90 Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education www. grnjournal.us AMERICAN Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education Volume 02, Issue 04, 2024 ISSN (E): 2993-2769 A Brief History of Study of Kinship Terms Ochilova Gulnora Ulashevna Teacher of Samarkand State Institute of Foreign Languages Abstract: In modern linguistics, special attention is paid to the comparative analysis of languages, which is a natural situation, and the rapid development of the understanding of the cultural uniqueness and similarity of different peoples has a unique effect on the development of linguistic sciences, as well as the fields of anthropological sciences. Keywords: comparative-typology approach, linguistics, kinship nouns, culturological, monosemantic, concept. Introduction A word as a linguistic category is a concept inextricably linked with an existing object or event. Not only the objects or phenomena specific to the culture of different peoples, but also the culturological imaginations related to them can be different from each other. After all, every nation creates its own cultural environment and lives and works in it. In other words, each nation uses language not only to reflect the linguistic landscape of the world, but also to create a landscape of the inner world in the mind of the language owner. In this place, first of all, the attention of the people's thinking is focused on the fields and directions that allow to fill in or develop the content of knowledge about the specific features of the path of national development that belongs to this nation in the general development of world civilization, among other things, it was focused on determining the aspects that emphasize the study of the value of the people's culture, the uniqueness of the language, and ultimately the characteristics of the national mentality. Main part. Among the thematic layers of the vocabulary of the language embodying such uniqueness, the vocabulary layer of the terms of kinship nouns, which have deep historical etymological roots and are in the first places in terms of the stable preservation of the meaning they express. In almost all scientific studies devoted to the typological study of related languages and the analysis of the main vocabulary of such languages, the use of the terms of relative nouns as the basis of proof of the author's opinion is a frequent scientific phenomenon. Nevertheless, the study of the terms of kinship nouns in the comparison of certain European languages and languages belonging to the Turkic language group includes the history of the forms and meanings of these terms, methodological functions, the level of prevalence in the vocabulary of the language, the possibilities of word formation and other aspects have not been studied enough. There is a lexical group of any language that is studied with special interest, and this group is called "terms of relative nouns". At the same time, the word "term" in this sentence should not be interpreted as "scientific lexical unit that is used in the same sense, monosemantic, free of certain stylistic coloration" is a requirement of the content of this text. Therefore, most of the kinship nouns analyzed in the chapters of the study express the content usage outside the scope of this definition rule, including the Uzbek terms "kuyov"/"pochcha" contrary to the characteristic meaning characteristic of the official term. In addition to the meaning of "sister's spouse" / "sister's spouse", the meanings of "daughter's spouse" / "aunt's spouse" being able to interpret means that the term violates the requirement of monosemanticity and, as a result, it goes beyond 91 Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education www. grnjournal.us the scope of the scientific understanding of the term. At the same time, in scientific literature, the concept of term (term) is used in various senses and often expresses non-concrete concepts. Thus, according to the previously formed tradition, the concept of term (term) was also used in the composition of the sentence of the term of kinship nouns and was in use. In every national culture, the terms of kinship nouns are historically, genetically, and culturally the oldest lexical layer relevant units. The formation of terms of kinship relations and kinship nouns occurred in parallel with the formation and development of society. It should be noted that the structural principles of the system of kinship nouns depend on real social relations. Certain social institutions are reflected in the terminological system of kinship nouns, which means that the terms of kinship nouns can serve as a source for studying the social structure of society. In this way, the study of the development of systems of terms of kinship nouns allows to understand the general and specific development laws of the historical evolution of society. The purpose of this study is to firstly describe the nomination system, which is an integral part of the vocabulary of the language, and to expand the scope of the research by considering the English and Uzbek languages being compared as practical representatives of the national culture to which they belong. In addition, the research provides a justification for the ethnographic description of linguistic communication using the term kinship nouns. Such a description is carried out from the point of view of linguistic anthropology, which, as linguist Makarov noted, "understands language as a social fabric woven from a set of symbols representing social and personal worldviews of the real and imaginary world." Based on this interpretation requirement, "those who are usually simply referred to as "speaker" and "listener" are, first of all, a certain complex group of communication with a set of specific values, ideas and plans are re-incarnated as the executor of the social task of the social structure". In this study, the synchro-typological research method, which is expected to be the leading research method today and in the near future, was chosen to conduct a comparative study of the relative noun term systems of the English and Uzbek languages. At the same time, when there was a need for the study of the terms that make up the social structure of a given society in a relatively long period of time, the diachronic or historical research method was also applied, which made it possible to use a wider range of material within the scope of this research. Through the study of these two - synchronic and diachronic aspects, it is possible to determine their significance by carrying out the study of language systems that have written sources with relatively long historical roots within the borders of today or a certain historical period. The main goal of the comparative-typological (nowadays better known as the comparative- typological method) method of analysis is to compare languages as a relative whole, and such an opportunity is available to the researcher to analyze unlimited data about the structural structure and levels of the language. It occurs only when In this case, it should be noted that the need for such a comprehensive analysis of the language is specific not only to less studied languages, but also to European languages where many studies have been carried out. Based on this, most of the researchers emphasized that the comparative analysis should be narrowed down to a certain level (for example: comparative-typological phonology, comparative-typological grammar comparative-typological semantics). Most of the studies conducted in the comparative-typological direction are works devoted to the analysis of phenomena related to the grammatical (which includes morphological and syntactic levels) or phonetic levels of the language. Phenomena related to the lexical level of the language remain an understudied field in the comparative-typological direction. As the linguist scientist Yartseva rightly noted, "In the process of compiling a bilingual dictionary containing these languages with respect to any two languages that can be compared, all the similarities and differences are considered, so the comparative language at the lexical level - despite the fact that all the conditions for conducting typological analyzes seem to be there, no matter how strange it 92 Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education www. grnjournal.us is, good theoretical or practical results achieved in the field of contrastive lexicology are not visible. This situation is explained by the nature of the studied material. In the comparative typological analysis, the areas of the language in the systematic structure are compared. It should be noted that although the problem of systematicity in the lexical-semantic field of the language has been researched, it still remains a controversial issue without a single solution. The famous opinion that the number of units at the lexical-semantic level of the language and the content of the language vocabulary is constantly developing, enriching and moving has been constantly repeated throughout the history of linguistic research. The fact that the lexical level of the language is in such a dynamic development is an obstacle for any researcher who aims to study it to carry out a systematic study of the elements of the language vocabulary. To achieve success in the study of the features of word meaning, in many ways, the researcher notes the interaction and relationship that is relatively easy to determine in the analysis of the phonological or grammatical level of the language, and at the same time, it is difficult to determine between the units of the lexical-semantic level of the language. It depends on the ability to communicate and correct interpretation. The fact that a systematic description of the field of linguistics, which is as important as the composition of the language dictionary, has not been developed, creates difficulties in the typological comparison of certain levels of languages or languages themselves, therefore, the issue of the need to analyze all language levels in them in an absolute comparison of two languages comes across. The relevance of the problem in the functional-semantic study of the terms of kinship nouns, which is planned to be carried out in this research, is due to the comprehensive analysis of the terms of kinship nouns, which are the oldest layer in the lexical system of the language, which is closely related to the family and its growth. is determined. The importance of the research is also determined by the fact that the conclusions obtained by studying the general nomenclature of family members can be used to describe the relative-genetic kinship of languages. In the twenties of the 18th century, the Japanese philosopher D. Sunday, in his scientific research, created to base his theory against neo-Confucian idealism and Buddhist mysticism, "the Confucian meaning of mourning for deceased relatives" in the process of detailed description of "norms", his attempt to compare Chinese relative nouns with Japanese relative nouns and to compile their contrastive-typological table came close. Although it is considered important as a first step in the comparative-typological study of the terms of kinship nouns, it is impossible to consider it as the first successful work in this field, because the author faced problems that were difficult to find a solution from the beginning of the work. Because of this, it will be impossible to find a Japanese alternative to most Chinese relative noun terms. During these periods, J.F., who spent five years as a missionary to the Iraqi and Huron tribes of the North American Indians in faraway Canada in Paris. Lafito's work entitled "Comparison of customs of wild American tribes and customs of primitive times" will be published. In this work, J.F. Lafito pays special attention to the fact that the term "mother" is used in relation to her biological mother as well as to her siblings in the use of the terms of kinship nouns of the above- mentioned tribes. After the century in which the foundation stone of the comparative-typology mentioned above was laid, the 19th century became an important century when the terms of kinship nouns were studied in five areas. In the sixty-seventh year of this century, Russian philologist P.A. Lavrovsky publishes the work entitled "The root meaning of kinship nouns of the Slavic peoples" (Lavrovsky 1867). In his work, the linguist tried to explain the mechanism of changes in the meaning of kinship nouns due to the change of family values and kinship relations, using the example of the analysis of words belonging to the category of kinship nouns in Slavic languages. . "In comparative linguistics, it is necessary to include the terms of kinship nouns, which occupy the most prominent place in the category of separate categories with a wide definition, the results of research are rich and diverse," the Russian linguist says, "the strict 93 Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education www. grnjournal.us definition of modern linguistics and to determine their total number as much as possible on the basis of specific rules and to be able to show their basic meaning, so to speak, the main thing about how kinship relations of different levels were established among primitive people. It is equivalent to being able to understand the mother, and understanding this, in turn, means being able to express the information that contains instructions about the kinship relationship in the content. P.A. Lavrovsky was a researcher who could express both a linguist and a historical scientist. In this work, he not only compared the terms of kinship nouns used by Slavic peoples, but also tried to reconstruct the historical development of the system of kinship nouns in the Russian language using ancient Russian written sources. Shortly before the historical and etymological research conducted by Lavrovsky, in 1848, F.I. Buslayev devoted certain chapters of his master's thesis to the etymological analysis of the set of terms representing social life in Slavic languages. Buslayev came to the conclusion that, firstly, the origin of the terms of kinship nouns in Slavic languages can be explained by comparing them with the terms of kinship nouns in Sanskrit, and secondly, the terms expressing kinship relations at the family level have the principle of turning into words expressing wider social relations. Thus, P.A. Lavrovsky and F.I. Buslayev's research laid the foundation stone of the tradition of linguistic research on the terms of kinship nouns as a specific layer at the lexical level of a concrete language. Conclusion. The above-mentioned Japanese, French, and Portuguese scientists, whose mother tongue is their native language, without knowing it can be seen that they discovered the conclusion that the specific nomenclature does not correspond much to the nomenclature of this type in the lexical system of other nations. THE LIST OF USED LITERATURE 1. Lafitau J.F. 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