68 AMERICAN Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education www. grnjournal.us AMERICAN Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education Volume 01, Issue 05, 2023 ISSN (E): 2993-2769 The Jizzakh Uprising and its Historical Significance Jahongir Nematulla ugli Aralov Student, Jizzakh State Pedagogical University Abstract In this article, information is provided about the tsar’s decree of Russian conscription for the rear of the front, related riots in 1916, and the most violent of these riots, the Jizzakh Uprising. The Jizzakh Uprising is a national liberation movement of Jizzakh and its surrounding residents against the colonial rule of Tsarist Russia, and the names of the leaders of the movement and those who actively participated in it have earned a worthy place in the glorious history of our country to this day. Keywords: June 25, 1916, Jizzakh region, Jizzakh uprising, Kuya Bashi, Abdurakhman Jevachi, Nazirkhoja Eshon, Colonel Afanasev, Fazil Yoldosh ugli, Zakomolsky, Deputy A. Kerensky. INTRODUCTION On June 25, 1916, the decree of the Russian Emperor Nicholas II “Enlistment of the non-Russian male population of the Empire in the work carried out for the construction of defense structures and military communication routes in the area of the army in action, as well as in any other work necessary for the defense of the state” “About” decree was the worst thing for Turkestan residents. According to the decree, a total of 250,000 non-Russian men aged 19 to 43 in Turkestan were to be mobilized for work behind the front [New history of Uzbekistan. The first book. p. 416]. This news about the king’s decree spread like lightning across the entire Turkestan land and shook the workers of Turkestan with blood and sorrow. Because it was planned to take only the children of the poor to work. Volost governors, elders and heads of fifty were tasked with drawing up labor lists. They used it to their advantage. The local authorities, in exchange for large bribes, exempted the children of the rich and officials from the mobilization, and added the children of poorer families to the list. In addition, with the permission of the colonial authorities, the rich and officials could hire other people to work instead of their sons. Such unfairness, injustice and fraud have exhausted the patience of the helpless masses of the people, who are already living a miserable life, and they are forced to raise their heads. In this way, a nationwide uprising, known in history as the Jizzakh uprising, took place in Turkestan. MAIN PART The Jizzakh Uprising was a national liberation movement of the residents of Jizzakh and its surroundings against the colonial rule of Tsarist Russia. The main center of the uprising was the city of Jizzakh and region. The people of Jizzakh revolted against the discriminatory colonial policy of the tsarist authorities. According to the king’s decree, 10,531 people were to be mobilized for labor in the Jizzakh region. Among them, 655 people from the city of Jizzakh, 731 people from the Zomin region, 2891 people from the Sangzor region, 508 people from the Sintob region, 2311 people from the Baghdad region [Haydarov X. p. 34] were shown to be recruited 69 AMERICAN Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education www. grnjournal.us for work behind the front . But the tsar’s mobilization measures were not supported by the working people, on the contrary, the anger and hatred of the masses grew and turned into a mass uprising. During this uprising, real heroes who devoted their whole hearts and bodies to the happiness of the working people grew up. Nazirkhoja Abdusalomov, Mulla Mahamad Rahim, Ziyagori Abdullayev, Mamasharif Husanov, M. Orinkhojayev, Musabek Torabekov, Abdulla Ochilov and others are among them [Shamsutdinov R., Karimov Sh. Ubadullayev O. p. 310]. The people’s struggle for freedom created its own heroes. Uzbek poet Fazil Yoldosh (1872- 1955) depicted the scene of this uprising in bright colors in his epic “Jizzakh Uprising”. Before creating his saga, Fazil Yoldosh personally met and interviewed the direct participants of the uprising, Abdulla Ochilov, Mamasharif Husaynov, Shodi Ashirmatov, Mavlon Kenjayev, Urdush Mukimov, and others. Heroes of the people’s uprising and their bravery are expressed in the form of Toir the lame,Kurban Aghajon the wrestler and others in the epic[Shamsutdinov... p.310]. The protests began on July 5 with the first small riots. The population began to demand the cancellation of the decree and the cessation of the compilation of the list. The people of Jizzakh sent their representatives to Tashkent and Samarkand (Nazir Haji from Jizzakh to Tashkent, Khudoyorqul Haji from Bogdon to Samarkand) to learn about the situation in other cities. Nazir Haji will return to Jizzakh on July 12 after hearing about the uprising of the people of Tashkent. On this day, the people gathered in the old city of Jizzakh decide to disobey the decree and start a struggle. At night, the city residents will be warned about this. The next day, July 13, early in the morning, the people of Jizzakh woke up. A crowd of several thousand people led by Damin Kulol punishes Mirzayar Khudoyar, the leader of the fifty, who has registered for labor. Here, the ranks of the insurgents expanded, and the plan to liberate Jizzakh from the invaders and establish an independent base was put forward. Nazir Haji Eshon is declared Jizzakh Beki. People armed with the simplest weapons - hoe, club, knife, mallet - go to the new part of Jizzakh. Colonel Rukin, the head of the uyezd, learned about this, and his assistants went out in front of the rioters, tried to deceive them and calm them down. However, the rioters did not believe him, together with his accomplices, punished him and took away his weapons. In the meantime, the military forces of Colonel Afanasyev, who arrived, could not repel the rebels. After the clash, rioters retreated with the loss of several dozen people, and preparations for a riot began in the old part of the city, scouts were sent to the surrounding villages [Ziyoyev H. pp. 400-431]. On July 13, the insurgents attacked and destroyed railway poles, bridges, and cut telegraph wires. They destroyed the means of communication and tried to prevent the government from sending reinforcements, as a result of which 65 km of railway was destroyed. Lomakino, Kuropatkino, Obruchevo, Rostovsevo stations were closed. On the same day, Nazir Haji Eshon and several people arrived at Abdurrahman’s house in Bogdan, and at a meeting held in his house, it was decided to separate Jizzakh from Russia and establish an independent state. On July 21, it was decided to gather at a place called Kli (“Moth’s Head” among the people), 12 miles from Jizzakh. Torakul Torabekov is announced as the Beki of Sangzor [Abdiyev H., Konishev J. pp. 70-72]. The people of Sangzor vow to support the Jizzakh rebels. Similar riots started in Zamin, and Kasimhaji was declared a renegade. Abdurahman Jevachi and Nazir Haji sent chaperones to the surrounding villages and hamlets, and they themselves went and invited the people to fight. Abdurahman Jevachi wrote a letter to the emir of Bukhara and asked for help, but the letter fell into the hands of the mirshabs. Runners were sent to Rabat, Bogdan, Khairabad, Farish, Sintob, Nurota and invited to fight. Finally, a crowd of about 4,000 gathers at “Kuya Boshi” near Jizzakh. Bakeries in the city are working continuously, and bread is wrapped and brought to the rebels in carts. As much as possible, the people are armed with a hoe, a crowbar, and even a small rifle [New history of Uzbekistan. pp. 412-424]. 70 AMERICAN Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education www. grnjournal.us The uprising that started in Jizzakh soon spread to Bogdan, Zomin, Sangzor, Yangikurgan, Yom, Ravot, Karatash, Usmat, and other regions around the city. Especially, the bravery of the Bogdan people, who rose up against the tyranny of the imperial authorities under the leadership of Abdurahman Jevachi, has a special place in the history of the country. He believes that success can be achieved only if all forces are united against the invading colonialists. For this purpose, Abdurahman Jevachi was sent to New village, Kongirboy Kasimov son of Jevachi to Kulva village, Ziyod Sariyev, Bakhtiboy, Joynok Abdurasulov to Ilonchi village, Joe Abdugaprov, Shakarboy Imomboyev to the village of Yatok and Zulfikori Yoldoshev to the village of Nurak were mobilized. Abdurahman Jevachi sent his brother Bobobek Abdujabborov to the city of Jizzakh to meet Nazirhoja Abdusalomov in order to unite all the rebel forces that had risen in the Jizzakh oasis. they held a meeting. It deals with issues such as organizational preparation of the uprising, practical support for the Jizzakh uprising, united struggle against the Russian invading forces, and ensuring the independence of Turkestan. In the second half of July 13, Bogdon received news that an uprising had begun in Jizzakh [Abdiyev H., Konishev J. p. 70-76]. Based on the instructions of Abdurahman Jevachi, representatives are sent to all villages and they support the residents of Jizzakh. Among the first, new villagers armed themselves with hoes, axes, panshakha, sticks and clubs and shouted “We will not go to labor!” “Let the children of the rich go to work!”, “We will continue to riot if the recruitment list is not stopped!”, “We will continue to fight against the soldiers of the White Tsar!” they marched towards the Mirshab court with shouts and noises. Even the threat of Borilla, the head of the court of Bogdon mirshabs, to drown the rebellion in blood, could not stop the insurgents. On July 14, the uprising that started in Bogdan will spread to the entire Farish and Sintob districts. The center of the uprising was in the village of Shatolib. According to Hayitboy Heydarov’s pamphlet “Scenes from the History of Jizzakh”, all the people and relatives of Abdurahman Jevachi actively participated in this uprising [Shamsutdinov R... pp.314-315]. On the night of July 14, the rebels led by Abdurahman Jevachi started an attack on the court of Bogdan mirshabs. On the way, near Yangikishloq, they met the bailiff liaison officer S.N. Simbirsev was captured and killed with a secret letter about summoning the Jizzakh punishment squad. On the morning of July 15, the insurgents who occupied the court of Bogdan mirshabs did not find Borilla there. The number of rebels increased day by day. Abdurahman Jevachi decides to provide direct and practical help to the rebels in Jizzakh. On July 14-17, he sent his trusted representatives to the Beliks in the Bogdan region and said that they should march towards Jizzakh by working together. As a result, the patriots of Forish, Narvon, Majrum and other provinces also stood up. 200 brave young men with armed cavalry under the leadership of the thousand head of the villages of Ilonchi, Tokay, Anamuna, and Yomchi joined Abdurasulov. Abdurahman Jevachi and his seven sons led the rebels who marched towards Jizzakh. Before the arrival of the rebels from Bogdan, the tsarist troops had suppressed the rebellion in Jizzakh. Despite this, the patriots led by Abdurahman Jevachi surrounded the Russian troops led by Lt. Col. Afanasyev near the Kili stream. As a result, the invading forces retreated to the city, unable to withstand the heavy fire. At that moment, additional auxiliary forces under the command of Ivanov arrived to the Russian troops. This changed the situation in favor of the enemies. The uprising was brutally suppressed[www.uz.wikipedia.org. website]. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS The insurgents, who could not withstand the fierce persecution of the enemy, fled to Nurota mountains, Samarkand, Bukhara and other places in search of salvation. Borilla, the bailiff of Bogdan, who secretly fled to Jizzakh, leads the punishment squad and takes brutal revenge on the rebels. 71 AMERICAN Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education www. grnjournal.us Bogdan uprising was brutally suppressed by the tsarist authorities. Most of the participants of the uprising were hanged, imprisoned, shot and exiled to Siberia. The leader of the uprising, Abdurahim Jevachi, was tried and hanged in Kutirbulok region of Jizzakh. According to archive documents, Abdurahman Jevachi said during the trial: “Why did you call the people to revolt?” he answered the question as follows: “After the conquest of Turkestan by the Russian Empire, the people were brutally looted, the Islamic religion and Sharia laws were violated, many of our mosques and historical monuments were destroyed, our books were burned, and revenge was taken against the learned people. They were thrown into prisons, and as if that was not enough, the call of the representatives of the local nation to labor by the decree of the white king broke the patience of the people. We decided to unite with the residents of Jizzakh, Samarkand and Tashkent to form a free republic of Turkestan. Unfortunately, my thoughts did not come true” [Haydarov H. p. 60]. The figure of Abdurahman Jevachi is an example and a model for the young generation in the struggle for the freedom and justice of the Motherland and the nation. The Jizzakh uprising alarmed the tsarist authorities and local governors. They asked for help from Tashkent in order to suppress the uprising. When a detachment armed with cannons and machine guns arrived in Jizzakh from Tashkent, the uprising was brutally suppressed. The military set fire to the old part of Jizzakh, razed it to the ground, shot and ran away young and old. City dwellers fled to villages and farms. The soldiers also attacked villages and hamlets. Many peasants and workers were hanged or shot dead. Military field courts were urgently organized and appropriate measures were taken against those who took part in the Jizzakh uprising and were imprisoned. For example, on August 23, 1916, a closed military court session was held under the chairmanship of Zakomolsky against 76 people led by the leader of the Jizzakh uprising, Nazirkhoja Abdusalomov. At the end of the trial, 32 people were sentenced to death. On September 10, 1916, the sentence was executed, Nazirkhoja Abdusalomov, Jaynok Abdurahmanov, Ziyagori Abdullayev, Muhammadrahim Abdurahimov and others were hanged, many were exiled to Siberia [Shamsutdinov R....313-314-b]. CONCLUSION To sum up, the Jizzakh uprising was carried out in an organized manner under the specific goals of separating from Russia and becoming independent. On the eve of the uprising, oppression and injustice were unlimited in Jizzakh, as in the whole country. The population was mainly engaged in growing grains. Lands of the local population were seized and given to Russian families engaged in railways and forestry, pastures were reduced, forests were under strict control, even firewood was not allowed, irrigation facilities were also in the hands of the administration, and land and water taxes were increasing more and more. According to the report of the head of the Jizzakh district, “the economic situation of the population was so difficult that from winter to spring, they were reduced to the level of beggars, and it was difficult to survive on alms, let alone bread.” During the First World War, a large number of products for military needs were forcibly transported from the population living in such conditions to Russia. After the events, a representative was sent to study the situation in Turkestan. It will also be in Jizzakh. Later, during the discussion held in the closed council of the Duma on December 13-15, 1916, (representative) deputy A. Kerensky said about this: “I visited the ruins of Jizzakh, gentlemen, I was on two fronts - the Caucasus and the Western Front, but such I haven’t seen it yet” [www.uz.wikipedia.org. website]. REFERENCES. 1. Abdiyev H., Konishev J. History: conquests and uprisings. Tashkent. 2016. 2. Haydarov H. Scenes from the history of Jizzakh. Tashkent. 1992. 3. Ziyoyev H. Struggle against Russian aggression and domination in Turkestan. Tashkent. 1998. 4. Shamsutdinov R., Karimov Sh., Hoshimov S., Ubadullayev O. The history of the homeland. Book 2. Tashkent. 2016. 72 AMERICAN Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education www. grnjournal.us 5. New history of Uzbekistan. The first book. Turkestan during the colonial period of Tsarist Russia.Tashkent. 2000. 6. www.uz.wikipedia.org. website. http://www.uz.wikipedia.org/