199 Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education www. grnjournal.us AMERICAN Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education Volume 02, Issue 03, 2024 ISSN (E): 2993-2769 Classifications of the Last Emirs of Bukhara in the Works of Local Historians Bayramova Nodira Master student of Bukhara State Unversity Abstract: this article contains the works of a number of historians analyzed, the valuable information about the last emirs of Bukhara presented in their works was summarized, systematized from the oint of view of history, and opinions were given about their reliability and content. Scientific information about the country, socio-economic status, and specific characteristics of the emirs has been presented. Keywords: historians, sources, reliability, mang’its, emir Olimkhan, emir Muzaffar, emir Abdulahad, Salimiy, Fitrat, Ahmad Donish, Boljuvoniy. Introduction. We know that many historians have given a lot of information about Bukhara Emirate and their activities in their works.But not all of these historians gave a ture description of the emirs.Some of them wrote stories based on their own interests, but in contrast ,most of them wrote under criticism of the emirs.In Bukhara Emirate and in this direction,because in the current period,more importance is being paid to the in-depth study of our history and increasing the scientific potential in our country. Bukhara is also important in the social and political life of Uzbekistan.And the study of all aspects of the history of Uzbekistan requires the study of how diplomatic relations were conducted and what mistakes were made in the past. Method. We know, information about character, personal identity of last emirs of Bukhara has been studied by several scientists,historians,which in the article is studied with comparative, impartial and neutral analysis of the opinions of these historians.In addition to the method of comparative analysis,the article tried to disclose essence of the topic,using some kind of techniques and methods such as historicism,objectivity,consistency. Results and Disussion. According to many historical studies and historians of that period,the Bukhara emirate was distinguished from other khanates by its socio-economic life,lifestyle and most by being at the forefront of science and enlightenment.In Bukhara,even during the khanate and emirate era ,the rulers paid enough attention to the people of science,who did many positive works in culture ,architecture and science .It continued in this way even during the rule of the Mangits,but the officals in the state,even the emires themselves ,did not have knowledge about politics,and this caused many delays in the state administration.Some emires were not interested in the affairs of the state and the aspiration of the population.We can site the works of the historians of that time as proof of this.For example,in Fitrat’s work ,,The period of the reign of Said Olimkhan” ,Fitrat describes Olimkhan as having no other occupations other than idle entertainment ,the ingredients for the plaf were prepared and they began to cook the plaf in the stove adapted to the pots.There were a lot of ordinary people,but there was such extravagance in the palace of the emir.At the same time,Olimkhan was engaged in pigeon-fighting,cock-fighting and chariot racing from morning to night and also emir Olimkhan had not other activity .[2,P.39]From this sentences,we can know to what extent Amir Olimkhan is careless about state affairs and prone to extravagance.The reason for this is that Fitrat was against the emirates system and supported the establisgment of a new state by overthrowing the emirate 200 Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education www. grnjournal.us system.Alsa,in some sense,the political opposition between the emir and the emir forced the author to use bitter language and black color more than the norm of the writing of this work .For this reason,we can witness that Fitrat describes the activities of Bukhara mangit emirs with a critical view of the characteristics in this work.In a sense, it seems that there is a soul in these words of Fitrat, but a person does not consist of only negative aspects.Whether he is a king or an ordinary citizen,it is necessary to give a ture and appropriate description of this person .Of course,there are too many arbitrariness during the Emirate period and neglect in some processes.But here it is permissible to mention the reform activities of the last emirs of Bukhara. Amir Muzaffar creates opportunities for businessmen and entrepreneurs in raising the economic lif of the country ,and these are extremely important for the life of the society.It is clear from this that it is wrong to depict Amir Muzaffar only in negative colors. But in many works, Amir Muzaffar is portrayed as an ignorant and ruthless person. Among them, Sadriddin Ainiy says in his book "History of the Mangit Amirs" that: "At the time of the execution of Asr, there was not even 1 hour left before the late arrival. 400 of them were alive. Amir he tells the executioner to kill all of them before nightfall, otherwise the executioner will be beheaded. The executioner will behead all the survivors within 1 hour after this stern order. From this, we can be sure that the anger of the emir Muzaffar is strong. In addition to these opinions, in Fitrat works, there is also talk about reforms carried out by Olimkhan. Emir Olimkhan announced the decree while sitting on the throne. The decree consisted of four article : reduce taxes, raise the salary of the palace servants, reduce land taxs.[3,P.32]Of course, emir Abdulahad did the same thing.In Mirza Salimbek’s work,emir built several massive buildings. For example, emir has built mosques in Mecca and Medina.Also,he has built mosque in Petersburg. In Petersburg, there was not a mosque for those who prayed. Morevor, emir Abdulahad renovated several mosques and madrasahs. It can be seen that the emirs certainly carried out reforms during their tenure. Ahmad Donish, a scholar of his time, in his works spoke about the political and economic backwardness and arbitrariness of the emirate, as well as the backwardness of the emirs in political matters. . The personality of Ahmed Donish, who constantly searched for ways to bring his homeland out of backwardness, is also reflected in his works. Ahmad Donish in his work, "Brief history of the Bukhara emirs" has in some sense given factual information. In his work, Ahmad Donish described Amir Muzaffar and Amir Abdulahad as light-hearted and uneducated people. That is, they interpret it as a misunderstanding that does not rely on Sharia when making decisions, does not listen to people's opinions, does not consult with officials and scholars before making a decision or decree[1.P.88] . Of course, during the reign of Amir Abdulahad, the Russians began to rule openly, and because of this, in a sense, Abdulahad became a puppet in their hands. Because of this, Abdulahad had to take into account the role of Russia in every case.'' they had courage against the Russians and did not go beyond saying "we are loyal". Of course, there may have been some exaggeration in the sentences written in these more negative colors, and we can be sure of this by reading the information in the work "Kashkuli Salimiy" by Mirza Salimbek, created at that time. It is noted in the work that: "Abdullahad was compassionate and kind." During his time, not even an ant was hurt and he always respected scholars and officials. It is described that the brother was always generous and respectful by giving various positions to his brothers.[2,P.305] ,, Even when Olimkhan sat on the throne, the officials greeted him with respect. He increased the salaries of all the palace officials. He increased the salaries of the soldiers by 3 times and the salaries of the sailors by 2 times.[2.P.] When we read the works of Mirza Salimbek, "Kashkuli Salimiy" or "History of Salimiy", we witness a number of positive opinions about the last emirs of Bukhara and their activities. It is worth saying that Mirza Salimbek worked in various prestigious positions in the Emirate. That is why we come across sincere descriptions of emirs in Mirza Salimbek's works. However, Mirza Salimbek's works contain many important information that are not found in the works of his contemporaries. In his works, the author described the times and events he witnessed in an understandable language. In M. Boljuvani's "History of Nafai" it is said about Olimkhan. In that period, there will be a battle between the Iranians and Bukhara scientists. As a result of the battle, many people will be killed. The people of the city will be very angry and the Iranians will be strongly opposed, and they will be forced to flee. After that, Amir Olimkhan does a number of things to comfort the people. 201 Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education www. grnjournal.us "Iranians are relegated to low ranks, and by donating to the people of science, they increase the attention to them by tenfold," it is explained in the work. It is also possible that Olimkhan wanted to show himself well to his father and the people before he ascended the throne.We can say that most of the problems in the country were mainly caused by the illiteracy of the emirs.A tutor was appointed for them to receive education,knowledge when they were young.But princes learn the tasks if they wanted to or not.Therefor,the emirs lacked sufficient knowledge in politics and state administration.But even so, the emirs carried out some kind of reforms in the fields of science and architecture. Every person has positive and negative sides according to certain reasons. Based on some sources, we cannot highlight the negative activities of the emirs more than the good ones and we need to take these aspects into account. All the works covering the events of that period provide us with important historical information about the Bukhara Emirate and state administration and other activities in the Emirate. At the same time, it is very important for us to study the history of mangits. Conclusion. As we know, it is no secret that in Bukhara Emirate, during the rule of Mangit emirs, attention to Sharia was reduced, various decisions were made without consultation with palace officials and people of knowledge, and people who were unfit for public affairs and ignorant of political science were elected. it's not. It is worth saying that the Emirate of Bukhara is different from the countries with superior positions in science, trade, creativity, culture and other aspects. In this regard, the reforms carried out by the Mangit dynasty had a positive and in some places negative significance for the development of the country. It cannot be denied that the last emirs of Bukhara, who had limited opportunities due to the situation of that time, carried out reforms to some extent for the development of the emirate. instead, we need to act rationally without repeating the mistakes made in our history in the political processes that globalization is taking place in various forms around the world . REFRENSES 1. Ahmad Donish.History of Bukharan magits.T:Toshkent 2014.P.88 2. Mirza Salimbek .Kashkuli Salimiy. T ,,Buxoro “ 2003. P. 301-304 3. Abdurauf Fitrat.Amir Olimkhan’s reign period. T : ,,Minhoj” P.32-39 4. Mirza Salimbekning.Tarikhi Salimiy. T: ,,Akademiya “ 2009. P.36-40 5. Muhammad Ali Boljuwani. History of Nafei. T: ,,Akademiya “ 2001. P. 54-60 6. Emir Sayyid Olimkhan. Historiy of the longing of Bukharan people. T : ,,Ijodkor” 2001. P.10 7. Brief history of Bukhara emirs .Dushanbe: 1967 8. Ahmad Donish .Navodir ul-vaqoe. T : ,,Fan” 1964. 9. www.academiy .uz 10. www.ziyo.com 11. Sadriddin Ayniy.History of magit emirs of Bukhara.Buxoro P. 87