32 Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education www. grnjournal.us AMERICAN Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education Volume 02, Issue 02, 2024 ISSN (E): 2993-2769 The Role of Toponyms in the Genre of Fairy Tales L. Teshebayeva Teacher of Fergana State University Abstract: This article analyzes the toponyms of the fairy tale genre by dividing them into the group of real and imaginary toponyms, based on scientific sources. Keywords: onomastics, topos, toponymy, toponymic meaning, horonym, oikonym, commonym, oronym, ogrоonym, necronym, real, imaginary toponym. Introduction Toponymy, which is a part of the science of onomastics, studies place names and their naming laws. The word toponym is composed of the Greek words topos - "place" and onoma - "famous name", it is the name of all natural-geographical and man-made objects located on the dry part of the earth's surface [4, 76-77]. The main function of proper nouns, including toponyms, is nominative (naming, naming), identification (isolation, separation), and differentiation (separation, distinction). Nevertheless, since they are the product of ancient and distant times, they are also a small history that shows the life of the people. A single name has kept the secrets of the language, past, customs, life and profession of the entire nation for centuries, and when this knot is untied, a series of socio-economic, political and cultural life of this nation will be revealed. valuable information becomes clear. Therefore, toponyms are not simple words, but a treasure that stores a lot of encyclopedic knowledge about the life and history of the people. For example, many ethnotoponyms indicate which clans and tribes lived in which part of the republic, and most of the names reflect rich information about the landforms, mineral resources, water source, flora and fauna of the place. Geographical names contain all complex knowledge about the place and the people who named it. According to this aspect, historians, linguists, geographers, ethnographers are equally interested in toponyms and try to study and explain them in the field of their disciplines [5, 13]. The main part Toponyms are often used in fairy tales. Toponyms are second only to anthroponyms in terms of usage. In fairy tales of different languages, place names represent the place, region, magical country and places where fairy tale events took place. Accordingly, it is appropriate to study the toponyms used in fairy tales into two large groups: real toponyms and imaginary (fictional) toponyms. The names of real countries can serve not only to define the topos in which events take place, but also to serve as a background for the emergence of a wider historical and cultural context [1, 653-662]. The main purpose of using real toponyms is to name real geographical areas and to create a real background for the implementation of miraculous processes typical of fairy tales, to connect the fantasy world with the real world. Based on scientific sources, the types of real toponyms used in fairy tales can be grouped in this way: 33 Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education www. grnjournal.us 1.Khoronim (Greek. khora - country) - administrative regions: the name of regions and countries. In many cases, we observe that the names of the countries come together with the name of the place "country" in fairy tales, such as: The country of Basra (“Mohistara”), The country of Dagestan (“Besh qiz”), The country of Ferghana (“Bektemir botir”), The country of Egypt (“Bektemir botir”). In some cases, we see that the place name "Yurt" is also used: Men Fors yurti podshohining qizi Kumushxon boʼlaman, oʼn besh yoshimda menga bir dev xushtor boʼlib, bir kechada oʼgʼirlab olib qochib kelgan. Meni shu yerda boqib yuradi, –dedi. (“Besh qiz”). (I am Kumush Khan, the daughter of the king of Persia. When I was fifteen years old, a giant took a fancy to me and kidnapped me one night. He takes care of me here, she said) The toponym of the land of Zomin used in the fairy tale "Boy bilan novcha" is one of such toponyms. The name of the country comes alone without the name of the place, such as: Hindiston (“Mohistara”), Wales (“Jack the giant killer”). Province names. The name Kan'an is mentioned as the name of the region in the fairy tale "Ayikpolvan" and as the name of the city in the fairy tale "Besh qiz". In fact, this word represents the name of the region: "Kan'an is an ancient region on the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea. Lands of the Amorites in the earliest Sumerian sources, from 2400 BC onwards ("Land of Mar.tu") associated with the West, including Syria and Canaan, although their ultimate origin is Arabia" [2]. 2. Oykonim (Greek oikos - dwelling place, abode) - places where people live, a popular name for settlements. It is divided into 2 types: а) astionim (Gr. astios - city) - the famous name of cities. In fairy tales, we often find that the names of the villages are not given clearly, but are used vaguely in the form of "in a village", "in some village". On the contrary, the names of the cities occupy an important place in fairy tales. The names of cities often appear in fairy tales and we can see that they are mentioned as specific place names: Buxoro shahri (“Muqbil toshotar”), Buxoro (“Kulsa – gul, yigʼlasa – dur”, “Аrab laqqi”, “Ikki tabib”), Bagʼdod shahri (“Mohistara”), Hirot shahri (“Mohistara”), Boʼston shahri (“Besh qiz”), Hirot shahri (“Besh qiz”), Quddus shahri (“Besh qiz”), Аnadir shahri (“Aqlli qiz”), Chindil degan shahar (“Bahrom va Sherzod”), Farang shahri (“Gulshoh bilan Varqa”), Bulgʼor shahri (“Gʼulombachcha”), Qoʼqon shahri (“Jonon piyola”), Xorazm (“Qari bilganni pari bilmas”), Qavs degan bir shahar (“Qahramon”), Urganch, Qoʼqon, Margʼilon, Namangan (“Kambagʼal qiz”), Namangan (“Qirq yolgʼon”). But the toponyms Farang (France) and Bulg'or (Bulgaria), given as the name of the city in the fairy tales, mean the name of the country. The names of cities are also widely used in English fairy tales. City names such as London, Earbury, Colchester, Shrewsbury are historical real city place names. It is known that London is the capital of England. In the fairy tale "Mr. Whittington and his cat", Whittington, who was orphaned at a young age, hears a lot about the legendary city of London. Whittington heard that London was a wonderful city and that its streets would be paved with gold. Interested in this, Whittington comes to London and witnesses that the streets of the city are full of dirt and garbage, not gold. The name London is also considered a real place name, Whittington later becomes mayor of this city. Canterbury – used in the fairy tale “The princess of Canterbury”. Canterbury is a city in the county of Kent, England. Colchester – used in the fairy tale “The princess of Colchester”. Kolchester is a city in the county of Esseks, England. The toponym Shrewsbury is used in the fairy tale "The origin of wrekin", the main town of the county of Shropshire in England, it is a historic town that has existed since the 12th century. 34 Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education www. grnjournal.us b) konomym (Greek komos - village + onoma - name) is a popular name for villages and village- type places. As mentioned above, village names are rare compared to city names, such as: Iqon degan qishloq (“Аyoz”), Changalzor degan bir qishloqdan uzoqroq joyda (“Hakim baliqchi”), Oqjar qishlogʼi (“Dehqon, qozi va tadbirli ayol”) kabi. 3. Oronim (Greek. oros - mountain + onoma - noun) are the names given to relief forms of the earth's surface: mountains, peaks, hills, ravines. For example, Mount of Cornwall. Coast of Barbary is the name of the coastal regions of North Africa. In the 16th-19th centuries, the territory called the Barbary coast included Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco, and Tripoli. Kokhiqaf can be found in fairy tales such as “Baxtli kal”, “Besh qiz”, “Kambagʼal qiz”. Sometimes there is also an approximate indication of where the Kohiqaf is located. For example, Kunchiqar tomonda Koʼhiqof degan togʼ bor (on the Kunchikar side, there is a mountain called Kokhiqaf) (“Aqlli qiz”). In the fairy tale "The Ignorant King and Abu Ali" there is a quiet place on Mount Alvand. Mount Alvand. The Alvand Mountains are part of the Zagros Mountains in western Iran. This name comes from the word aurvañt found in Avesta and actually means "quick, fierce". 4. Agroonym (Gr. agros - field, arable + onoma - noun) - embodies the nouns of land, field, plots of land. For example, Urganch desert: Bir bor ekan, bir yoʼq ekan, oʼtgan zamonda, Buxorodan uzoqda, Urganch choʼli etagida, Qal’ayi Mirishkor degan qishloqda bir qariya yashagan ekan (Once upon a time, in the past, far from Bukhara, at the foot of the Urganch desert, there lived an old man in a village called Qalayi Mirishkor) (“Ilm afzal”). 5. Nekronim (Greek: nekros - cemetery + onoma - name) is considered the name of holy places, and the names of graves and cemeteries are included in it. In fairy tales, real toponyms can be selected and used according to their phonetic features: The second group of toponyms used in fairy tales are imaginary (fictional) toponyms. The names of magical places and spaces are also widely used in fairy tales: devlar makoni, parilar mamlakati (a place of giants, a land of fairies). The main purpose of fictional place names in author's fairy tales is to create an unreal space where magical events take place. Fantastic toponyms have figurative or associative origin, textual content, perform specific semantic, stylistic and aesthetic tasks [6]. T. Khudaverdiyeva analyzed the fictitious toponyms used in Azerbaijani folk tales into 4 groups [3, 171-172]: 1. According to residents of the area: jinlar shahri, parilar yurti (the city of demons, the land of fairies)  Devlar makonida oltin hovuz bor ekan. Sen shu hovuzni olib kelasan. Аgar olib kelmasang, dorga osilasan, –debdi (- There is a golden pool in the space of the giants. You bring this pool. "If you don't bring it, you will be hanged," he said) (“Hakim baliqchi”). Podsho bolaga:  Sen ikkita ishni bajarding, yana bir ish bor. Parilar mamlakatidan pari qizni olib kelasan, – deb buyuribdi (The king said to the boy:  You have completed two tasks, there is one more task. "You will bring a fairy girl from the land of fairies," he ordered) (“Hakim baliqchi”). The toponym of the country where the girls live is mentioned in the fairy tale "Forty Grooms" (“Qirq kuyov”). Even if there are no magical creatures such as giants or demons in this toponym, it cannot be a country where only girls live. Therefore, this name is also considered as a fictional toponym. 35 Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education www. grnjournal.us Thus, fictional toponyms such as the place of giants, the land of fairies, the land of giants ("Ayikpolvan") are characterized by the fact that they express who lives there. 2. Magic elements, according to their properties: Yetti tog‘, yetti tepalik (Seven mountains, seven hills). 3. According to the characteristics of the appearance of the place: Vayrona tog‘, Qora tog‘, Qora buloq, Sariq tog‘, Oq buloq (Ruined Mountain, Black Mountain, Black Spring, Yellow Mountain, White Spring). 4. According to the characteristics of the place: tumorlar yurti, tilsimlar mamlakati (the land of amulets, the land of talismans). Tuproq olur degan yerdan tuproq olib kelib bergin, men yangi koʼza qilib beraman (Bring soil from the place Tuproq olur, and I will make a new pot) (“Qargʼa bilan qoʼzi”). In the quoted passage, the name of the place "Tuproq Olur" is related to the fact that soil is extracted from it to make jars. The toponym Khurramabad ("Ilonshah and Tashbaqapolvan") refers to the happy life of people in this place. In some cases, the reason why such toponyms are called in this way is given in the fairy tale itself: Qadim zamonlarda ajoyib bir shahar bor ekan. Unga hech qanaqa yov tegolmagani uchun bu shaharni Tinch shahar deb atashar ekan (Once upon a time there was a wonderful city. This city was called the Peaceful City (Tinch shahar) because no harm could be done to him) (“Qahramon”). 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