612 Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education www. grnjournal.us AMERICAN Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education Volume 02, Issue 03, 2024 ISSN (E): 2993-2769 Exploring the Different Types of Translation used by Uzbek Translators Abdikhamidova Sevinch Obidjon kizi 2nd grade at English philology and translation studies faculty Samarkand State Institute of Foreign Languages Abstract: This article delves into the diverse of translation practices, examining various types of translations across different linguistic contexts especially used by Uzbek translators. It investigates the nuances and challenges inherent in translation processes, ranging from word-for- word translations to adaptations tailored to specific cultural and linguistic norms. By exploring examples and scholarly perspectives, the article sheds light on the complexities involved in conveying meaning accurately across languages. It underscores the importance of understanding the distinct characteristics of each translation type and the significance of employing appropriate strategies to ensure fidelity to the original text. Overall, the article can serve as a comprehensive exploration of the multifaceted nature of translation endeavors. Keywords: Literary translation, word-for-word translation, free translation, idiomatic translation, cultural translation, authorized translation, translation by adaptation, translation from second language. The art of translation has brought to light various challenges in conveying the essence into another language, whether through word-for-word or free-form methods. This ongoing issue in translation poses a daily dilemma for translators. Some individuals, such as translators who emerged in the early 20th century, have creatively employed literal translations or free-form expressions, finding substantial utility in their practical endeavors. Many productive creators prefer literary translation, emphasizing not just the literal words but also the spirit, rhythm, language, content, and the embedded information within it. However, theoretical consideration of the issue rarely satisfies everyone's expectations. The purpose of translation, the quality of the translator's skill, and the type of text, such as literary or technical, remains unaddressed in many discussions. The lack of adherence to theoretical principles has led to the practical divergence in translation approaches. This, in turn, has contributed to the emergence of various translation types, some of which are seen as creative and scholarly, while others are considered problematic. Below, we delve into some aspects of these types, shedding light on their strengths and weaknesses. 613 Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education www. grnjournal.us Literary translation. This translation is a type of translation where the linguistic resources of the source text are recreated in harmony with the general rules of the target language's grammar and vocabulary. The national, historical, social, and cultural characteristics of linguistic resources are discussed in relation to the original intent. Specific phonetic-orthographic and lexical- grammatical nuances, used for certain stylistic purposes on the pages of a work, are replicated with linguistic resources that correspond to their tasks. All of these enable the translator to achieve the author's ultimate goal of reaching the reader. Word-for-word translation. Word-for-word translation, also known as literal translation, involves converting text from one language to another by translating each word individually, sometimes without capturing the original text's meaning. In translation studies, literal translation is commonly linked with scientific, technical, technological, or legal documents. It's generally frowned upon to use literal translation for non-technical texts because it often results in misinterpreting idioms, leading to a loss of coherence in the translated text. The notion of literal translation can be seen as contradictory since "literal" implies a translation without interpretation, whereas translation inherently involves interpreting the meaning of words from one language to another. Free translation. The freelance translation process has been established by various methods, and the challenges that translators face in their daily work are diverse, whether it's word-for-word or free translation. Some Uzbek translators who worked in the early 20th century, have successfully used this translation method in their practical activities. Most importantly, freelance translators adapt the text to fit the reader's expectations, focusing not only on the author's style, spirit, and wording but also on conveying the message clearly and effectively. However, theoretical generalization materials are not always applicable to practical translation tasks due to their complexity. This type of translation forms a complex system where each translation type has its own advantages and limitations, depending on the specific context and purpose of the translation. In recent decades, with the increasing emphasis on achieving adequacy in translation, a gradual shift towards more accurate and nuanced translation practices has been observed in the field of freelance translation. As a result, translations carried out in the past 60-70 years have laid the groundwork for achieving a more faithful representation of the original text, meaning that current translations require a reevaluation of what needs to be emphasized in order to ensure accuracy. Efforts are being made to improve translations by taking into account the perspective of contemporary readers, and steps are being taken to ensure that translated works are adequately faithful to the source material. Literary translation Word-for- word translation Free translation Idiomatic translation Cultural translation Authorized translation Translation by adaptation Translation from second language 614 Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education www. grnjournal.us Idiomatic translation. In this type of translation, the linguistic elements chosen by the author, which bring out the individual creative style of the author, are used to convey expressions, ideas, and concepts. As a result, the author's intended imagery may be distorted, and the text may take on a unique style. Indeed, the author's creation may be enriched with personal emotional expressions, vivid images, and imaginative comparisons. This allows the writer to depict the protagonist's personality in a vivid and aesthetic manner, ensuring that the narrative never deviates from its essence. In idiomatic translation, all actions are carried out to enhance the artistic qualities of the text, often surpassing the general artistic threshold. It possesses extraordinary characteristics. Such translation texts, which appeal to the reader's imagination, create an aesthetic perception. However, this translation type is not always appropriate, as it poses a huge risk of altering the original meaning of texts from the source language. Cultural translation. This type of translation is carried out with considerable freedom while adhering to the original essence. Although the structure of the subject, the composition of characters, and the thematic content are usually retained, it is enriched with the national flavor, customs, traditions, and spiritual values inherent in the national identity, appealing to the linguistic preferences of the translators. As a result, the author's text, consisting of a series of distinctive visual elements, is adapted to the cultural costume of the target audience. Such translation aims to bring translators closer to the linguistic preferences. In Uzbekistan, the emergence of cultural translation dates back to the 30-40s of the last century. At that time, in many cases, the names of characters in literary works were replaced with names of local people, and local customs, ceremonies, and other traditions were adapted to Uzbek customs. The emergence of adapted translation is also driven by the reluctance of some authors, who do not trust the power of their own pen, to see their works hastily scrutinized by readers. The second reason is the desire of translators to present literary heritage in an acceptable and approved manner to the reader, tailored to their own unique cultural imagery. But, this translation is not appropriate too. Authorized translation. This type of translation is carried out with the consent of the author. It is entrusted to talented translators who, not questioning the author's superior artistic and aesthetic value, consider themselves relatively talented compared to the fate of the fame-seeking author's work. As a result, the translation achieves completeness compared to the original text. While maintaining the essence of the work, the translator takes into account the requirements set for creating an adequate translation. This includes taking certain liberties, such as omitting or adding certain passages, sections, or even entire chapters, adapting the author's unique style and language to the target audience without losing sight of the original. Consequently, a new work emerges that distinguishes itself from the original. The original and its translation are two separate entities, each recognized in its own right, not to be confused with one another. Translation by adaptation. This type of translation does not always faithfully preserve the form and content of the original. Especially in translations aimed at educational purposes, students are presented with simplified and straightforward versions, often narrating poetry with prose. Therefore, the translation is adapted within the confines of one language. An example of this could be a simplified adaptation of Alisher Navoi's "Farhad and Shirin" for fifth-grade students. Works by foreign authors, which are required reading for students studying foreign languages, are also adapted and published. To indicate that the book has been adapted, it is labeled as "adapted" in its title. This type of translation may also involve narrating the content of a foreign- language work into the target language in a simplified and straightforward manner, which is called adaptation from a foreign language to the native language. Academic translation. The translation carried out for the purpose of scholarly research is referred to as academic translation. In this type of translation, utmost attention is paid to preserving the content of the original, often at the expense of its form. Literary works, such as poetry, and historical events like wars, receive special attention and are treated with particular care. The translational text in academic translation cannot achieve the same level of aesthetic refinement and literary elegance as the original work, primarily due to the need to adhere closely 615 Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education www. grnjournal.us to the content of the original. While the content of the original may be faithfully preserved in terms of its substance, its form, stylistic nuances, and literary devices may be lost. Consequently, the dialectical perspective emphasizes the importance of both form and substance, necessitating a dialectical unity, coherence, and consistency in both aspects. Translation from second language. There is a growing demand in our republic to pay great attention to literary translation work due to its responsibility to introduce various facets of the world of rare literary works with profound philosophical ideas to the wide readership of book lovers. Our compatriots are not only interested in the literary heritage of their homeland but also eagerly await translations of works by foreign authors, including those created by numerous fellow citizens, neighbors, and even distant foreign authors. Today, Uzbek translation is going through a period of both quantity and quality enhancement, surpassing the initial stages of development. However, it should be noted that not all works being translated can be accurately translated into the target language. Many of them are primarily translated into Russian, the second, and sometimes even the third language of communication. When it comes to translations into Uzbek, most translations are made from Russian, the lingua franca of friendly republics and many foreign language-speaking peoples. Similarly, the works of Uzbek literature representatives are often not translated into the languages of many foreign countries. In conclusion, when we have analyzed nine different types of translations used by Uzbek translators, and we also discussed the errors and shortcomings that may occur in translations through intermediary languages. The issue of non-intermediary translations is often addressed by scholars, who point out that this activity should not only be improved but also developed further to provide accurate translations. The importance of showcasing the problem of intermediary translation in academic circles, referring to it as an issue in the academic community, underscores the necessity of addressing it as both a scholarly and practical concern. However, addressing this issue requires systematic efforts and a concerted approach, as each practical endeavor contributes to the overall improvement of scholarly conclusions. Nonetheless, the demands placed on contemporary translation practices require an ongoing review from an academic standpoint, indicating the need for scholarly investigation into the quality and future direction of translation activities. It is important to recognize that addressing the issue of translation from an academic perspective may not fully resolve it in practical terms. Therefore, a comprehensive approach to addressing this issue is necessary. Ultimately, the recognition of the limitations of intermediary translation methods in terms of their suitability for academic analysis underscores the need for scholarly investigation. Indeed, the complete resolution of this issue requires a holistic approach, taking into account both practical and theoretical considerations, as well as the expertise of skilled translators capable of producing translations from foreign languages into Uzbek without the need for intermediary languages, which may gradually diminish with careful consideration and application. References: 1. Musayev, Q. (2005). Tarjima nazariyasi asoslari/darslik. (352 b). "Fan" nashriyoti. 2. Sager, J. C. (1997). Text types and translation. Benjamins Translation Library, 26, 25-42. 3. Abdikhamidova, S. (2023). Using IT technologies in translation. Инновационные исследования в современном мире: теория и практика, 2(27), 110-111. 4. Putri, T. A. 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