14 Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education www. grnjournal.us AMERICAN Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education Volume 02, Issue 02, 2024 ISSN (E): 2993-2769 Common and Specific Characteristics of the Hero's Spirit in Modern American and Uzbeki Fantasy Works Kuchimov Ulugbek Kuchkarovich Alfraganus University, Tashkent city, Yunusabad district, Upper Karakamish street 2v-house Associate Professor of the Department of Oriental Philology, Doctor of Philosophy in Philology (PhD) Abstract: The following issues are analyzed in this article: The principles of the formation of artistic psychology in world and Uzbek literary studies, the psyche of the hero in the works of the American writer Ray Bradbury and the Uzbek writer Hojiakbar Shaikhov were scientifically and theoretically analyzed. In the new century, we can see bright examples of psychologism in the works of Ray Bradbury and Hojiakbar Shaikhov. The reason for choosing these two authors as the object of research is that R. Bradbury will serve as a unique school in the formation of the science fiction genre at the world level, in the development of Uzbek fiction, and in the improvement of the work of the Uzbek science fiction writer H. Shaykhov. The article analyzes the story of Ray Bradbury's novel "Fahrenheit 451" "Ice and Fire" and Hojiakbar Shaikhov's "Connected Worlds". The evaluation of Shaikhov's work in literary studies and the common and unique aspects of the hero's psyche in the works of two writers are analyzed in a comparative aspect. Keywords: psychologism, fiction, novel, renaissance, sentimentality, romanticism, writer’s style, awakening. Enter. It can be seen in Shakespeare's tragedies that psychologism with all its facets and advantages was manifested in its entirety during the Renaissance. That is why the emergence of psychologism as the main principle in depicting a person is associated with the Renaissance period. A lot of attention was paid to the psychological image in the period of sentimentalism and romanticism. The tradition of psychologism was continued by realists in the 19th and 20th centuries, who tried to reflect emotional experiences and mental states in simple, typical images. "The Sorrows of Young Werther" by I. V. Goethe, Dj. Byron's "Childe Harold's Pilgrimage" is a vivid example of this. Methodology. In the new century, the works of Ray Bradbury and Hojiakbar Shaikhov were chosen as research objects, and R. Bradbury is a unique school in the world and in the development of Uzbek fiction, especially in the improvement of the work of the Uzbek fiction writer H. Shaikhov. Moreover, the fantastic works of these two writers are full of resolved ideas and distinguished by their unique thinking. Although the issue of psychologism has not been explored as a priority in the fiction of the two fantasy writers, the fiction of Ray Bradbury and Hojiakbar Shaikhov has been studied in one form or another in criticism. 15 Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education www. grnjournal.us In this article, we will pay attention to the theoretical study and scientific recognition of the work of Ray Bradbury and Hojiakbar Shaykhov, which revealed their contribution to the genre of fiction and revealed the psyche of the hero. We will try to find a solution to these scientific questions using biographical, psychological, structural, comparative-typological methods of analysis. Literature review. In world and Uzbek literary studies, in particular, "Storyteller of Future Also a Social Critic" (Guzman D. Los Angeles Times, 25 October 1953. - P. 7.). "Books of the Times" (Prescott O. New-York Times. 21 October. 1953. p. 27.). "Galaxy's 5 Star Shelf" (Conklin G. Galaxy Science Fiction. - P.108. February 1954.). "The Martian Chronicles and Fahrenheit 45l: Ray Bradbury's Cold War novels" (Hoskinson K. Extrapolation 36. No. 4, winter 1995. p. 350. 345–359.). “Ray Bradbury’s novel “Fahrenheit 451” And an army of spirits appeared” (Shlionskaya I.” – http://raybradbury.ru/shlionskaya_disser/p.). "One of the swallows" (Sharfiddinov O. //Literature and art of Uzbekistan. - No. 16. (3303) 21. 04. 1995. - B.3.). "In the destiny of the era hero" (Shermuhamedov P. T. 1976. - B. 225-248. - B. 276.). “Taken from reality” (Brandis E, Dmitrievsky V. Review of the story by Kh. Shaikhov “The Riddle of Rene.” - Pravda, 1978, September 3, No. 246.p.). “Psychology of creativity and creativity in psychology” (Yaroshevsky M.G. M. 1985. – p. 14.). "Russian-Uzbek annotated dictionary of literary terms" (Khatamov N. Sarimsakov B. T. 1979. - B. 20.). “And here miracles happen” (Bradbury Ray // Literary newspaper, 1980, – No. 10. – P. 4.). "The secret world of Hojiakbar" (Sharafiddinov 0. T. -201. -B. 126.). "Plot problem in historical novel" (Murodov G'., Temirova D. ¬ T. 2008. – B.32.). "Theory of Literary Studies" (Umirov H. - T. 2004. - B. 115.). Features of Ray Bradbury and Hojiakbar Shaikhov's work and issues of the hero's psyche are covered in the above literature. We used these sources in the process of covering the topic. Results. R. Bradbury's novel "Fahrenheit 451" was created in 1953. This work gained worldwide fame when it was first published in Playboy magazine and has not lost its relevance even today. The novel depicts a society where reading and keeping books is forbidden and books found in households must be burned. Also, ideas related to lowering the intellectual life of people in the society and filling their minds with various games and unnecessary daily information broadcasted on TV and radio are put forward. The controversy over the genre of the novel "Fahrenheit 451" continued. Some scholars consider the novel anti-utopia, while others interpret it as a cautionary novel. Others recognized it as a work of science fiction, which knows how to show the future in a new way. "Los Angeles Times" reporter Don Gazman believes: "Bradbury transferred the fear of dangerous thoughts from modern reality to the book. ...Bradbury writes that he does not like the civilization we live in" [1:7], but he praises the writer for his good style and for calling humanity to awareness. Orville Prescott wrote, "The mad world presented by Mr. Bradbury makes us think terribly. Attractively, it surprises with the originality of some creative techniques"" [2:27]. Literary critic highly appreciates Ray Bradbury's artistic skills based on the depiction of the real and unreal world. American science fiction critic Groff Conklin believes that "Ray Bradbury's novel "Fahrenheit 451" is one of the great works of humanity written in English in the last decade" [3:108]. In Fahrenheit 451, Kevin Hoskinson reveals how Bradbury faced the problems of American society during the Cold War: "the identity of the American government and the threat of nuclear war, the cultural reclamation of society, and the nature of Cold War people" [4: 345–359]. Francis Mc Comas writes that "this novel by Ray Bradbury is not an ideal work in the genre of science fiction, sometimes it is exciting and believable, sometimes it reflects a dark and oppressive future" [5: http:// raybradbury.ru]. 16 Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education www. grnjournal.us It can be understood from the above-mentioned points that the theoretical analysis of the existing critical approaches in world literary studies about Ray Bradbury's novel "Fahrenheit 451" shows that the work has a positive evaluation. H. Shaykhov's works have not escaped the attention of critics. In particular, O. Sharafiddinov expresses the following opinion: "What is the uniqueness of Hojiakbar Shaykhov's work? What does he focus on as a fiction writer? What important points does it make? ... Hojiakbar's works have all the necessary features of modern fantastic literature, that is, the events in them take place not only on Earth, but in the entire Universe, in the neighboring Galaxies. However, no matter how abnormal the series of events may be, in the end, they will somehow be connected to the present-day life of people on Earth" [6: p.3]. P. Shermuhamedov said: "One of the young writers working in the genre of science fiction is Hojiakbar Shaykhov. Some of his stories and the short story "Rene's Riddle" caused various debates and discussions among readers. However, Hojiakbar Shaykhov's works somehow do not satisfy a person, do not enrich a person's horizon of thought. The description of the 7-Moving electronic robot in the work called "7-SER" has become the basis, "soul", core of the story, and there is no end to the definitions and praises given to it. Is there a scientific problem here? Adib limited himself to providing information about the structure of the robot, its unique way of working, and Farhad's surprise" [7:276], he said. From P. Shermuhamedov's thoughts, it can be understood that in the early years of H. Shaykhov's work, he faced difficulties in finding his style and way of creation. But it should be recognized that in the later stages of H. Shaykhov's work, he created artistically mature and perfect works. In particular, along with the translation of H. Shaykhov's fantastic works into Russian and other related languages, the assessment of his work by Russian artists is noteworthy [7:276]. A comparative study of the issue of psychologism in works of art allows to observe both individual and general points in the psyche of the people of different nationalities, as well as the specific aspects of the psyche of this particular nation. It is known that in each work, the author describes the emotions and adventures of his characters. The skill of the writer in this place is determined by how well he was able to enter the inner world of the characters of his work, which, of course, creates a psychological analysis. It is known that one of the criteria that ensures artistry depends on the extent to which the psychological state of the characters is described by the writer. Studying literary works from a psychological point of view contributes to the theoretical improvement of both literary studies and psychology. For the writer, the ability to create a vivid image of the heroes of the work is an important condition of artistry. By analyzing them psychologically, one can get a clear picture of the mental state of the creator and the characters of the work. Psychologist M.G. Yaroshevsky "...literary work samples reflect the perception of a person by a person and other mental processes, at the same time, not only the characters of the work, but also the character traits, behavior, thinking, inclinations and aspirations of the creator of the work" [9: 14] writes. In fact, when creating the characters of the work, the writer first imagines their actions, situations and aspirations, and then reflects them through the prism of the soul. Ray Bradbury and Hojiakbar Shaykhov also put forward the idea that science should serve for human happiness. The reader pays attention to extraordinary events in human life and society, as well as sacred and high feelings in human nature, as well as ordinary everyday events that are capable of changing the environment beyond recognition. The title of Ray Bradbury's story "Ice and Fire" suggests that it is a work full of conflicts. Based on inter-character, hero and environment and internal (psychological) conflict, the writer gradually revealed the spiritual world of the heroes of the work. The main theme of the work is the struggle of the heroes of the work to get rid of ice and fire, that is, the terrible nature of the planet. The efforts of parents to educate their children, the 17 Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education www. grnjournal.us conflicts between the heroes of the work, Sim and Kayon, the wars of mutual aggression, the condemnation of personal and social wars, the love between Sim and Light, the sacrifices shown by Sim and scientists in the cause of science, and the glorification of science "Ice and Fire" " are auxiliary topics of the work. Ray Bradbury followed a unique path in the process of creating a work. He avoids expressing events step by step, sequentially. The writer puts the heroes of the work in unexpected, dangerous and difficult situations. They get out of such situations safely with the help of their life experience and intelligence. This method of representation is not new to fiction. This method is used by many fantasy writers. But in this case, the issue is not only in what kind of incredible situation the hero of the work gets into, but also how he behaves to get out of the situation. This depends on the skill of the fantasy writer and how well the artistic- psychological environment and the psyche of the characters are justified in the work. The author's speech also plays an important role in the psychological analysis of the works of fiction. "By means of the author's speech, plot exposition, landscape image and psychological states of characters are often expressed" [10: 20]. A work of fiction, like a work of art, can have an impact on human imagination, thinking, thinking, opportunities, and speech. Therefore, it is not without reason that Ray Bradbury notes that "everything in the history of mankind begins with a dream" [11: 4]. While Ray Bradbury and Hojiakbar Shaikhov often try to reveal the psychological state of their characters through their speech, it is worth noting that the speech of the hero of the work aims to reveal the psychology of both the speaker and the character to whom the speech is directed. Speech plays a role in revealing the psychology of a character in a work of fiction, so does it in a work of fiction. Regardless of whether the hero of a fictional work is real or fictional, the aspects of artistic psychology, in particular, the speech, allow to illuminate the inner world of the characters of a fictional work and the world of his imagination, like a reflection in a mirror. Because fantasy works are the priority, it also has features and characteristics in common with works of other genres. Moreover, the responsibility of persuasion is twofold. This is confirmed once again by D. Wallheim's opinion that a fantastic work is a "literature of ideas" and A. Azimov is an "experiment on paper". The main concept of all Ray Bradbury's fantastic works is to save people. In this regard, his firm opinion is: "a person should be spiritual, a person should be free, and a person should be happy". The concept of human preservation is a problem that has occupied the imagination of writers worldwide. In particular, this issue is the root of the works of Hojiakbar Shaikhov. O. Sharafiddinov to the work of H. Shaykhov: "The author weaves interesting and interesting adventures from each other and thinks not to occupy the imagination of the reader, but to leave the eternal problems of man in the middle, to appeal to the conscience of man, to wake him up from the sleep of heedlessness and to make him more perfect". Therefore, at the core of Hojiakbar's works are the meaning of human life, faith, honesty, and purity. ...The writer shows the fight between goodness and evil, rightness and wrongness, tolerance and selfishness in scientific and fantastical forms" [12: 126], the writer managed to reveal the essence of his work. Ray Bradbury's and Hojiakbar Shaykhov's works intersect in the fact that they focused on this problem and tried to solve it. Both Ray Bradbury and Hojiakbar Shaikhov were able to give the psychology of the hero by describing the portrait of the heroes of the work along with speech, internal monologue of artistic psychology. As psychologists note, along with external conditions, the image of nature is the main factor for revealing the mental state of the characters. Literary critic G. Murodov distinguished two types of landscape in his article "Literary Hero and Nature": 1) An image of nature related to the mental state of the hero of a litearary work. This, in turn, is divided into two parts: a) landscape common to the mood of the hero (character); b) scenes that contrast with the hero's experience and mental state; 2) an objective image of nature - in this case, the image of nature and the experiences of the hero's heart are not related to each other. The landscape is expressed according to the writer's creative and artistic intention [13: 32]. The main 18 Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education www. grnjournal.us theme of H. Shaykhov's story "Unknown People" is related to ecological problems. It is based on the life of extraterrestrials living on earth and their relationship with earthlings. As Azod Sharafiddinov said, Hojiakbar Shaikhov's story reflects the struggle between human emotions, values, goodness and evil, tolerance and selfishness. Ray Bradbury and Hojiakbar Shaikhov's works of various genres give a wide place to the depiction of the hero's mental state. In the novels "Fahrenheit 451" by Ray Bradbury and "Connected Worlds" by Hojiakbar Shaikhov, the presence of commonality, theme and artistic uniqueness in the deep description of human spiritual experiences was determined on the basis of biographical, structural, psychological and biographical methods. Summary. In conclusion, it can be said that R. Bradbury's novels "Fahrenheit 451", H. Shaykhov's "Connected Worlds", "Two Worlds" are unique in terms of artistic psychology, that the main and secondary themes are important in the literary work. According to the literary critic H. Umurov, the theme is: "...the image of events selected by the creator and summarizing certain problems of life, to bite the core of these reflected life (events) ... and to evaluate it in an ideological and emotional way" [14: 115]. It is clear from this that a correct understanding of the subject of the work makes it possible to make the scientific analysis process, to correctly interpret the problems in relation to life. The main theme of "Fahrenheit 451" is "preservation of humanity", which is of course a broad concept that encompasses many issues, such as the moral crisis of society, the ability to resist those who promote popular culture, and the prevention of the threat of catastrophic war on humanity. Covers. The main theme of H. Shaykhov's novel "Connected Worlds" is awakening a person from the sleep of heedlessness and achieving perfection. The works of Ray Bradbury and Hojiakbar Shaikhov have one common point of intersection - eating human sorrow. In this sense, the disparity between the material world and the spiritual world is artistically expressed in their works. In this way, we see that writers living in two poles of the world are united by the idea of struggle to preserve the human heart and goodness. The novel "Fahrenheit 451" by R. Bradbury is written in the genre of social fiction, while the novel "Connected Worlds" by H. Shaykhov is a mystical-fantasy novel. The writer describes his scientific views in the "shell" of mysticism. Which method of fiction a writer uses to write a work depends on the individual side of the matter. List of references: 1. Guzman D. Storyteller of Future Also a Social Critik. Los Angeles Times, 25 October 1953. – P. 7. 2. Prescott O. Books of the Times. New–York Times. 21 October. 1953. p. 27. 3. Conklin G. Galaxy’s 5 Star Shelf. Galaxy Science Fiction. – P.108. February 1954. 4. Hoskinson K. “The Martian Chronicles and Fahrenheit 45l: Ray Bradbury’s Cold War novels”, Extrapolation 36. №4, winter 1995. p. 350. 345–359. 5. Shlionskaya I. "Roman Raya Bradbury "451 degrees Fahrenheit" and "I dukhov zpa yavilas rat" - http:// raybradbury.ru/shlionskaya_disser/p. 6. Sharfiddinov O. One of the swallows. Literature and art of Uzbekistan. - No. 16. (3303) 21. 04. 1995.– p.3. 7. Shermuhamedov P. In the fate of the hero of the period. (Literary-critical articles). - T.: G'. Publishing house of literature and art named after Ghulam, 1976. - p. 225–248. - p. 276. 8. Brandis E, Dmitrievsky V. Taken from reality. Review of Kh. Shaikhov’s story “The Mystery of Rene.” – Pravda, 1978, September 3 (No. 246.) p. 19 Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education www. grnjournal.us 9. Yaroshevsky M.G. Psychology of creativity and creativity in psychology. “Questions of Psychology.” 1985. –p. 14. 10. Khatamov N. Sarimsakov B. Russian-Uzbek explanatory dictionary of literary terms. -T.: Teacher. 1979. - p. 20. 11. Bradbury Ray. And then miracles happen. – Literaturnaya Gazeta, 1980, – No. 10. – p. 4. 12. Sharafiddinov 0. The secret world of Hojiakbar. G'. Ghulam creative printing house. - T.: - 201. -p. 126. 13. Muradov G., Temirova D. A plot problem in a historical novel. ¬ T.: "Fan", 2008. - p.32. 14. Umirov H. Theory of literary studies. "A. People's heritage named after Qadiri". - T.: 2004. - p. 115.