205 Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education www. grnjournal.us AMERICAN Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education Volume 02, Issue 01, 2024 ISSN (E): 2993-2769 The Etymological Analysis of English and Uzbek Anthroponomical Component Phraseological Units in Example Sentences G’oyibov Umarjon Alisher o’g’li PhD student at Uzbekistan state world languages university Abstract: A phraseological unit is a linguistic unit consisting of two or more word components which represents a single meaning with a particular figurative meaning, such as to flog a dead horse, as happy as Larry, to be snowed under. Nowadays, the cultural viewpoint and the structural and semantic analysis of phraseological units with a particular component has been in the limelight. In this article, the participation of personal names in the linguistic field of phraseological units as the representation of culture with examples and analyses in sentences has been discussed. Keywords: anthroponomical phraseology, linguistic system, structural and semantic analysis, the plane of expression, the plane of content, cultural peculiarity, etymology of phraseological units. The connection between personal names and anthroponomical component phraseological units substantiates the argument that there is a growing interest in the connection between cultural studies and linguistic disciplines. The reason for such an increasing importance of linguocultural approach to the phraseological units with personal names, along with other onomastic components, is grounded by the speculation that anthroponomical components in the phraseological layer of the language plays a significant role in the scientific research of nations’ historical- cultural heritage. Peculiarities of the English culture can be seen in the following examples: 1) restraint and control of one’s own feelings; 2) praising of a private life; 3) dominance of house utensils over other things; 4) being proud of one’s own affair and deep love for one’s job; 5) eagerness for the promotion of one’s social status; 6) being able not to lose control of oneself in difficulties; 7) being able to manage one’s time and meticulously spend one’s money; 8) spending most of one’s time with earning more money and accumulating wealth; 9) being accustomed to spend large amount of money on one’s conveniences. Besides, the English people value such features as independence, individuality, intelligence, pride, honesty, virginity, grace, courtesy, leadership and perseverance. With regards to the Uzbek people, such features as respect for labour and a hardworking person, praising a man as a result of his work, a meticulous thought and plan before starting work, greeting of the younger with the elder, cleaning the house at the early dawn, hospitality and great care for guests, taking care of the patients and the poor on the eve of a holiday, the tradition of in- laws, honour of bread, respect for the elder, the tradition of cooking are deeply- rooted in our nationality. Both English and Uzbek people have their own national identity, culture, tradition and customs and they are verbalised in language by phraseological units as well, along with other linguistic units. The national- cultural features of phraseological units are defined by their extralinguistic factors. By extralinguistic factors, we mean a collection of factors indicating the social, 206 Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education www. grnjournal.us economic, cultural conditions, the development of functional and the internal structural features of language and their national characteristics and role in the development and constitution of phraseological units. Therefore, phraseological units contribute to preserving the rich treasure of culture and delivering it to future generations. The linguocultural features of anthroponomical component phraseological units which include a personal name, a surname, a nickname and a patronym bear actuality and importance in the sphere of anthropocentric paradigm as a linguistic phenomenon. The participation of anthroponyms in the phraseological units contributes to maintenance of their role in phraseological world, in the verbalisation of social, political, economic, cultural and other values, and in the representation of specific peculiarities of English and Uzbek nations. As to the anthroponomical component phraseological units of the English language, the personal names come from historical facts (Cocker, Crichton, Freddy), religious statements (Adam, Judas, David), literary works (Jekyll, Sherlock, Cornelia), mythological characters (Achilles, Cupid, Pandora), political figures (Caesar, Gladstone, Benjamin) and real common people (Jack, Betty, Charlie) and with reference to those of the Uzbek language, the personal names are taken from historical facts (Amir Temur, Aflotun, Suqrot), religious statements (Xizr, Muso, Iso), literary works (Rustam, Majnun, Layli) and real common people (Eshmat, Ali, Fozil). According to thematic principle, nationally specific and culture relevant anthroponomical phraseological units in English and Uzbek can be classified into the following groups and the usage of them in sentences clarifies their semantic connotations: 1. Phraseological units associated with the historical factual names of the British, American, Roman, Greek and Uzbek famous people, scientists, writers, politicians and sportsmen and with certain influence of historical events. Examples of this kind in English and Uzbek languages can be seen and their meanings can be associated with their etymological origin in the following sentences:  There was no sign of the driver, and no one minding the horse; and as this was not quite according to Cocker, it naturally attracted his attention. (R Austin Freeman) The phraseological unit applied in the sentence means in accordance with proper procedure and established rules. Its etymological origin commences in 1678, when John Hawkins published the manuscript of a book which Edward Cocker had left at his death two years later. Edward Cocker is a scientist known in math and arithmetic and was an English engraver.  Toys and Teddy bears sent by well- wishers piled up in the village centre and a single candle glowed in a glass lantern. (The Sun, 2008) The phraseological unit used in the sentence expresses a soft toy bear. It originated from Teddy, pet form of the given name Theodore, alluding to Theodore Roosevelt, an enthusiastic bear- hunter.  A marvellous boy, of ten years of age, has created much astonishment among the frequenters of the Stock Exchange, by his wonderful adroitness at calculation. He is a sort of admirable Crichton, in his way. (The Aberdeen Journal of 30 th , 1812) The phraseological unit used in the sentence describes an educated, broad- horizon person, a person who excels in all kinds of studies and pursuits. This expression originally referred to James Crichton, a Scottish nobleman famous for his intellectual and physical prowess.  It was a Potemkin village of technology, camera- ready but a long way short of leaving the ground. (The Daily Breast website, 2008) The phraseological unit mentioned in the sentence signifies a sham or unreal thing, an impressive façade or show designed to hide an undesirable fact. It was named for purported fake settlements erected at the direction of Russian minister Grigori Potemkin to fool Empress Catherine II during her visit to Crimea in 1787. 207 Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education www. grnjournal.us  I’d strapped him in his chair in the back and he’d sat there, happy as Larry, all the time I couldn’t get the thing going (Patrick Ruell) The phraseological unit used in the sentence example describes a person who is very happy indeed. It originated from Larry Foley, an Australian boxer, who never lost a fight. He was paid the tremendous sum of ₤1000 in his last fight in 1870s when he won, therefore, as happy as Larry.  Mahmudning qadami yetgan yerda o’t o’smas (Proverbs of Uzbek people) This proverb is used to express that where violence dominates, there is no peace nor development. It describes the leader of Gaznavi dynasty Mahmud Gaznavi’s restless attacks and his tyranny who ruled in the Middle Ages in Central Asia.  Asfandiyor xon bo’ldi, og’zi- burnim qon bo’ldi (Proverbs of Uzbek people) This proverb is used to express that where tyranny dominates, there is no peace and development. It derives from Asfandiyar Khan, the 53 rd Khan of Khiva between the years 1910- 1918.  Bo’ji keldi, bo’ji keldi, Chingiz bilan Jo’ji keldi (Proverbs of Uzbek people) This proverb is used to describe a supreme example of a repressive and tyrannical ruler. It stemmed from Genghis Khan, the founder of Mongol empire, used here as a supreme example of a repressive and tyrannical ruler; according to Uzbek people, this phraseological unit was used to intimidate the child if he was not obeying their parents. 2. Phraseological units related to religious beliefs. Examples of this kind in English and Uzbek languages can be seen and their meanings can be associated with their etymological origin in the following illustrations, especially from Biblical and Islamic names:  Don’t try to be my friend now, it’s just a Judas kiss! I know you’re trying to get more information out of me so you can report it to the headmaster! (Idioms by The Free Dictionary) The phraseological unit used in the sentence means an act of betrayal. It alludes to the Biblical account of the betrayal of Jesus by Judas, who kissed Jesus to identify him to the authorities arresting him.  He’s such a doubting Thomas that he won’t believe unless he sees things through his eyes (The Idioms) The phraseological unit mentioned in the sentence describes a person who refuses to believe something without incontrovertible proof. It is a direct reference to the biblical story of the apostle Thomas, who refused to believe that the resurrected Jesus had been seen by the apostles until he could actually see and feel the wounds Jesus received during his crucifixion.  The judge argued that issuing a lengthier sentence would have been a mark of Cain on an otherwise upstanding and motivated student. (Farlex dictionary of Idioms, 2022) The phraseological unit used in the sentence describes the stigma of murderer, a sign of infamy; an association of disgrace or public disapproval over some crime, wrongdoing, personal failing or controversial action. It originated in the story of Cain and Abel in the Book of Genesis, which says that Cain was stigmatized by God after the murder of his brother Abel, originally as a sign that he should not be killed or harmed and then this was later taken to identify him as a murderer.  When it comes to the love God gives us, we all have Benjamin’s portion – many times more than we might expect or feel we deserve. (Farlex Dictionary of Idioms, 2022). The phraseological unit used in the sentence signifies a particularly large portion (of something), or the largest portion given. It alludes to Benjamin, the patriarch Jacob’s youngest son, receives the largest portion of food when he and his brothers are entertained by their long- lost brother Joseph, whom they have encountered in Egypt but have not recognised. 208 Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education www. grnjournal.us  Sulaymon o’ldi, devlar qutuldi (Proverbs of Uzbek people) This proverb is used to express that a person feels free and no more dreads somebody else. In Islam, Solomon is regarded as one of the prophets of God who was bestowed with many divine gifts, including the ability to speak to both animals and jinn, he is also said to have enslaved the devils and the demons with the support of a staff given to him by God.  Cho’pni ko’rsang, Xizr bil (Proverbs of Uzbek people) This proverb is used to say that one should be careful in doubtful situations. In various Islamic and non- Islamic traditions, Khizr is describes as a messenger, prophet or wali, who guards the sea, teaches secret knowledge and aids those in distress. 3. Phraseological units associated with literary characters in English and Uzbek languages can be seen in the following examples with sentences:  Marks’s physical rundown suggests why Maier dressed formally; her everyday attire consisted of a tailored suit or crisp Peter Pan – collared blouse paired with a calf- length skirt (Jeremy Lybarger) The phraseological unit used in the sentence describes an adult or a boy who does not want to grow up and hangs on to adolescent interests and attitudes. It comes from the boy- hero in James Matthew Barrie’s play “Peter Pan, or The Boy Who Wouldn’t Grow Up” published in 1904 and used allusively for an immature adult man from 1914 by George Bernard Shaw.  He’s like Sherlock Holmes or Nero Wolfe, except that he is a real person, not a fictional one (Peter Straub) The phraseological unit used in the sentence describes a police detective, one having remarkable powers of deduction. It comes from the detective superior excellence in short stories and novels by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, a British writer.  The newly elected prime minister has been a Daniel come to judgement, finally brokering a peace between the two warring countries. (Farlex Dictionary of Idioms, 2022) The phraseological unit mentioned in the sentence describes somebody who makes a wise judgement about something that has previously proven difficult to solve. It was coined by Shakespeare in his work “The Merchant of Venice” and alludes to the Biblical character Daniel, who was renowned for having excellent faculties of judgement.  Mendagi go’zalliklarni ko’ra olishingiz uchun sizga Majnunning ko’zlari kerak bo’lur (Jaloliddin Rumi) The phrase “Laylini ko’rish uchun Majnunning ko’zi kerak” is used to say that beauty lies in lover’s eyes. It derives from one of the stories of “Masnaviy” (Spiritual Couplets) by Jaloliddin Rumi, a 13 th - century Persian poet. 4. Phraseological units associated with Greek and Roman mythological characters in English and legendary characters in Uzbek can be seen in the following examples:  The acquisition that the company made last year is turning out to be an Achilles heel, as it has not made any profits and is burning cash (The Idiom) The phraseological unit used in the sentence describes a person’s weak point. It comes from the Greek hero Achilles, whom, according to legend, his mother held by the heel when she dipped him in the River Styx making him invulnerable everywhere except on his heel. He was later killed by an arrow wound to the heel.  The police have had bomb disposal robots forever, but the Pandora’s box of weaponizing them was originally opened by the Dallas Police Department (Ron Amadeo) The phraseological unit mentioned in the sentence depicts a procedure that once begun generates many complicated problems. It comes from the ancient Greek story about a character named 209 Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education www. grnjournal.us Pandora, who was given a box as a wedding gift but was ordered not to open it. Eventually, curiosity overcame her and she opened the box, releasing death, evil and misery into the world.  Every day I work on this manuscript and every night my boss tells me to redo most of it. It’s becoming like Penelope’s web. (Farlex Dictionary of Idioms, 2022) The phraseological unit applied in the sentence depicts something that is routinely undone and never progresses. It refers to The Odyssey, in which Odysseus’ wife Penelope weaves and unweaves Laertes’ burial shroud each day so as to avoid having to choose a suitor.  Mastering symbolic math was a Herculean task; but numerical capabilities were critical to get a piece of the much larger engineering and lower- end scientific markets. (dictionary.cambridge.org) The phraseological unit used in the above- mentioned sentence signifies any task or job that’s extremely difficult or calls for enormous strength. Things that require great strength- like throwing a boulder or finishing math homework- are sometimes called herculean in honour of Hercules, the hero from Greek mythology.  All producers would be as rich as Croesus if they knew which shows will be box- office bankers (The Guardian) The phraseological unit used in the above- mentioned sentence describes a person who is very wealthy indeed. It alludes to Croesus, the legendary king of Lydia and supposedly the richest man on earth. The simile was first recited in English in 1577.  Har narsa deyavermang, rais buva. Daqqiyunusdan qolgan kampir kimga kerak? (Togay Murod) This phrase means “very old, ancient”. It was taken from the name of ancient Roman emperor Diokletian, who was called Daqqiyunus in oriental countries. 5. Phraseological units associated with English and Uzbek folk- tales and fables can be seen in the following illustrations:  I used to feel so hopeless that I was like Tom Thumb who has to hide under a chair so as not to be trodden on. (Jeanette Winterson) The phraseological unit in the sentence describes an extremely small person. It comes from the character of English folklore who was no longer bigger than his father’s thumb and who was swallowed by a cow, tangled with giants and became a favourite of King Arthur.  … Kenge’s, that he needed to have Fortunatus’ purse, he made so light of money, which he answered in this way, “My jewel of a dear cousin, you hear this old woman!” (Charles Dickens) The phraseological unit used in the sentence depicts an inexhaustible purse. It comes from a fairy- tale character Fortunatus who met the goddess of Fortune and received from her a purse which was continually replenished.  Ayamajuz olti kun, qahri kelsa qattiq kun (Proverbs of Uzbek people) This proverb is used to express that a person should be patient during difficult times. Ayamajuz is the name of a character in folklore. According to the myths, the phenomenon of seasons change in nature is expressed in the primitive thought of the people by this image.  So’zga ham poyon bo’lur, Yozsam ham devon bo’lur. Rustami doston bo’lur, Doston o’zing, doston o’zing. (Erkin Vohidov) 210 Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education www. grnjournal.us The phraseological unit mentioned in the above poem is used to mean that somebody is talked by many people for a long time. Rustam is the name for a character in folklore. He is an athlete known for his courage, audacity and adventurer. 6. Phraseological units connected with common traditional national names in English and their meanings can be associated with their etymological origin in the following illustrations:  Jack of all trades and master of none (English proverb) This English proverb is used to describe a person who has dabbled in many skills, rather than gaining expertise by focusing on one. The phrase appeared in the book “Essays and Characters of a Prison” in 1612 by English writer Geffray Mynshul and was probably based on the author’s experience while held at Gray’s Inn when imprisoned for debt.  All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy (English proverb) This English proverb is used to state that if a person does not take some time off work, they become bored. It was first recorded in 1659, which meant that the lack of balance between work and relaxation would show a person as dull and stunted from a holistic standpoint.  The judge issued a John Doe warrant so the police could arrest the culprit when they identified him. (dictionary.com) The phraseological unit in the sentence is used for a man and a woman whose real name is unknown. Originally, it was a fake name used to indicate any plaintiff in an action of ejectment in civil court and John Doe was the counterpart, to indicate the defendant. This fake name, together with Jane Doe, Richard Roe, was used in delicate legal matters, a practice that was abolished in English law in 1852.  We made a crisp-crusted apple Charlotte, a spiced apple brown Betty and a Somerset apple cake. (Cambridge Advanced Learner’s Dictionary & Thesaurus). The phraseological unit mentioned in the sentence is a traditional American dessert made from fruit, especially apple, and sweetened crumbs. The dish was first mentioned in print in 1864. A recipe from 1877 uses apple sauce and cracker crumbs. Brown Betty was one of the favourite desserts of Ronald and Nancy Reagan in the White House. And, especially, there are such proverbs which characterize the national and cultural features of the Uzbek nation in the Uzbek language:  Abdulhakim ovga chiqdi, orqasidan g’avg’o chiqdi This proverb is used to describe a person who causes trouble instead of coping with something.  Ishni qilar Masharif, mushtni yeydi Mirsharif This proverb is used to express that one does bad deed but the other is punished unfairly.  Aql – Hasan, odob – Husan This proverb is used to denote that intelligence and courtesy complement each other, they stand in close relationship.  Otasini so’rasang- Ahmadi forig’, onasini so’rasang- tovoni yoriq This proverb is used to say that if you boast of somebody, he gets on well with you, but if you ask for something from him, you will get nothing.  Hazil – hazil, hazilni tushunmagan kal Fozil This proverb is used to describe a person who gets depressed and bald as a result of feeling bad since he does not get on well with his friends.  Hayronman Shoniyozning ishiga, etik sotib, paytava olib yurishiga This proverb is used to describe a person who cannot abandon his old habits. 211 Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education www. grnjournal.us  Rajab tulki qorovul bo’ldi, xotini erovul bo’ldi This proverb is used to describe a couple who does something in cooperation with each other.  Zamona oxir bo’lsa, echkining oti- Abdukarim This proverb is used to liken people to animals in times of difficulty. Taking everything into account, anthroponomical component phraseological units in both English and Uzbek languages used in the above-mentioned sentence examples are better realized through its etymological origin and, moreover, have more or less gone beyond its literal meaning. Nevertheless, the association between personal names and anthroponomical component phraseological units from semantic and cultural point of view have been maintained to some extent, thus, such maintenance of semantic meaning and cultural peculiarity is clearly understood through the context in sentence examples. References: 1. Abdusamadov Z. N. “National and cultural features of anthroponomic component phraseological units in English and Uzbek languages” dissertation for the defence of PhD, UzSWLU, Tashkent- 2022; 2. Begmatov E. A. “Explanation of Uzbek names”, Tashkent- 2016; 3. Dobrovol’skij D. O. & Piirainen E. (2005). Figurative Language: Cross- cultural and Cross- linguistic Perspective. 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