69 AMERICAN Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education www. grnjournal.us AMERICAN Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education Volume 01, Issue 06, 2023 ISSN (E): 2993-2769 On the Terminological Apparatus of Language Contacts in Modern Linguistics Mukhtorali Zokirov Professor at Ferghana State University Abstract In given article the basic terms framework of the contact linguistics, which are considered as one of new directions of modern linguistics, is in detail shined. Keywords: language contacts, language interference, language convergence, language divergence, adstrat, a substratum, superstar, diglossiya, pidjin, Creole language. Introduction Today, in our Republic, the issues of language relations appear as one of the serious social problems of state importance. The place of the Republic of Uzbekistan as an independent country in the world political and economic arena, the rapid development of modern science and technology, the introduction of e-mail, mobile communication devices, and the Internet into our lives, the economic, cultural, and political relations of the Uzbek people with other nations create an opportunity for the acceleration of language relations. As noted by V.Yu.Rozentsweig, "... language relations, which have attracted the attention of linguists in connection with comparative-historical studies, today have become not only a purely theoretical issue of linguistics, but also one of the political issues at the level of society and the state" [6, 5]. The main part It is natural that the intensification of international relations leads to further acceleration of language relations. This process takes place continuously, does not recognize any limits, restrictions, because it is based on the objective laws of the development of society's needs. The above factors occur in different forms and degrees in different languages. The scope of language contacts depends on the pace of development and communication of society. Currently, researching the existing contacts of the Uzbek language with related and non-related languages, phenomena related to bilingualism is one of the most important problems facing Uzbek linguists. The increase in language contacts between peoples shows the need for deeper and comprehensive research of this issue in world linguistics. French linguist J. Vandries [2, 257]. Since the words "confrontation" and "meeting" cannot be fully equivalent to the term "contact", we believe that it is acceptable to use the word "contact" in Uzbek linguistics for this concept. The main issues studied by contact linguistics are defined in the monograph "Language contacts" by U. Weinreich [1]. However, this field is considered a relatively new direction of linguistics, and as the formation process continues, its scope of problems and terminological apparatus are being updated. Nevertheless, based on the existing knowledge, we would like to express some opinions about the problems of modern contact linguistics. 70 AMERICAN Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education www. grnjournal.us What are language contacts? Language contacts are the interactions and relations of languages that affect the phonetic, lexical-semantic and syntactic structure of two or more languages [3,237]. From this point of view, under the concept of interaction and influence of two or more languages on units of language levels, the concepts represented by language relations are understood. Here it is necessary to distinguish between language contacts and contact language terms. A language that creates a mutual linguistic relationship between the communicat and the communicant is considered a contact language [6, 3]. There are two different cases: 1. A contact language is the language of one of the nations that entered into social and political contact with each other. Linguistic communication in this society may be in the language of the first or second nation, depending on the situation. 2. The language of both nations entering into communication may not be considered a contact language. In this case, the communicative relationship is carried out through a third language. In such cases, the contact language is called an intermediate language [6, 3; 7, 130]. Another term that expresses the concepts of language relations is bilingualism. Bilingualism is the ability to speak two languages freely, to be a master of two languages. People who engage in mutual communication in two languages are considered to be bilingual [6, 4]. Language interference is one such term. Language interference is the involuntary use of native language features in a second language. The term language convergence expresses the emergence of similarity and convergence as a result of historical connection of languages, contact (collision), and occurs in related and non- related languages. The concept of language divergence refers to the distance between the units of related languages (for example, the division of phonemes). For example, the division of the phoneme t in ancient Turkic languages into t and d: tog' (Uzb.) - dag' (Azerbaijani), tog‟a (Uzb.) - dai (Azerbaijani) Language convergence and divergence are opposite phenomena. Therefore, convergence and similarity in language convergence are opposed to divergence and dissimilarity in language divergence. Adstrat is a set of common signs of the language system formed as a result of the long-term living of different peoples in the same region and under the conditions of language contact. For example, interactions and influences between the Uzbek and Tajik languages serve as examples of common features of language systems. In this case, phonetic, lexical and grammatical features of both languages are considered abstract. Ethnic assimilation and disappearance of one language into another does not occur in the process of assimilation [3, 19]. The terms substrate [3, 497] and superstrate [3, 499] are also used in the language communication system. As a result of cross-breeding of two languages, the characteristics of the elements of the defeated language in the structure of the winning language are referred to as substrate and superstrate phenomena. The substrate is the assimilation of the native language into the foreign language through extensive ethnic mixing and bilingualism. For example, in the III-II centuries BC, the Romans conquered Iberia (today's Spain) and Gaul (today's France). Bilingualism of the local language, Latin, is emerging in these regions. The period of bilingualism of the local language Latin under the influence of the Romans ended with the transition of the local peoples to the full Latin language, and the modern Spanish and French languages were formed on the basis of Latin. Elements of Iberian (in Spanish) and Gaelic (in French) present in these languages are examples of substrate phenomena [5, 65]. The signs left by the language of foreign ethnic groups in the local language are called superstrate. In the 5th century AD, Frankish tribes conquered the territories of present-day France. The Franks mixed 71 AMERICAN Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education www. grnjournal.us with the local people and adopted their customs, way of life and language. A similar phenomenon occurred when the Turkic Bulgar clans subjugated the Slavic tribes in the Balkan Peninsula. The name of the present-day Bulgaria and France is also a fact of the superstrate phenomenon due to its linguistic nature [5, 65]. Superstrate and substrate phenomena are mainly manifested at the phonetic, grammatical, partially lexical levels of the language. However, it is necessary to distinguish these concepts from the layer of borrowed words in the language. Because, unlike word acquisition, the phenomena of substrate and superstrate are related to the defeat of one of two languages and language connections that span all language levels. Substratum theory appeared at the beginning of the 19th century based on the views of Ya. Bredsdorf and played a major role in the history of Indo-European linguistics. This theory has not lost its importance even today in the study of languages of other language families. Another term in the paradigmatic line of language communication is diglossia [3, 136]. Diglossia is the use of two languages or two forms of one language that exist in a society at the same time and are used in different functional areas. Diglossia uses two languages or two forms of a language that exist in a society. The process of using language and dialect can be understood under the concept of two forms of one language. The process of using literary language for printed language and dialects for spoken language is an example of the phenomenon of diglossia. Also, the use of Uzbek and Tajik languages can be in the form of diglossia depending on the speech situation. Communicants speak Uzbek at school (education is conducted in Uzbek), Tajik at home. So, the social function of the language is the main factor in the diglossia characteristic of the speech process. Information about adstrat, substrat, superstrat, diglossia phenomena serves to fill the theoretical gap in Uzbek linguistics related to language contacts. The terms zullisonayn and shiru shakar, which are often used in Uzbek classical literature, can be included among the terms related to language relations. The term Zullisayn is Arabic for "bilingual" and is applied to poets and writers who create in two languages. For example, Alisher Navoi wrote in Uzbek and Persian languages, Sadriddin Ainiy in Uzbek and Tajik languages. Contact linguistics also studies Pidgin and Creole languages [4]. Special language devices that arose as a result of the need to establish communication between different language communities that do not have a common language of communication are called pidgins. Pijin does not have a community of native speakers. It is not formed as a result of the natural-historical development of a specific language, but it occurs as a result of the mixing and structural simplification of these languages under the influence of regular and public language contacts between the speakers of two languages. A creole language is a language that is based on the Pidgin language and has the status of a mother tongue for a certain group of speakers. Conclusion In recent years, national and regional variants of languages and their interaction have become the main object of study of contact linguistics. The direct connection of contact linguistics with anthropocentrism, which determines the main directions of the development of modern linguistics, requires the research of its main terms and categories. Contact linguistics, which is undergoing a process of formation today, has not been fully formed in terms of the boundaries of its issues and terminological paradigm. 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