711 Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education www. grnjournal.us AMERICAN Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education Volume 02, Issue 03, 2024 ISSN (E): 2993-2769 The Role of Television Talk Shows on Iraqi Satellite Channels in Spreading Family Awareness Regarding Issues of Domestic Violence, An Analytical Study of a Program with Rafif Al-Hafiz, For the Period from (12/1/2023 to 2/1/2024) Husam Khmmad Hussan University of Thi-Qar, college of media Abstract: This research deals with a new problem in Iraqi society, which is (domestic violence), which has crossed all borders in society. Therefore, there has become an urgent need to study this phenomenon and determine its causes and the factors that control it. Therefore, the researcher divided this study. The research was divided into three chapters (the first chapter) was entitled the methodological framework and the importance and problem of the research and previous studies were explained, and the second chapter was the theoretical framework: in which social networking sites and domestic violence were explained, while the third chapter was a content analysis of the study. The research reached a set of conclusions, the most important of which was: 1. The study concluded that most of the violence occurs against children and women 2. The study found that most of the areas exposed to violence are poor or low-income neighborhoods 3. The study concluded that there is no law that protects children from domestic violence The first chapter / methodological framework for the research First: the research problem It is defined in media research (as a question or some ambiguous questions that revolve in the mind of the researcher about the subject of the research or study) that he chose. These are questions that require interpretation. The researcher seeks to find satisfactory and protective answers to them. The research problem may be an ambiguous situation that needs an explanation. And clarification. The researcher believes that the problem of his research is summarized in the following main question: (What is the role of social networking sites in spreading awareness regarding issues of domestic violence?) From this question, a number of questions emerge: 1. What is the extent of social media sites’ interest in reducing the phenomenon of domestic violence? 2. What is the extent of interaction on social networking sites regarding issues of domestic violence? 3. What are the persuasive methods that are used on social media sites to educate individuals about domestic violence? 4. What are the most followed social media sites regarding domestic violence issues? Second: The importance of research 712 Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education www. grnjournal.us 1. Societal importance: - The issue of domestic violence is of great importance to an individual’s life, especially in the recent periods in which this phenomenon has spread greatly and many problems and crimes have occurred and have been promoted by the media and have become issues of public opinion. 2. Scientific importance: - The research also has its importance and justification as it is new research in its field if similar studies have not been conducted in Iraq within the researcher’s knowledge about the role of social networking sites in spreading awareness regarding issues of domestic violence, and that this research should be a source for subsequent research and scientific studies and guide Media institutions are doing the right thing. Third:- Research objectives 1. Knowing the extent of the interest of social media sites in reducing the phenomenon of domestic violence. 2. Know the extent of interaction on social media sites regarding issues of domestic violence. 3. Knowing the persuasive methods that are used on social networking sites in order to educate the individual about domestic violence. 4. Identify the most followed social media sites regarding domestic violence issues. Fourth:- Research methodology The research methodology is defined as a system of rules and procedures upon which the research is based to reach a result. In line with the nature of the research and for the purpose of achieving the research objectives, the study of the research during the study required knowledge of the role of social networking sites in spreading awareness regarding issues of domestic violence. The researcher used the content analysis method to come up with solid scientific results and conclusions. Seventh:- Search terms 1. Social networking sites: They are several electronic networks through which communication occurs between individuals, whether within the country or at the global level, bringing together many young people whose interests converge towards a specific topic. 2. Domestic violence: This is the aggressive behavior that occurs within the same family, creating negative effects, especially the violence that is practiced on children, whether verbally or physically, or on women. search limits Time limits: represented by the duration of study for the period from 12/1/2023 to 2/1/2024. Spatial boundaries: represented by the boundaries of the study sample: Chapter Two: TV programs address topics of domestic violence First: The concept of domestic violence :- It is almost difficult to provide a single definition of violence, due to the different interests and specializations of researchers in this regard. The World Health Organization defines domestic violence as “any deliberate and intentional behavior that causes physical or psychological harm to women. This behavior includes severe beating, punching, and slapping. It also includes constant threats and belittlement of women, and isolation of them from their family, friends, and community.” Violence against women is defined as follows: What was stated in the Universal Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women, which was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in December 1993 and agreed upon by all member states of the United Nations as follows, which is any violent act that results in or is likely to harm women physically, sexually, or psychologically, Or it includes threatening to commit such an act, coercion, or arbitrarily depriving a woman of her freedom, whether this occurs in public or 713 Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education www. grnjournal.us private life. Violence against women is also defined as any act that includes intentionally beating and insulting the wife and children by the man, taking advantage of his physical and authoritarian power. It is considered Domestic violence is one of the types of aggressive behavior that results from the presence of unequal power within the framework of the division of labor between men and women within the family, which results in determining the roles and status of each family member. Violence against the wife takes many forms, including: physical violence, economic violence, psychological violence, and sexual violence (.1) Domestic violence is also defined as: any act or behavior that is hostile, harmful, or insulting, committed by any means, against a woman because she is a woman, and creates physical suffering for her. Or psychological, or sexual, directly or indirectly, through deception or threats. Harassment, coercion, punishment, or forcing her into prostitution, or denying or insulting her human dignity or moral integrity, or belittling her or her self-esteem, or diminishing her mental and physical capabilities, and it ranges from verbal insult to murder ( .2 ) It is also a type of aggressive behavior practiced by any family member, whether (father, mother, older brother, older sister, grandfather, grandmother, stepmother, stepfather), against the child, represented by physical, verbal, emotional, or All these patterns come together and we find that the child who is beaten by his parents also beats his siblings or other children (3) Domestic violence directed at women. The issue of violence against women was not raised on a large scale until after the Fourth Conference on Women in Beijing in 1995, when this concept took its real place. The numbers presented to the conference reveal the extent of women’s suffering from crimes of violence practiced against them in various parts of the world. Before the conference, this issue had not gained the necessary importance. The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, which was drawn up in 1979, did not clearly refer to violence. However, the committee responsible for monitoring the implementation of the convention remedied this situation and developed within its mechanisms ways to monitor violence, as It is a form of discrimination against women. Another important development occurred at the Vienna Conference in 1992, which saw women’s rights as an integral part of human rights. The United Nations General Assembly subsequently issued a declaration combating violence against women in the same year ( .4) Many studies have reported that wife abuse occurs at all economic and social levels, but it appears to be more common and more severe in the lower class, and that the lower the income, the higher the physical abuse of the wife. As for families with high sources of income and education levels for both husbands and wives, The rates of physical abuse decrease (.5) Hence, economic factors play an important role in the trend towards violence against women, as a study by the Jordanian Coordination Office for Beijing Conference Affairs (1995) showed ( .6 ) It addressed the phenomenon of violence against women in six Arab countries: Egypt, Jordan, Palestine, Syria, Lebanon, and Yemen. The results of this study showed that violence against women is increasing in the countryside, and that it is directly linked to the low economic and educational level of families that commit violence against women. The Jordanian Coordination Office for Conference Affairs Beijing, and the researcher believes that despite all attempts to eliminate the phenomenon of violence and discrimination against women, people in our eastern societies consider the practice of violence against women within the family to be a private issue and a personal matter, so the problem has expanded to become a phenomenon and impose its presence in recent years on public opinion, so that This phenomenon has become.(7 ) Second: Domestic violence directed against women has several forms and levels, the most important of which are: 1. Physical violence: It is one of the most visible forms of violence among women in the world. It is done using hands, feet, or any tool that leaves clear marks on the body of the attacker. It is represented by slapping, kicking, punching, pushing, throwing to the ground, hair pulling, 714 Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education www. grnjournal.us burning, or Strangulation, beating with a sharp object, or pointing a weapon at her, leading to death ( .8 ) 2. Psychological violence: It is any violence or behavior that is based on abuse, in order to undermine a woman’s dignity, weaken her self-confidence, and reduce her sense of her worth. It begins with unjustified criticism, sarcasm, ridicule, insults, obscenity, insulting language, and the constant use of threats based on unequal power relations. It also includes frightening the wife through sharp, intentional and deliberate gestures and looks, and actions that remind the man of his strength and his ability to harm her ( .9 ) It also includes abusing the wife through the children, by threatening to harm the children and preventing her from having custody of them or seeing them in the event of separation, as well as directing criticism of her parenting practices, and severely hitting the children in front of her in order to arouse her and make her suffer (.10) Psychological violence is considered one of the most dangerous types of intangible or intangible violence and does not have that clearly visible effect. It is common in all societies, rich or poor, developed or developing, and it has devastating effects on women’s psychological health. Its danger lies in the fact that the law may not recognize or punish it. Because of the difficulty of proving and measuring it, 3. Health violence: Health violence means depriving a woman of the appropriate health conditions for her and not taking into account her reproductive health, which means the wife’s ability to get pregnant and give birth without being exposed to gynecological diseases through medical visits, taking the necessary vaccinations, good nutrition for the pregnant wife, and spacing between pregnancies. This is only by achieving social well-being for the wife, and allowing her the freedom to choose in the matter of childbearing, organizing the times of pregnancy and determining the number of births according to her health condition (.11) 4. Verbal violence: Verbal violence is one of the most harmful types of violence to mental health. This type of violence does not leave visible physical traces, as it stops at the limits of speech and insults, and its forms include insults, insults, the use of obscene words against women, repeated criticism, ridicule, contempt, humiliation, and violation of dignity. It is one of the most common types of violence. Another form of it is the threat, which means intimidation by resorting to threats and intimidation. Such as threatening divorce and taking children, as well as tyranny, which is characterized by not taking any executive action such as beating, but rather is limited to recklessness, contempt, and the use of means intended to obliterate the victim’s personality or weaken her physical and mental ability, which creates a negative impact on her continuation of a normal life (.12) 5. Social violence: It means depriving the wife of exercising her social and personal rights, submitting to the husband’s intellectual and emotional requirements, and trying to limit her involvement in society and the exercise of her roles, which affects her emotional stability and social status. In addition to being deprived of work or pursuing education, depriving her of visiting her family, friends, and relatives, interfering in her personal relationships, interfering in her choice of friends and her relationship with neighbors, depriving her of expressing her opinion, not taking her opinion in family decisions, and interfering in the way she dresses. All of this is in order to limit her activities and work and keep her within the home environment, which constitutes a real source of danger to her ( .13 ) 6. Poverty: Many citizens, men and women, suffer from the absence of their basic human rights. Especially the poor, by increasing the unemployment rate. The fragmentation and impoverishment of classes and social groups. But women suffer from complex violence because they also face problems stemming from their relationships within the family. The patriarchal system dominates this relationship, and the violence practiced against it is one of the results of this imbalance in relations. Therefore, the spread of poverty and the denial of 715 Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education www. grnjournal.us human rights are among the root causes of violence, and most of its victims are women and children (.14) Women's exposure to all the previous forms of violence exists in all countries of the world to varying degrees in developed and developing countries. But where societies and governments differ is  The extent to which she is aware of the phenomenon and aware of it, and the extent to which the wall of silence around it has been removed.  The extent to which it develops policies, practices, and enacts laws that protect women from violence  The extent to which it creates structures that support victims of violence, restore their ability to speak and think, and rehabilitate them.  Societies differ on a basic point, which is the extent to which they condemn violence and justify it in the name of symbolic principles of religion or customs and traditions. They also differ in the forms they present to combat violence against women. Third/Types of domestic violence :- The multiplicity of types of violence can be overlooked. There is self-violence, family violence, school-student violence, and comprehensive social violence that covers the previous types, in addition to political violence that plays a role within society in the people’s relationship with power, and outside society in the relationship between states. 1. Self-violence: Violence, as mentioned before, is harm to others and to oneself. Violence against oneself is represented by suicidal behavior and addiction. Violence is not only directed towards others, but it may also be directed towards oneself ( .15) 2. School violence: It is the energy that accumulates within a person and is released under the influence of external stimuli, which are the triggers of violence, and this energy appears in the form of behavior that includes forms of sabotage, insults, and beatings between a student and his colleague, or between a student and a teacher ( .16) There are those who define school violence as all behavior, whether apparent or hidden, individual or collective, direct or indirect, issued by all or some of the parties to the educational process with the intention of causing harm to other parties in the school community, which may be material or moral, during a specific educational stage. (17 ) Chapter Three, the analytical study of the program with Rafif Al-Hafiz Table No. (1) shows the main categories of the program’s main topics Table No. (2) deals with the subcategories of the main category (domestic violence) in the program 716 Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education www. grnjournal.us Table No. (3) deals with the main categories of street violence in the program Table No. (4) deals with the laws present in the program Results 1. The study concluded that most of the violence occurs against children and women 2. The study found that most of the areas exposed to violence are poor or low-income neighborhoods 3. The study concluded that there is no law that protects children from domestic violence 4. The study found that the development of societies and differences in cultures were the main reason for the occurrence of the phenomenon of domestic violence. Recommendations 1. There must be awareness programs to address the phenomenon of domestic violence. 2. There must be more studies on the phenomenon of domestic violence because it poses a danger to society in general. 3. There must be a diversity of content for programs related to the phenomenon of domestic violence and methods (series, films, workshops. 4. Emphasizing the role of the free media by following up on the directorate’s performance, pointing out what is right and wrong, and granting the media the freedom to fully cover without restrictions or interference. 5. The need to expedite the legislation of the law against domestic violence in the first session of the House of Representatives in order to protect the family from being torn apart. Footnotes 1. Helmy, previous source, p. 54. 2. Suhair Al-Tall and others, the situation of Jordanian women, the legal and social status of Arab women, field studies in eight Arab countries. 1st edition, Arab Institute, Tunisia, 1996, p. 96 3. Badawi, Ahmed Zaki, Dictionary of Social Science Terms, Beirut, Lebanon, 1986, p. 43. 4. Faryal Hussein Saleh, Violence in Schools in Jordan, Association of Social Development Centers, Jordan, 1996, p. 16 5. Presidency of the Council of Ministers, workshop to launch a study on violence against women in the Syrian Arab Republic, UNIFEM, Damascus, 2006, p. 58. 6. Helmy, previous source, p. 38. 7. United Nations, Violence against Women, Report of the Fourth World Conference on Women, Beijing, 1995, p. 2 717 Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education www. grnjournal.us 8. Suhaila Banat, “The effect of training in communication and problem-solving skills in improving self-esteem and adaptation among vulnerable women and reducing the level of domestic violence,” PhD dissertation, Department of Postgraduate Studies, 2004, University of Jordan, p. 74. 9. Walid Al-Sarhan, Child Abuse: Psychological Abuse, UNICEF, Amman, 1997, p. 5. 10. Al-Amiri, Arwa, Domestic violence in Jordan, its extent and causes, Abdul Hameed Shoman Foundation, Jordan, 1988, p. 21 11. Ahmed Al-Tarawneh, Personal Traits of Women Who Have Been Subjected to Physical and Psychological Violence, Master’s Thesis, 2003, Mu’tah University, Jordan, p. 7. 12. Al-Awawda, Amal Salem, “Violence against women working in the health sector,” PhD thesis, College of Graduate Studies, 2007, University of Jordan, p. 18. 13. Hamdan, Anan Jamil, “Abuse of Females in the Palestinian Family,” unpublished master’s thesis, 1996, University of Jordan, Amman, p. 20 14. Al-Awawda, previous reference, p. 18. 15. Al-Awawda, previous reference, p. 19 16. UNIFEM, previous source, p. 58. 17. Taha Abdel Azim Hussein, previous reference, p. 273 Sources and references: 1. United Nations, Violence against Women, Report of the Fourth World Conference on Women, Beijing, 1995. 2. Amira Jaber Hashem, The effect of a preventive counseling program in reducing violent behavior among university students, King Fahd Security College, 2010. 3. Badawi, Ahmed Zaki, Dictionary of Social Sciences Terms, Beirut, Lebanon, 1986. 4. Tawfiq, Ghanan, “Domestic Violence against Children in Jordanian Society,” Master’s thesis, College of Graduate Studies 1999, University of Jordan. 5. Hamed Al-Jabr, Ibtisam Aqeel, and Mona Hassan, the reality of the role of social networks in developing cultural awareness among female students of the College of Basic Education in the State of Kuwait, 2017, Journal of Education 176 II. 6. Helmy, Ijlal Domestic Violence, Cairo, Dar Quba, 1999. 7. Halim Barakat, Contemporary Arab Society, Social Exploratory Research, 4th edition, Center for Arab Unity Studies, Beirut, 1993. 8. Hamdan, Anan Jamil, “Abuse of Females in the Palestinian Family,” unpublished master’s thesis, 1996, University of Jordan, Amman. 9. Hanan Al-Shehri, The impact of the use of electronic communication networks on social relationships, Facebook and Twitter as an example. (Published Master’s Thesis) 2012, King Abdulaziz University. 10. Khaled Al-Miqdadi, The Social Networks Revolution, 1st edition, (Amman, Al-Nafais Publishing and Distribution, 2013.) 11. Study by Muhammad Dahmani, The role of the media in combating violence, University of Algiers, 2012. 12. Donia Jarbo, and Maryam Aabka, youth attitudes towards using Tik Tok and its relationship to social values, (published master’s thesis), Muhammad Al-Siddiq Bin Yahya University, 2020. 718 Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education www. grnjournal.us 13. Presidency of the Council of Ministers, workshop to launch a study on violence against women in the Syrian Arab Republic, UNIFEM, Damascus, 2006. 14. Salman Karan, Mass Communication, Social Service, and Social Media, 1st edition, (Amman, Al Raya Publishing and Distribution House, 2015.) 15. Suhair Al-Tall and others, the situation of Jordanian women, the legal and social status of Arab women, field studies in eight Arab countries. 1st edition, Arab Institute, Tunisia, 1996. 16. Suhaila Banat, “The effect of training on communication and problem-solving skills in improving self-esteem and adaptation among vulnerable women and reducing the level of domestic violence,” PhD thesis, Department of Postgraduate Studies, 2004, University of Jordan. 17. Suhaila Banat, “The effect of training on communication and problem-solving skills in improving self-esteem and adaptation among vulnerable women and reducing the level of domestic violence,” PhD dissertation, Department of Postgraduate Studies, 2004, University of Jordan. 18. Al-Sayyid Abu Khatwa and Ahmed Al-Baz, the social networking network and its effects on the intellectual security of university students in the Kingdom of Bahrain. The Arab Journal for Quality Assurance in University Education, 2014. 19. Dirar Assal, “Violence against women and its impact on child abuse,” Master’s thesis, College of Graduate Studies, 2003, University of Jordan. 20. Al-Amiri, Arwa, Domestic violence in Jordan, its extent and causes, Abdul Hameed Shoman Foundation, Jordan, 1988. 21. Afaf Qabouri, The role of the Instagram program in supporting small projects for productive families, Journal of Arts, Literature, Humanities and Social Sciences, 2019, 42nd, 201. 22. Ali Khalil Shakra, New Media, Social Networks, 1st edition (Dar Osama for Publishing and Distribution, 2014. 23. Al-Awawda, Amal Salem, “Violence against women working in the health sector,” doctoral thesis, College of Graduate Studies, 2007, University of Jordan. 24. Faryal Hussein Saleh, Violence in Schools in Jordan, Association of Social Development Centers, Jordan, 1996. 25. Mariana Fardoun, The role of social media in increasing the number of viewers of sports programs, Jordan, Middle East University, Department of Mass Communication, 2017. 26. Maan Nasraween, Fayza Saadeh, the degree to which teachers use social networking sites and the obstacles to their use in the educational process in the university district, An-Najah University Research Journal, 2018, Humanities, 32 Seventh. 27. World Health Organization, Global Report on Violence and Health, Regional Office for the Middle East, 2002. 28. Hisham Rushdy, University youth’s exposure to incidents of political violence in newspapers and television and its relationship to their anxiety about the future, Menoufia University, 2010. 29. Hanaa Al-Sayyid Muhammad, Egyptian newspapers’ treatment of the sectarian events of Muharram Bey, Cairo University, 2005. 30. Howaida Azouz, Public reliance on social media sites to develop health awareness during the Corona pandemic, Journal of Environmental and Energy Research, 15 (9), 2020. 31. Walid Al-Sarhan, Child Abuse: Psychological Abuse, UNI Organization.