266 AMERICAN Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education www. grnjournal.us AMERICAN Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education Volume 02, Issue 05, 2024 ISSN (E): 2993-2769 A Prospective Interventional Study in Chronic Prostatitis with Emphasis to Clinical Features. Asst. Usmanova Markhabo Balkhievna Samarkand State Medical University usmanovamarhabo24@gmail.com Asst. Muradova Rayilya Rustamovna Samarkand State Medical University Abstract. Significant growth of modern pharmaceutical industry implies exchange of knowledge and technology between people of different cultures. We study ways to improve international communication by theoretical and experimental methods of psycholinguistics. The paper presents a piece of experimental reconstruction of professional language consciousness of pharmaceutical specialists as native English speakers. Key words: psycholinguistics, language consciousness, pharmacy, association experiment Introduction The active development of the modern pharmaceutical industry involves the exchange of knowledge and technologies among representatives of various cultures and worldviews. Doctor of Philosophy and Professor Yu. M. Khrustalev wrote that modern medicine and pharmacy cannot be perceived solely as "the professional use of a certain set of special therapeutic drugs and procedures," as it is also "a unique way of understanding and explaining the phenomenon of the world and human existence in it" [1]. One of the methods for studying the professional worldview can be a psycholinguistic experiment, which is widely used for researching linguistic consciousness [2]. Domestic psycholinguistics considers problems of intercultural communication as a result of the incongruence of the content of consciousness images, externalized by means of the corresponding languages [2]. Developing this position, it can be assumed that misunderstanding (difficulties in understanding) between participants in intercultural professional communication arises due to the incongruence of the content of professional linguistic consciousness images. The psycholinguistic and methodological literature contains a number of publications devoted to the study of professional linguistic consciousness, both in the field of medicine and in other areas of activity [3, 4, 5, 6, 7]. We used the method of associative psycholinguistic experiment [2] to identify common and specific features in the linguistic consciousness of Russian and English speakers whose professional activities are related to the pharmaceutical industry. Scientific knowledge about the characteristics of the professional consciousness of potential partners is necessary for planning and implementing effective intercultural communication. mailto:usmanovamarhabo24@gmail.com 267 AMERICAN Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education www. grnjournal.us The fragment of a cross-cultural comparative study of the specificity of professional consciousness among pharmacists presented in this article is dedicated to the experimental study of English professional consciousness. 1. A brief history of the development of the pharmaceutical industry in the United Kingdom as one of the factors shaping the professional consciousness of specialists Before presenting the obtained results, it is necessary to conduct a brief excursion into the his tory of the development of the pharmaceutical industry in the United Kingdom. In the early 19th century, workers in American kiosks ("corner shop"), German pharmacies ("apothecary"), and English "chemist’s shops," whose main task was the sale of medicines, were also engaged in the production, import of drugs, and wholesale trade. Even then, some large pharmacies laid the foundation for a market approach to the sale of drugs, allocating special premises for their storage for further realization. The assortment of pharmacies at that time was quite diverse, but gradually some pharmacies developed a strategy by which they intended to occupy a niche in the market that had previously remained free. In 1814, William Allen, a member of the Royal Society of London for Improving Natural Knowledge, founded the "Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain." By the end of 1841, the Society had 800 members, and by May 1842 – about 2000. Subsequently, procedural actions against the "London and Provincial Supply Association" led to the decline of many independent chemical enterprises. The Pharmacy Act of 1868 issued the following decree: "from December 31, 1868, the sale or possession of a shop for the retail sale, distribution, and preparation of medicinal products, as well as the appropriation or use by a person of the title of chemist and druggist, or chemist, or druggist, or pharmacist, or pharmaceutist in any part of Great Britain, is illegal, except when such a person is registered in accordance with this Act." However, in 1880, the House of Lords established that corporations had found a loophole in this Act and could distribute uncontrolled drugs and poisons because the law did not contain the correct definition of the word "person." Unlike in Germany and America, the United Kingdom did not have a sufficiently developed system for controlling medications for some time after the end of World War I. Apart from laws regulating the trade of food products and drugs, which prohibited gross falsification, manufacturers had their "hands untied" because even tracking violations of these laws proved challenging. With the advent of antibiotics and psychoactive substances, the medical community recognized the necessity to change the approach to the production of pharmaceutical products. Further development of the industry became impossible without conducting in-depth research and analysis of drugs. Due to the "thalidomide tragedy," many opponents emerged against British pharmaceutical corporations, outraged by the industry's high profit concentration, its monopolistic nature, and the lack of safety control for market-approved drugs. As a result, in 1960, it was decided to tighten control over drug prices and complicate the approval process for new drugs. Besides introducing strict regulatory norms, the rapid development of the UK's pharmaceutical market was also facilitated by its close cooperation with American and German companies. In the second half of the twentieth century, an era of flourishing began for many British companies, such as "Beechams" – now known as "GlaxoSmithKline" – and "Boots." Gradually, the trend towards creating and maintaining international market relations strengthened and continues in the UK to this day. Currently, the UK market is part of the global pharmaceutical market, and some British corporations, such as "GlaxoSmithKline," retain their status as major players on the world stage. Drugs are produced strictly in accordance with the European Pharmacopoeia and GMP (Good Manufacturing Practice) conditions, minimizing the risk of substandard drugs entering the market. Significant financial investments in the industry are 268 AMERICAN Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education www. grnjournal.us intended, among other things, to ensure the constant development and creation of new drugs. Our study of the linguistic consciousness of English-speaking pharmacists allows us to see the reflection of these historical characteristics in the professional worldview. 2. Several facts from the history of psycholinguistics and modern approaches to the study of linguistic consciousness The term "psycholinguistics" was first introduced by Jacob Robert Kantor in his work "An Objective Psychology of Grammar" and was initially used only by staff at Indiana University in Bloomington. It gained wide recognition after the publication of the article "Language and psycholinguistics: a review" by Kantor's student, Nicholas Henry Pronko, in 1946. Psycholinguistics became an independent science thanks to Charles Osgood, John Carroll, and Thomas Sebeok. This team, consisting of two psychologists and a linguist, organized an inter- university seminar in 1953, which resulted in the book "Psycholinguistics: A Survey of Theory and Research Problems" in 1954. This book stimulated the active study of new aspects of psycholinguistics and numerous interdisciplinary studies. The founder of the Russian psycholinguistic direction (the theory of speech activity) is A.A. Leontiev. The definition of the subject of psycholinguistics has changed throughout its history along with changes in views on speech activity and linguistic ability. A.A. Leontiev's widely known definition of the subject of psycholinguistics is "the relationship of the personality with the structure and functions of speech activity on the one hand, and language, as the main 'formative' of the human worldview, on the other" [12]. Research on the ethnocultural specificity of linguistic consciousness occupies a special place in domestic psycholinguistics. According to A.A. According to A.A. Leontiev, the national-cultural features of speech communication are influenced by factors related to cultural tradition, social environment, the characteristics of the course and mediation of mental processes and various types of activities, as well as factors determined by the specifics of the language of the given community [12]. In modern ethnopsycholinguistics, linguistic consciousness is understood as "a complex of verbally externalized (mental) images of consciousness that capture the representations of the bearers of a particular culture about objects and phenomena of the surrounding world, about the person themselves, their actions, and states" [13]. In other words, the meanings of words contain those cultural stereotypes that reflect common features in the worldview of the language bearer. The culture of each individual and society as a whole is nothing more than an extra-biologically developed adaptation mechanism that allows society to ensure its existence and functions through interaction with linguistic and nationally specific mechanisms [13]. 3. The problem of intercultural understanding from the perspective of the Russian psycholinguistic school Considering the above, it can be concluded that the problem of understanding between representatives of different cultures cannot be resolved solely by employing linguistic tools. Full understanding consists of interpretive and creative activities and inevitably relies on the "knowledge" and "understanding" of the interpreter. Besides grammar rules, participants in intercultural discourse need to have a common lexicon that secures linguistic equivalents for the images of national consciousness. The concept of linguistic consciousness in psycholinguistics allows for "constructing a real model of the linguistic worldview of the language bearer, corresponding to the systemic-integral principle, and exploring the content of linguistic consciousness of speakers of different languages and cultures" [14]. As repeatedly noted by E.F. Tarasov, commonality of consciousness (a high degree of congruence of consciousness images) ensures mutual understanding and effective interaction among bearers of one culture. Incomplete congruence or its absence is the main obstacle complicating mutual understanding among 269 AMERICAN Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education www. grnjournal.us communicators in the conditions of intercultural dialogue. Hence, studying the ethnocultural specifics of the linguistic consciousness of potential participants in intercultural dialogue can contribute to developing effective ways to achieve mutual understanding in joint activities [15]. 4. Psycholinguistic analysis of the linguistic consciousness of an English pharmacist: results of an experimental study. As previously mentioned, the reconstruction of pharmaceutical linguistic consciousness was conducted based on the widely used associative experiment and the psycholinguistic interpretation of its results. The study included several stages. To identify the basic concepts of pharmacy, which were later used as stimuli in the associative experiment, we conducted a survey of experts (10 people) at the first stage of the study. The main criteria for selecting experts were more than 5 years of work experience in the pharmaceutical industry and current employment at the time of the study in one of the sectors of the pharmaceutical industry: manufacturing, distribution, or retail. As a result, a list of basic concepts representing the professional field for British pharmacists was obtained. The list included concepts named by all experts: 1. Quality by design 2. Market stability 3. Technology 4. Governmental regulations 5. Scientific approach 6. Innovations 7. Profitability In the second stage of the study, specialists in the field of pharmacy in the UK (55 people) participated in a free associative experiment. The goal of the second stage was to reconstruct professional consciousness by building associative fields that externalize the content of consciousness images and analyzing their content. The results of our study are presented below. According to A.A. Leontiev, the national-cultural features of speech communication are influenced by factors related to cultural tradition, social environment, the characteristics of the course and mediation of mental processes and various types of activities, as well as factors determined by the specifics of the language of the given community [12]. In modern ethnopsycholinguistics, linguistic consciousness is understood as "a complex of verbally externalized (mental) images of consciousness that capture the representations of the bearers of a particular culture about objects and phenomena of the surrounding world, about the person themselves, their actions, and states" [13]. In other words, the meanings of words contain those cultural stereotypes that reflect common features in the worldview of the language bearer. The culture of each individual and society as a whole is nothing more than an extra-biologically developed adaptation mechanism that allows society to ensure its existence and functions through interaction with linguistic and nationally specific mechanisms 3. The problem of intercultural understanding from the perspective of the Russian psycholinguistic school Considering the above, it can be concluded that the problem of understanding between representatives of different cultures cannot be resolved solely by employing linguistic tools. Full understanding consists of interpretive and creative activities and inevitably relies on the "knowledge" and "understanding" of the interpreter. Besides grammar rules, participants in intercultural discourse need to have a common lexicon that secures linguistic equivalents for the images of national consciousness. The concept of linguistic consciousness in psycholinguistics allows for "constructing a real model of the linguistic worldview of the language bearer, corresponding to the systemic-integral principle, and exploring the content of linguistic 270 AMERICAN Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education www. grnjournal.us consciousness of speakers of different languages and cultures" [14]. As repeatedly noted by E.F. Tarasov, commonality of consciousness (a high degree of congruence of consciousness images) ensures mutual understanding and effective interaction among bearers of one culture. Incomplete congruence or its absence is the main obstacle complicating mutual understanding among communicators in the conditions of intercultural dialogue. Hence, studying the ethnocultural specifics of the linguistic consciousness of potential participants in intercultural dialogue can contribute to developing effective ways to achieve mutual understanding in joint activities [15]. 4. Psycholinguistic analysis of the linguistic consciousness of an English pharmacist: results of an experimental study As previously mentioned, the reconstruction of pharmaceutical linguistic consciousness was conducted based on the widely used associative experiment and the psycholinguistic interpretation of its results. The study included several stages. To identify the basic concepts of pharmacy, which were later used as stimuli in the associative experiment, we conducted a survey of experts (10 people) at the first stage of the study. The main criteria for selecting experts were more than 5 years of work experience in the pharmaceutical industry and current employment at the time of the study in one of the sectors of the pharmaceutical industry: manufacturing, distribution, or retail. As a result, a list of basic concepts representing the professional field for British pharmacists was obtained. The list included concepts named by all experts: 1. Quality by design 2. Market stability 3. Technology 4. Governmental regulations 5. Scientific approach 6. Innovations 7. Profitability In the second stage of the study, specialists in the field of pharmacy in the UK (55 people) participated in a free associative experiment. The goal of the second stage was to reconstruct professional consciousness by building associative fields that externalize the content of consciousness images and analyzing their content. The results of our study are presented below. The history of the development of the UK pharmaceutical market and its current state inevitably influenced the linguistic consciousness of specialists in this field. For an English specialist in the field of pharmacy, the concept of "Quality by Design" holds the highest value in their value system. This is understandable, given the presence of legislative norms for the production and quality control of pharmaceutical products, as well as the careful attention patients pay to the products they consume after the events of the mid-20th century. Below, we present reactions to this stimulus. "Quality by Design" implies the consistent production of high-quality products for further sale to customers. Such quality is the foundation and rule that ensures a good reputation and strong market position for the manufacturer. It is supported by production forecasting, conducting audits of the manufacturer, and the work of quality control and quality assurance departments. Overall, the attitude towards "Quality by Design" among respondents is quite positive. They believe that this approach is meant to improve the production process and serves as a guarantee of superior quality. The second place is shared by the concepts of "Market Stability" and "Technology." Market stability is primarily ensured by the representatives of "big pharma" in England, namely, companies like GlaxoSmithKline and AstraZeneca, which emerged from the mergers of originally British pharmaceutical manufacturers with other European and American enterprises. Market stability means freedom. It also serves as the foundation of trade activities. The English believe 271 AMERICAN Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education www. grnjournal.us that stability is a sign of a developed market, in which domestic products are not only actively used within the country but are also exported globally. However, recently the English society is certainly concerned with the UK's desire to leave the European Union, as the consequences for the country's industrial sectors, including pharmaceuticals, can be unpredictable (Brexit). "Technology" implies novelty, a step into the future, as well as improvements in the functionality of production, the products released, and their safety. Technological progress is the next step for any industry that has already gained sufficient autonomy and necessary state regulation in its historical development. The development of technologies is impossible without science, which implies the creation of new drug entities and new applications for them. Many respondents specifically mentioned particular methods of production in pharmacology: wet granulation, direct compression, continuous processing, hot melt extrusion (HME), and so on. Automation and advanced, modern technologies inevitably lead to a reduction in the number of employees, which is why some respondents believe these processes should be controlled. Others think that, on the contrary, this provides an opportunity for educated specialists to learn and work. In the process of analyzing the results of our cross-cultural study (data on Russian linguistic consciousness are not included in this article), we made an interesting observation: the only concept that became a basic value for both Russians and English people is "Governmental Regulations." Governmental regulations ensure the creation of high-quality products and control over their distribution, including ensuring that potent and narcotic drugs do not harm public health. For British pharmacists, it is law, rule, and obligatory compliance with these laws that ensures the safety and high quality of products. Corporations adhere to existing standards (GMP, ISO, GDP), undergo audits to justify consumer trust, as they understand that they bear great responsibility and must consider hygiene, people’s health, and the environment. Some respondents noted that laws regulating pharmaceutical activities need several amendments; some also consider them enforced. As mentioned earlier, the history of the pharmaceutical industry in the UK has had both positive and negative events, including the “thalidomide tragedy,” which led to serious consequences for newborns due to the incompetence of specialists and the lack of a thorough scientific approach in the creation of drugs. Nowadays, the scientific approach is included in the list of fundamental concepts for English pharmacy specialists. It implies conducting research, trials, investigations, and experiments to ensure the safety and efficacy of drugs. Both theoretical and practical aspects of knowledge are important. It is a rational, objective, and systematic approach that can be controlled. The English consider the scientific approach important and necessary when creating products. Currently, it is legally supported and helps in creating new technologies and products, such as in the development of so-called targeted therapy, although it sometimes requires significant financial investments. The list of fundamental concepts compiled by British pharmacists confirms the direction of the UK pharmaceutical market as an industrially developed market, focused not only on maintaining the demand for existing products but also on creating new ones. It is not surprising that the concept of innovations is also part of the value system of English industry specialists. According to the materials of the associative experiment, the content of this concept includes new technologies and the scientific approach. Innovations are undoubtedly the future; they allow production and industry to become more flexible, change for the better, achieve success, and increase the competitiveness of enterprises. Moreover, innovations are impossible without a share of risk, so they must be under regulatory control and require approval from authorized government bodies. Therefore, some respondents believe that innovations are implemented rather slowly. 272 AMERICAN Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education www. grnjournal.us A developed market is characterized by a transition from "survival" to generating stable income. Therefore, profitability is also highlighted as a fundamental concept in the linguistic consciousness of English pharmacy specialists and is mentioned as one of the key and controversial aspects of the industry's history. Profitability is inevitably linked to the business environment, money, and prices; it implies industrial growth, success, and productivity. The attitude towards this concept is ambivalent. On the one hand, profitability helps companies develop and become stronger, and also allows them to influence the global market. On the other hand, the pursuit of increased profitability is a struggle, a requirement imposed on employees, compliance with which is often quite challenging. Demand for medicinal products has always existed, but its structure has changed depending on the population's needs. Brit ish experts in the field of pharmacy have highlighted the availability of drugs as one of the fundamental concepts. At the moment, the healthcare system regulates this availability using various tools, one of which is providing the population with health insurance. The availability of drugs is influenced by their cost, product range, dosage forms, prescription and over-the-counter dispensing from pharmacies. Respondents noted the need to improve the availability of medicinal products, the existence of counterfeit and illegal narcotic products, as well as the importance of covering medicines for groups with rare diseases, socially significant diseases (HIV, AIDS, cancer, antihypertensive), pediatrics, and chronic illnesses.The analysis of the linguistic data obtained allows us to describe the professional consciousness of a pharmacist, a speaker of the English language. Firstly, the fundamental concepts on which the professional worldview is based are: Quality by design, Market stability, Technology, Governmental regulations, Scientific approach, Innovations, and Profitability. Secondly, the reconstruction and study of the content of these fundamental concepts, expressed by their lexical equivalents, allow us to describe the professional consciousness of a pharmacist, whose worldview is formed in the broad context of the English language, culture, and history (including the history of pharmacy): 1. orientation towards high product quality, ensuring both the company's reputation and consumer satisfaction; 2. confidence in the stability of the British pharmaceutical market, supported by English members of "big pharma," as well as concern about the current state of the UK's economic and political strategy; 3. acknowledgment of the need for technological development to further improve products and medications, as well as concern about the future of employees due to increasing automation in all stages of production; 4. awareness of the need for and compliance with recommendations from state regulatory bodies, primarily to maintain public health, as well as the need for supplements and revisions to laws regulating the UK pharmaceutical industry; 5. commitment to a scientific approach in product creation and production, ensuring its safety and efficacy; 6. a focus on implementing innovations that allow companies to both develop the pharmaceutical industry and gain a competitive advantage; 7. interest in ensuring a stable income for the company for further development and strengthening of its positions in domestic and global markets; 8. understanding the need to improve the accessibility of various groups of medicinal products for the population, as well as control over counterfeit products. Conclusion As previously noted, this article presents a fragment of a cross-cultural study of the linguistic consciousness of Russian and English specialists in the field of pharmacy. The results described 273 AMERICAN Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education www. grnjournal.us allow us to infer the fundamental concepts of the pharmaceutical sphere that constitute the professional worldview of English language speakers, as well as the content of consciousness forms, externalized by the identified linguistic units. The data we have obtained from the study can be used in organizing Russian-British cooperation and optimizing intercultural dialogue in the field under study. Furthermore, our findings represent original material that would be useful for creators of next-generation textbooks on professional pharmaceutical communication in English. They could also aid in training specialists in intercultural communication in other fields. Reference 1. Usmanov, M. 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