160 AMERICAN Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education www. grnjournal.us AMERICAN Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education Volume 01, Issue 10, 2023 ISSN (E): 2993-2769 Reform of Writing in the Context of Socio-Cultural Change and its Impact on Library Activities Tsay Irina Konstantinovna Lecturer of the Department of Library Science Abstract The report is devoted to the analysis of library and publishing activities in the conditions of writing reform as a factor of socio-cultural changes affecting the culture of society. Writing and language being the basis of book culture of each nation, through the tool known as "reading", plays an important role in the development and socialization of personality, maintenance of cultural traditions, learning of native language, adaptation to modern society, mastering of professional information. Libraries as custodians and intermediaries between book culture and other information in library collections play an important role in the cultural formation of society. Consideration of this issue is important for solving problems arising as a result of the reform of the written language and concerning both the issues of intercultural communication, formation of a unified information and cultural space of the country and increasing the culture of the whole nation. Keywords: reform, writing system, socio-cultural changes, Uzbek alphabet, Latin alphabet, Cyrillic alphabet, library funds. In modern librarianship there is an interest in analyzing the nature of functioning and development of libraries in the context of global and local socio-cultural changes. Studies of cases related to librarianship and publishing are becoming especially important. Among such socio-cultural changes it is necessary to mention the reform of writing as one of the most large- scale cultural events, which for a long time kept and continues to keep the attention not only of library specialists, but also of the entire linguistic community. Two levels of language, namely the written language and the lexical composition of the language, are most often subject to reform. Considering each writing reform as a special case of language development, we can assume that the systemic interrelation of writing and book cultures and, consequently, of librarianship allows us to speak, on the one hand, about the influence of writing reform on book culture, on the other hand, about the role of librarianship in the effective realization of this reform carried out in society. Brief history of Uzbek writing The Old Uzbek script until the beginning of the twentieth century was based on the Arabic script - a legacy of the Arab conquerors. The alphabet of the Old Uzbek language consisted of 32 letters. As part of the Russian Empire in the 19th century, the Uzbek script remained unchanged, but the Cyrillic alphabet was used along with the Arabic script. With the Bolsheviks coming to power, the situation began to change. In 1921, the issue of the transition of the Uzbek language to the Latin alphabet was discussed at the regional congress in Tashkent. At that time, disputes broke out between supporters of Latinization and adherents of the Arabic alphabet. The latter took the upper hand, but already in 1926 at the I Turkic congress 161 AMERICAN Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education www. grnjournal.us in Baku the transition of all Turkic languages of the peoples of the USSR to the new Latin alphabet - Yanalif was approved. In May 1929, a new alphabet of the Uzbek language based on the Latin alphabet was developed. But its life turned out to be short: in 1940, a new writing system - Cyrillic with an alphabet of 35 letters - was finally approved. The collapse of the USSR and the establishment of sovereign Uzbekistan raised again the issue of reform of the Uzbek script. On September 2, 1993, the Law "On the Introduction of the Uzbek Alphabet Based on the Latin Script" was adopted. The law stipulated to start teaching children at school the Uzbek language using the new alphabet starting from 1996, and to complete the full transition to the Latin script by 2010. But the transition to the Latin script was delayed. Over time, they stopped talking about the full transition to the Latin script altogether. However, some books - even if only a few - were printed in the new alphabet. It should be emphasized that during the Soviet period, all Uzbek literature, scientific and technical books, and encyclopedias were created in the Uzbek Cyrillic alphabet. Newspapers and magazines, in order not to lose readers, are printed in Cyrillic alphabet until today 1 . It is known that as early as 1950, 908 books and brochures were published in Uzbekistan, and 2030 in 1970. This is an average of 1,000 new publications per year between these dates. If we extrapolate this growth trend up to 1990, we get about 80,000 books and pamphlets between 1950 and 1990. Of course, not all of this literature was published in Uzbek, and not all of it is useful today. From this mass one can subtract all party-ideological literature and those books on specialties that have lost their relevance. But even if we consider that at least one fourth of this number meets today's requirements, it will turn out to be 20 thousand titles of literature that may be of interest to today's and future generations. For example, the 15-volume edition of Alisher Navoi's works, the 14-volume "Uzbek Soviet Encyclopedia", the second, now 12-volume edition of the Uzbek Encyclopedia, as well as many books by Uzbek writers of the past and present can be attributed to these editions 2 . Library collections of the republic are staffed with literature mainly in Cyrillic alphabet. For example, the largest library in the country, the Alisher Navoi National Library (established in 1870), had 600,000 manuscripts and printed publications in Uzbek alone as of 2010. Or another network of libraries in the system of the Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan with its flagship, the Fundamental Library in Tashkent. According to the data of the Academy's portal, the total fund of libraries of the system of the Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan is more than 5 million ekz., which are used by 45 thousand readers. Again, it is not difficult to guess, mostly in what alphabet this literature is published. Similar picture in the university network and in all other libraries of the republic. In 2018, another draft of alphabet reform was published which proposed to replace some diaphragms, but already in 2019, another draft of language reform was published which also proposed to replace some language reforms and to add one letter C with again. And already in March 2021, a reform project was published that replaced some diaphragms, but in November 2021, another reform option was approved by linguistic scholars 3 . 1 Experience of Uzbekistan: 6 facts about the country's transition to the Latin alphabet [Electronic resource]// https://www.asiaplustj.info/ru/news/centralasia/20170927/opit-uzbekistana-6- faktov-o-perehode-strani-na-latinitsu (дата обращения 21.10.2023 г.) 2 Uzbekistan and the transition to the Latin script of discord [Electronic resource]// https://uchimsya.com/a/mmuP1a9I 3 Lecture History of the Uzbek Language [Electronic resource]// https://infourok.ru/lekciya- istoriya-uzbekskogo-yazyka-6329159.html?ysclid=lo6x5ujv9f370277063) дата обращения 26.10.2023 г. https://www.asiaplustj.info/ru/news/centralasia/20170927/opit-uzbekistana-6-faktov-o-perehode-strani-na-latinitsu https://www.asiaplustj.info/ru/news/centralasia/20170927/opit-uzbekistana-6-faktov-o-perehode-strani-na-latinitsu https://uchimsya.com/a/mmuP1a9I https://infourok.ru/lekciya-istoriya-uzbekskogo-yazyka-6329159.html?ysclid=lo6x5ujv9f370277063 https://infourok.ru/lekciya-istoriya-uzbekskogo-yazyka-6329159.html?ysclid=lo6x5ujv9f370277063 162 AMERICAN Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education www. grnjournal.us Finally, on May 24, 2021, Resolution No. 989-IV of the Legislative Chamber of the Oliy Majlis of the Republic of Uzbekistan "On the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan 'On introducing amendments and additions to the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan 'On the State Language of the Republic of Uzbekistan'" was issued. In this Decision of the Legislative Chamber of the Oliy Majlis of the Republic of Uzbekistan it was decided: to adopt the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan "On introducing amendments and additions to the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan "On the State Language of the Republic of Uzbekistan"; to send this Law to the Senate of the Oliy Majlis of the Republic of Uzbekistan 4 . It is important to recognize that the country has a fairly stable coexistence of two alphabets, Latin and Cyrillic, with different spheres of their use and different categories of users. Accordingly, the population is divided into two halves: on the one hand, the younger generation, who were educated in Uzbek schools and colleges in the Latin alphabet, and on the other hand, the older generation and young people who were educated in Russian-language schools, who prefer to read and write in the Cyrillic alphabet 5 . As for book publishing in Uzbekistan, during the period of writing reform it could not provide for the renewal of library collections due to the enormity of such a task, the lack of readiness of libraries for such projects due to limited solvency, and most importantly, the lack of need for such steps among the readership and a significant part of modern authors. Primary attention was paid to the replacement of school textbooks, dictionaries, and publications for children. It was extremely necessary to actualize collections of fiction and collections of popular science publications for children and youth, but this has not happened. In general, it must be recognized that book publishing in the country has fallen into some decline. Thus, as of 2017, there were very few book publishers operating in the country, mainly Davr Press, O'qituvchi, Akademnashr, and O'zbekiston. Today, the websites of the first two of them no longer exist, apparently because these publishing houses have ceased operations. Interestingly, all literature in the country has been and still is published both in Latin and Cyrillic, and on a comparable scale. In the Latin alphabet it is mainly textbooks and children's literature for the youngest children, while in the Cyrillic alphabet it is literature for older readers. The reaction of libraries to the reform implied, first of all, the gradual actualization of the document array that constitutes the library's collections. On the one hand, libraries cannot but react to the reform, because they have in their hands the most important public resource - books, and in this situation they had to become a conduit of new linguistic norms as cultural norms. On the other hand, libraries are the guardians of cultural heritage, and writing is an integral part of it. Is there a way out of this situation? Libraries are at a crossroads; the possibility of a complete renewal of library collections is perceived by both librarians and the general public as absolutely fantastic, having nothing to do with reality, while the social-institutional nature of libraries, the wide range of social functions they perform, suggests the operational necessity of restructuring the libraries of the republics. However, given that the issue of implementation of the writing reform has not yet been finalized, it is natural that libraries still face such open questions as: management of collections, cataloguing problems, peculiarities of librarians' activities, reading behavior during the reform period and the reaction of the material and technical base. The modern world is focused on the development of language practices, on the creation of such an orthographic regime that would correspond to the style of human life in the conditions of 4 Decision of the Legislative Chamber of the Oliy Majlis of the Republic of Uzbekistan "On the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan "On introducing amendments and additions to the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan "On the State Language of the Republic of Uzbekistan"" [No. 989-IV of 24.05.2021] [No. 989-IV of 24.05. 2021]. [Electronic resource]// Lex.UZ on-line: https://lex.uz/uz/docs/5449573 9дата обращения 26.10.2023 г.) 5 Forced translation of the Uzbek language into Latin: consequences for the population of Uzbekistan [Electronic resource].// https://cabar.asia/ru/forsirovannyj-perevod-uzbekskogo- yazyka-na-latinitsu-posledstviya-dlya-naseleniya-uzbekistana (дата обращения 15.10.2023 г.) https://lex.uz/uz/docs/5449573%209дата%20обращения%2026.10.2023 https://cabar.asia/ru/forsirovannyj-perevod-uzbekskogo-yazyka-na-latinitsu-posledstviya-dlya-naseleniya-uzbekistana https://cabar.asia/ru/forsirovannyj-perevod-uzbekskogo-yazyka-na-latinitsu-posledstviya-dlya-naseleniya-uzbekistana 163 AMERICAN Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education www. grnjournal.us informatization - simplicity and speed of information transmission, simplification of communicative formats, and primitivization of language norms. All this intensifies language policy and activates the ideas of language reform in many countries, including Uzbekistan. At the same time, modern culture raises the issue of preserving cultural heritage, including linguistic and written cultural heritage, book arrays as a way of preserving the linguistic culture of previous eras. Despite the fact that these tasks exist outside time, their solution in different historical epochs in different fragments of geopolitical and cultural space always causes transformations of book culture and, first of all, requires the reaction of library institutions. In the modern library literature there are no theoretical bases for the activities of libraries in the conditions of language reform. Therefore, the consideration of this issue is important for solving the identified problems concerning library activity, as well as intercultural communication and the formation of a unified information and cultural space of the country. Thus, the document flows, with which libraries have been and are completing their collections, cannot solve the problem of renewal of library collections due to both economic inefficiency and social irrationality of this process. There is also an open question how young people can get in- depth knowledge of, say, fiction or scientific-publicist literature? And of course in no way the question of the destruction of Cyrillic alphabet books should arise, as it happened in the 1990s, during the period of socio-cultural changes in society. List of references: 1. Decision of the Legislative Chamber of the Oliy Majlis of the Republic of Uzbekistan "On the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan "On Amendments and Additions to the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan "On the State Language of the Republic of Uzbekistan"" [No. 989- IV of 24.05.2021] [No. 989-IV of 24.05. 2021]. [Electronic resource].// Lex.UZ on-line: https://lex.uz/uz/docs/5449573 9дата обращения 26.10.2023 г.) 2. Akhundjanov E. A. Written culture of Central Asia / Edited by E. V. Rtveladze. -Tashkent, 2000. - 112 p. 3. Rtveladze E.V. Written culture - a determining factor of the level of development of civilization and states // Civilizations, States, Cultures of Central Asia. Spiritual Culture. Tashkent. 2008. p.136-162. 4. Togaev T. M. Reforming the written language in Uzbekistan in the 20s of the last century // Oriental Renaissance: Innovative, educational, natural and social sciences. - June 2022.- volume 2. - issue 6.- p. 424-434 5. Forced translation of the Uzbek language into Latin: consequences for the population of Uzbekistan [Electronic resource].// https://cabar.asia/ru/forsirovannyj-perevod-uzbekskogo- yazyka-na-latinitsu-posledstviya-dlya-naseleniya-uzbekistana (дата обращения 15.10.2023 г.) 6. Lecture history of the Uzbek language [Electronic resource]//.https://infourok.ru/lekciya- istoriya-uzbekskogo-yazyka-6329159.html?ysclid=lo6x5ujv9f370277063) дата обращения 26.10.2023 г. 7. 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