463 Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education www. grnjournal.us AMERICAN Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education Volume 02, Issue 02, 2024 ISSN (E): 2993-2769 Representation of Linguistic Differentiation in the "Word- Formation Dictionary of the Russian Language" by A.N. Tikhonov Alimardanova Shaxlo Ashurmamatovna Teacher of the department of General Linguistics Uzbek State University of World Languages, Tashkent, Uzbekistan Abstract: This article provides a brief overview of research on the theory of the word-formation nest in linguistics, addresses the issue of semantic space and the vertices of the word-formation nest. It also describes how the phenomenon of linguistic differentiation is reflected in the "Word- formation dictionary of the Russian language" by A.N. Tikhonov. Keywords: word-formation nest, word-formation paradigm, word-formation chain, top of the word-formation nest, linguistic differentiation, stylistic marks. The problems of word formation related to the concept of a word-formation nest have been studied by many famous linguists, such as I.V. Altman, E.L. Ginzburg, N.S. Dmitrieva, A.M. Zaliznyak, G.S. Zenkov, M.Yu. Kazak, V.P. Konetskaya, A.G. Lykov, I.G. Miloslavsky, N.A. Pavlenko, M.D. Stepanova, N.M. Shansky, K.S. Sharafiddinov, I.A. Shirshov, G.F. Yuldasheva, M.N. Yantsenetskaya, etc. Complex units of the word-formation nest, such as the word-formation paradigm and the word- formation chain, were also actively studied (in the works of O.P. Ermakova, A.D. Zverev, L.G. Zubkova, L.P. Klobukova, A.G. Ryzhkova, R.A. Ryasnyanskaya, G.I. Sysoeva, S.A. Tikhonov, R.M. Shamilova, N.G. Yusupova and etc.). The interest in such a complex phenomenon as a word-formation nest is due to many unresolved problems in linguistics. These problems include the definition of the word-formation meaning, the multiple motivation of the derivative word and the allocation of the basic unit of the word- formation level of the language. It is important to study the active word-formation processes taking place in modern Russian. In addition, the issues of complex analysis of word-formation nests (taking into account their structure and content) are related to the use of the nest approach in describing the word-formation system of the Russian language. A word–formation nest is a linguistic construct in which all the elements are connected in a certain way with the original word - the top of the nest. According to R.R. Ataeva, nests can be single-vertex, multi-vertex, or contain unrealized vertices. In parts of speech, the tops of the nests can be substantive, adjectival, verbal, adverbial, interjective [1, 33-45]. Word-formation nests combine lexemes with a common component of meaning, which is transmitted by derived words at different levels of word formation (common lexical meanings, variants of semantics, semes). The root of the word acts as a material carrier of common lexical meanings and serves as a base for expanding the word-formation nest. Novichkova S.A., exploring the semantic space of the word-formation nest, notes the following: "The specificity of the semantic space of a language can be determined in the process of identifying the structure and principles of organization of fragments of this space" [3]. She writes that each word in the word-formation nest has its own complex semantics, which affects the overall meaning of the nest. The semantics of the vertex word determines the main semantic 464 Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education www. grnjournal.us shades of the entire nest, taking into account also the variety of meanings of each derivative word [3]. A.N. Tikhonov made a significant contribution to the study of word-formation nests, whose theory formed the basis for the creation of the nest "Word-formation dictionary of the Russian language". One of the key tasks in the study of a word-formation nest is the analysis of nests in which the vertices are combined into one lexico-semantic group, since the structural and semantic characteristics of nests largely depend on the affiliation of the source words to certain groups (according to A.N. Tikhonov). A.N. Tikhonov was an outstanding linguist, the author of more than four hundred scientific papers, including the two-volume "Word-formation Dictionary of the Russian language". He was also a talented educator and organizer of science. His research covered various fields of linguistics, including lexicology, lexicography, word formation, morphology, phraseology, methods of teaching Russian, Turkology and comparative language learning. A.N. Tikhonov was devoted to science, constantly striving for new discoveries, showed dedication and hard work, took care of the development of scientific personnel. His theoretical discoveries were quickly applied in practice due to the combination of deep theoretical thinking and practical orientation. He felt a special responsibility to society, striving to make science useful today, not tomorrow. A.N. Tikhonov believed that dictionaries play a huge role in the development of national culture and social progress. He attached special importance to the proper use of his native language, since he considered it a public domain that required careful treatment. Dictionaries, according to the scientist, are an invaluable tool for learning a language. One of the significant contributions of A.N. Tikhonov to lexicography was the creation of nested word-formation dictionaries. In 1978, the first "School Dictionary of the Russian language" was released, which has already been reprinted five times. In 1985, the first large nested "Word- formation Dictionary of the Russian language" was published in two volumes. There are more than 145,000 words in this dictionary, and it reveals the word-formation structure of derived words, showing how they are formed on the basis of producing words and using word-formation tools. A.N. Tikhonov emphasized that the main unit of his dictionary is a word-formation nest, i.e. a set of words that is characterized by a common root and has a semantic and material unity [4, 3-13]. At the top of the word-formation nests, there are necessarily source words that can be of different parts of speech (nouns: асфальт, болт, квартира, мотор, перец, etc.; adjectives: золотой, древний, молодой, мелкий, одинаковый, etc.; verbs: видеть, бить, импровизировать, менять, etc.; service words: да, нет, ай), and have options. A.N. Tikhonov notes: "Variants of the original words, the bases of which are used in parallel in word formation (act as equal producers) and do not differ in the composition of derivatives, are given side by side, in one (first) line. Moreover, if the options differ in usage and stylistic properties, then the most commonly used, stylistically neutral of them usually comes first. If the variants do not differ in usage and stylistic properties, then their order is free and does not perform such a function" [5, 9-10]. By linguistic differentiation, following O.I. Moskalskaya, we mean differences in language that may be associated with additional information of the word, such as, for example, modern – outdated, normative – profanity, neutral – bookish and under. In addition, according to O.I. Moskalskaya, linguistic differentiation can occur on the basis of territorial characteristics, for example: German national variant – Austrian national variant – Swiss national variant [2, 61]. The phenomenon of linguistic differentiation in the "Word-formation dictionary" is expressed through stylistic litters (obsolete, regional, vernacular, etc.) and indicates the place and role of 465 Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education www. grnjournal.us the word in this nest. They "indicate the position of the word in the synchronous system of word formation and indicate the limitations imposed on it by the current (functioning) system. They are provided with words that occupy the place assigned to them in the nest precisely because of their stylistic inferiority" [5, 17]. For example: герань виньетк(а) геран-ев-ый виньеточ-н-ый геран-иj/ев-ый виньет, виньета, outdated гераниум, гераний, outdated As A.N. Tikhonov notes, stylistic marks have a "preventive function: they are designed to prevent the possibility of misunderstanding the role of the word provided with them in synchronous word formation" [5, 17]. Here are some examples of linguistic differentiation identified in the "Word-formation dictionary of the Russian language" by A.N. Tikhonov: marked "obsolete" (ватрушка – ватруха, ветер – ветр, колос - клас), marked "regional" (корчевать – корчить, кролик – кроль, кухарка – кухарь), marked "vernacular" (зал – зало, куда – куды, племянник – племяш) and others. Thus, the phenomenon of linguistic differentiation is an urgent problem in the theory of Russian word formation, which requires further development. References: 1. Ataeva R.R. Slovoobrazovatelnoe gnezdo kak kompleksnaya edinitsa slovoobrazovatelnoy sistemyi russkogo yazyika // Uzbekistonda horijiy tillar” ilmiy-metodik elektron jurnal. – №1/2019. 2. Moskalskaya O.I. Variantnost i differentsiatsiya v leksike literaturnogo nemetskogo yazyika // Norma i sotsialnaya differentsiatsiya yazyika. – M.: Nauka, 1969. – S. 57–69. 3. Novichkova S.A. Semanticheskoe prostranstvo slovoobrazovatelnogo gnezda //http://www.dslib.net/russkij-jazyk/semanticheskoe-prostranstvo-slovoobrazovatelnogo- gnezda.html#2069562. 4. Tihonov A.N. Problemyi izucheniya kompleksnyih edinits sistemyi sinhronnogo slovoobrazovaniya / A.N. Tihonov // Aktualnyie problemyi russkogo slovoobrazovaniya. Sb. nauch. statey. – Tashkent: Izd-vo Tashkentskogo gos. ped. in-ta, 1982. 5. Tihonov A.N. Slovoobrazovatelnyiy slovar russkogo yazyika: V 2-h t. – M.: Russkiy yazyik, 1985. T.1. – 856 s. http://www.dslib.net/russkij-jazyk/semanticheskoe-prostranstvo-slovoobrazovatelnogo-gnezda.html#2069562 http://www.dslib.net/russkij-jazyk/semanticheskoe-prostranstvo-slovoobrazovatelnogo-gnezda.html#2069562