ba’zan nutqda talaffuz qilinmasligini bildiradi. [ ] − a big bracket serves to distinguish a syllable, a word, a transcribed phrase in the text. Абдуллаев Й. Ҳамроҳим. – Т.: Ўқитувчи, 1996. Абдураҳмонов Г., Мамажонов С. // Ўзбек тили ва адабиёти. – Т.: Ўзбекистон, 2002. Азизов О. Тилшуносликка кириш. – Т.: Ўқитувчи, 1996. Алиев А., Назаров К. Ўзбек тили маълумотномаси. – Т.: Фан, 1992. Аширбоев С. Қутбнинг «Хусрав ва Ширин» достони ва ўзбек адабий тили. – Т.: Ўқитувчи, 1997. Джамалханов Х.А. Основы узбекской графики. – Т.: Фан, 1991. Жамолхонов Ҳ.А. Графика ва орфография. Маърузалар матни. – Т: Низомий номли ТДПУ босмахонаси, 1999. Жамолхонов Ҳ.А. Ҳозирги ўзбек адабий тили. Ўқув қўлланмаси. 1-қисм. – Т.: Низомий номли ТДПУ босмахонаси, 2004. Жамолхонов Ҳ.А. Ҳозирги ўзбек адабий тили. Ўқув қўлланмаси. 2-қисм. – Т.:, 2004. Раҳматуллаев Ш. 583 AMERICAN Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education www. grnjournal.us Ўзбек тилининг янги алифбоси ва имлоси. – Т.: Университет, 1999 (қайта нашри – 2002). Турсунов У.М., Мухторов Ж., Раҳматуллаев Ш. Ҳозирги ўзбек адабий тили. Қайта ишланган, тўлдирилган 3-нашри. – Т.: Ўзбекистон, 1992. Ўзбек тилининг асосий имло қоидалари. – Т.: Ўқитувчи, 1995. Абдулла Шер. Инон-ихтиёр билан танланган алифбо // Ўзбекистон адабиёти ва санъати, 1993, №27. Абдуллаев Йўлдош. Мозий ва янги алифбо // Ўзбекистон овози, 1995, №24. Джамалханов Х.А. Графическая характеристика буквенных знаков нового узбекского письма // Преподавание языка и литературы, 1997, №5. Еникеев Радик. Тил ҳақидаги қонунлар тарихига оид // Тил ва адабиёт таълими, 1997, № 2. Жамолхонов Ҳ.А. Алифбони ислоҳ қилиш керакми? // Туркий тиллар тараққиёти муаммолари, ТошДПИ илмий асарлари. – Т., 1993. Жамолхонов Ҳ.А. Араб графикаси асосидаги эски ўзбек алифбосидан лотин графикаси асосидаги ўзбек алифбосига ўтишнинг асосий саналари // Туркий тилларнинг тараққиёти муаммолари: Республика илмий-амалий анжумани материаллари. – Т.: Фан, 1995. Related words: hyphens, punctuation marks, signs. There are many doublet terms in our language. There are cases where researchers are familiar with one of these terms and not familiar with the other (usually, their origin). For this reason, it is important to pay attention to this aspect in the coding of doublet terms. Such a dictionary entry should contain the phrase "exactly". We will analyze such a dictionary entry below. There is a doublet of the term " Equalization" which belongs to the topic group "syntax". In the dictionary of linguistic terms, this term is explained as follows: Equalization Equal syntactic relationship is a relationship between words, as well as the predicative parts of a compound sentence, indicating an equal relationship, one of which is not subordinate to the other: O‘qituvchi va o‘quvchilar. Qo‘ng‘iroq chalindi va dars boshlandi. See. An equal relationship. Compare: Subjection. It appears that there are 2 links in the definition of this term: "See", "Compare". In this case, it is understood that " See " is the same as the word indicated by the word. On the same page, the entry "Equal relationship " is also given: EQUAL RELATIONSHIP. Syntactic relationship between equal syntactic units (parts of a sentence, predicative parts of a compound sentence): Томлардан, ивиган деворлардан буғ кўтарила бошлади (Said Ahmad). Адирлар ранг-баранг гуллар билан ясанди, сойликда сувлар тошиб ҳийқиради (Aybek). It seems that these entrys can meet the requirement of a dictionary entry with terminological explanation, but such a short explanation is not appropriate in an encyclopedia. In our opinion, the encyclopedic description should be given as follows in addition to the comment given above: Equal connection (equation) sentence can be expanded with words with equal connection: Almonds, peaches and apricots bloomed. The word forms bodomlаr, o‘riklar, shaftolilar in this sentence are syntactically independent of each other, but have an equal connection, and this connection is made by means of equal conjunctions or tone. Word forms that form such a series of equations are subject to one expanding word form and have the same syntactic position. Such a word form is called a compound word form. The main difference between the formal and substantive directions regarding the interpretation of the construction of the sentence is manifested in the issue of the combined clause. Because the relationship to the participle is fundamentally different in these two directions, and it is at the center of the interpretation of the entire grammatical construction, and especially serves as a reference point for distinguishing between simple and compound sentences. This fulcrum is especially prominent within the cross section. A cut does not always have the same properties as other compact pieces, that is, it does not always obey the laws of compactness. No other part of the sentence expresses a sentence like a participle. Therefore, it was recommended to analyze it separately and not in a series of connected pieces. It is also required that the clause be taken as the base of the sentence. 584 AMERICAN Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education www. grnjournal.us The line of equalization can occupy any syntactic position in the sentence: Predicate: Siz aqlli va tadbirkorsiz. Object: Go‘yo Navoiy va Boyqaro qarshimda edi. Clause: Suv o‘ynoqlab, ko‘piklanib oqardi. Complement: U qalam, daftar, ruchka oldi. Determinant: Nasibaning va Кarimaning opalari keldi. Invocation: Aziz do‘stlar, yurtdoshlar, sizlarni sog‘inib yashadim. It seems that both constructive and non-constructive parts of the sentence can be combined. Word forms in the equation may not have the same syntactic position. That is, although they are subject to the same governing member and have an equal relationship with each other, they differ in terms of syntactic function. For example: Har joyda va har kimga sen haqingda gapirdim. In this case, har joyda va har kimga the word forms are in an equal relationship with each other, but one is a sentence expander (har joyda ), and the second is a word expander (har kimga). Such a series of equations is called an unpaired series of equations. Each member of the series of unorganized equations is a complement of different linguistic and syntactic positions. In particular, if the adverbial clause har joyda in this sentence fills the position of the case in the linguistic structure, har kimga is the expander of the noun unit [W] in the center of the adverbial clause, a member that is not directly related to the linguistic structure of the sentence. Each of the equivalent verb forms can also be expanded:1. U dengiz qiyofasini kasb etgan keng paxtazorga va undagi marra uchun kuyib-pishayotgan terimchilarga uzoq tikildi. Opposite terms can also be given as separate dictionary entries and cross-referenced. This link, unlike the others, encourages the reader (if they want) to get information from another page, without having to look at another page unless necessary. A link like this expands the range of encyclopedic information. For example: Subordination Subordination is the condition of being dependent on another component in an interaction (association). For example, yashil dala, chaqqon harakat qilmoq birikmalarida yashil va chaqqon the condition of the words. See. Tobe so‘z. Compare. Hokimlik. If you pay attention, in such a case, sign, which means "Compare", is placed. As a conclusion, it can be said that linguistic terms for encyclopedic dictionaries differ from other dictionaries by vocabulary content, quality and size of dictionary entrys. The encyclopedic dictionary is divided into thematic groups "general linguistics" and "modern Uzbek language", schools, direction and tradition, organizations; terms related to a particular language family and the study of languages; linguistic processes or linguistic lexicography; world languages; language policy and management; Linguistic fields are made up of thematic groups of terms. The topic group "Modern Uzbek language" includes terms related to phonetics, lexicon, writing, grammar. The size of the dictionary entry is related to the content coverage of the term. Some terms refer to such processes in the language that this concept includes several terms. In the dictionary entry describing the borrowed term, it is appropriate to provide etymological information indicating the language from which this unit came. When coding polysemous terms, a word indicating the subject to which its different meanings belong is highlighted or a corresponding lexicographical tag is placed. Reference: 1. Ҳoжиeв A. Тилшунoслик тeрминлaрининг изoҳли луғaти. – Тoшкeнт: «Ўзбeкистoн Миллий Энциклoпeдияси» дaвлaт илмий нaшриёти, 1997. – 164 б. – Б. 94. 2. Жеребило Т.В. Словарь лингвистических терминов. Изд. 5-е, испр. и доп. – Назрань: ООО «Пилигрим», 2010. – 486 с. – С. 434-435. 3. Баскаков Н.А., Содиқов А.С., Абдуазизов А.А. Умумий тилшунослик. − Тошкент: «Ўқитувчи», 1979. − 190 б. 4. Mahkamov N., Ermatov I. 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