424 Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education www. grnjournal.us AMERICAN Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education Volume 02, Issue 01, 2024 ISSN (E): 2993-2769 Comments on Phonographical Stylistic Devices A. A. Haydarov Professor of BukhSU Sh. Sattorova 1st year student of Master degree Abstract: This article discussed graphic stylistic devices in the English and Uzbek languages, the connotational meanings expressed in them. Graphic-stylistic devices in English and Uzbek have been analyzed on the basis of examples from poetic and prose works in both languages. Attention is also paid to the fact that graphic stylistic devices are represented by various punctuation marks. Keywords: phonostylistics, connotation, graphical stylistics, phonography, italics, capital letters, colon, literary text, punctuation. In modern linguistics, it is important to study the essence and stylistic features of phonographical stylistic devices. The graphic stylistics consists of expressive devices that are expressed through intonation and emphasis by oral speech in written form. The use of graphostylistic devices in fiction is a demonstration of the capabilities of the author's strategy. To achieve this goal, the author successively examines various phonographic techniques used in the texts of artistic works. L.F. Baum, L. Carroll, A.A. Milne, D. Gerber, R. Dahl widely used phonographic stylistic devices in English literature in their classic works. In world linguistics, L.I. Eremina notes wide range of graphostylistic tools in the language and writes the following: ―In literary speech, writing vowels and consonants in different forms against the rules, using more than one punctuation mark in one place, as well as the other usage of symbolic signs is of prominent stylistic importance‖ 1 . Phonographic stylistic devices in Uzbek linguistics are covered in detail in the candidate's thesis of G. Yakhshiyeva 2 . Phonographic stylistics, as the scientist wrote, is a branch of general methodology that studies and teaches the ways and methods of reflecting the stylistic possibilities and features of pronunciation in written speech, as well as the graphic stylistic possibilities and features of written speech in a dialectical unity 3 . Norgard expresses his opinion about the visual aspects of printed speech in the literature of typographic features, helping to discover and learn the possibilities of spiritual potential, while Leach refers to graphic stylistic tools as a whole writing system: describes as punctuation, paragraphs and empty place. Bilal Chimalar, on the other hand, admits that graphic tools deal with system formation, structure and punctuation marks in the sentence. 1 Еремина Л.И. Графика – как средство изобразительности в произведениях. Л.Н.Толстой Сб. статей. Очерки по стилистике художественной речи. – М: 1979. – C. 77-113. 2 Yaxshiyeva G. O’zbek tilida fonografik uslubiy vositalar. filologiya fanlari nomzodi diss.- T.1997.-132b. 3 Yaxshiyeva G. O’zbek tilida fonografik uslubiy vositalar. – T. ―Fan‖ nashriyoti.1996.-36b. 425 Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education www. grnjournal.us Speaking about writing, A. Hojiyev defines it as ―graphics (Greek-grapfike-written) is a specific system of means of written expression of speech sounds‖ 4 . Pure graphic tools include writing text fragments with paragraphs, writing upper and lower case letters, using letters written in different sizes, writing words and text fragments in italics, writing lines in poetry in steps, omitting one of the lines of a poem, replacing it with a series of periods, using various punctuation marks in the text for stylistic purposes. One of the most effective graphic stylistic devices is writing words in italics. Often, epigraphs, names of prose works, quotations, words borrowed from other languages are written in italics, and it shows that those words are important. In English, auxiliary words and pronouns that are used in works are written in italics in most cases. For example: - ―Bella!‖ - ―Yes, Master Jon.‖ - ―Do let's have tea under the oak tree when they come; I know they'd like it best.‖ ―You mean you'd like it best.‖ Little Jon considered. ―No, they would, to please me.‖ (J. Galsworthy, ―Awaking‖) When the auxiliary verbs will and would are used to express continuous action, they are unstressed and written normally. But when used in an emphatic position, they express sarcasm and are written in italics. For example: … his liver was a little considered and his nerves rather on edge. His wife always out when she was in Town and his daughter would flibberty-gibbet all over the place. (J. Galthworthy. ―Awaking‖) Sometimes auxiliary verbs are written in italics in order to strengthen the affirmation. -Olwen (smiling at him affectionately). You are a baby, Robert. (J.B. Priestley, ―Dangerous corner‖). When thinking in this field, it is necessary to pay attention to poeticisms. ―The writing of certain poeticisms in literary speech can be expressed in various graphic forms. ―Poeticism is not just any name in a literary text, but a name that serves to illuminate the artistic intention of the creator‖ 5 . Graphic tools are mainly characterized by their use in punctuation. Punctuation is mainly used to express the relationship between the author and the speaker and shows an emotional character. Punctuation illuminates speech rhythmically and melodically. Some information about the stylistic features of punctuation marks was recorded by K. Nazarov. In his opinion, the use of the same punctuation marks in the same place in a double position shows that a new content is added to the content of the sentence 6 . Question and exclamation marks are mainly placed at the end of the sentence and perform an important stylistic function. For example, George: (savagely) That’s good! Oh, yes! And what about you? Ruth: (off her balance) What about me? George: What are you doing here? All right, you’ve had your go at home. But what about yourself? 4 A.Hojiyev. Lingvistik belgilarning izohli lug’ati, - T: 1985.- B.30. 5 Xudoyberganova., Andaniyazova D, O’zbek tili poetizmlarining izohli lug’ati.-T.: ―Turon Zamin. Ziyo‖.2016,-B- 46 6 Nazarov K. Tinish belgilari va yozma nutq.-T:Fan 1974.-B.61. 426 Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education www. grnjournal.us Ruth: Well? George: Oh, don’t be so innocent, Ruth. This house! This room! This hideous! Good awful room! In some texts, all words are written with capital letters. It is seen that the words are spoken with strong emotions and excitements 7 . ―WILL YOU BE QUIET‖ he fawled. (A. Sillitoe. ―The key to the door‖) ―HELP, HELP, HELP‖ (A. Hurley) ―HOW DISGUSTING!‖ (J. Galsworthy) When using this method, it is possible not only to write words with a capital letter, but also to explain the author's tone of voice 8 . Writing some words and phrases in quotation marks in literary works serves a stylistic function and also shows figurative and vulgar meaning words as well. At the same time, quotation marks are used to indicate a word or sentence that clearly and strictly belongs to the speaker. For example, ―I can’t do it‖, said Henry. One of the most important functional and stylistic tasks of quotation marks in both English and Uzbek languages is to distinguish different terms. Brackets is used as a graphostylistic tool to explain some scientific terms learned from foreign languages, to give their etymology, to give synonyms, to write discourse makers in a sentence, to convey some additional information and for other purposes. For example: accent (lat. accentus-emphasis). Onam(o’gay) har doim qiynagani-qiynagan (O’. Hoshimov). This include putting punctuation symbols above, below, in front of, and at the end of word, text and some of their parts: link (1,7,14), asterisk (*), slash (/,//), paragraph (⸹), triangle (D), accent (`), apostrophe (') and writing them separately. Star shape. Writers put an asterisk (*) on some words in their works, the purpose is to indicate that the full form of this word has been commented on. This situation can be clearly seen in the following poetic verse: Then down to the dust—with titled lust, And down with the gold king vile, For the world shall see—that we will be free, And free be the sister-isle.* (Isle-Ireland) (E.Ch.Jones. ―A song for the people‖) Writing some words in the text with dashes also performs a graphostylistic function. For example, He was like a chim-pan-zee. Marge says, ―Isn’t he the best-looking thing, aunt Eunice?‖. While my back is turned. Eunice says, ―You sure must be picked the runt of the littles.‖ Why, this isn’t any sort of man at all… Very in-ter-esting was Hammurabi’s comment as he gave appleased quiet glance. Some of the words in the above examples that are written with dashes represent a number of connotative meanings. They are: pretence, superficiality, disrespect. 7 Norova M.F. Ingliz va o’zbek tillarida fonostilistik va grafostilistik vositalarning konnotativ ma’nolari. PhD dissertatsiyasi.-Buxoro, 2021.-B.114. 8 Haydarov A., Konnotativ ma’noning fonetik vositalarda ifodalanishi, fil. fan. nomzodi diss., avtoreferati. – T.: 2009.- 21b. 427 Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education www. grnjournal.us In some words, hyphens are also used when writing more than one identical sound. For example, He missed our father very much. He was s-l-a-i-n in North Africa. (J.D.Salinger) The reference sign is used in texts in both languages as a graphostylistic tool, depending on the style of speech. References are used to note the source in order to disprove the veracity of the ideas expressed in scientific style texts. In literary texts, it is used to explain the figurative meaning of a word or phrase. In modern scientific texts and dissertations, the reference symbol is used in two forms. a) On the text page itself, the scientific reference is made by quoting the author or name of the work with the numbers 1,2,3,4... and writing these numbers at the bottom of this page and reflecting the full name of the source. b) Reference and explanation of the second type are given in large brackets where required and written in the form [1,17]. Such links have specific features in terms of graphic style and help to fully understand the content of the text. At the same time, in written texts in English and Uzbek languages, the form of an asterisk (*) can be observed instead of a reference symbol. Thus, graphic changes not only reflect the specific features of pronunciation, but are also used to highlight stressed words and express the intensity of emphasis. Italicization of the above- mentioned words, capitalization of words, and use of punctuation marks play an important stylistic role. 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