291 AMERICAN Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education www. grnjournal.us AMERICAN Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education Volume 02, Issue 06, 2024 ISSN (E): 2993-2769 The Differences of Compound Words from Word Combinations (Based on the material of Karakalpak language) Bekbergenov Kidirbay Ayjarikovich Senior researcher of Karakalpakstan Humanities Research Institute of Karakalpak branch of Uzbekistan Science Academy, Candidate of Philological Sciences, Nukus city Abstract. The article examines the differences between compound words and word combinations in the Karakalpak language. Compound words and word combinations are compared with each other and their characteristic features are determined. Key words: Karakalpak language, compound words, word combinations, characteristic features of compound words, characteristic features of word combinations. Compound words and word combinations are very similar in terms of their external form, so there are some difficulties in distinguishing them from each other. Many researchers paid special attention to this problem and focused on their differences from each other [1]. N. Mamatov shows 20 signs that distinguish compound words from word сombinations and sentences in the Uzbek language [2; 16- 28]. Compound words can be distinguished from word combinations by the following signs: 1. Although a compound word consists of two or more roots, it has one meaning and is a lexical unit, therefore it is considered an object of lexicology, word formation and morphology. For example: Sheńgel, jantaq, aqbas, qarabaraq, qańbaq, túyesińir degenler atız shetinde taw-taw bolıp úyildi. (J.Aymurzaev). The words aqbas (aq-bas), qarabaraq, (qara-baraq), tuyesińir (tuye-sińir) in the example are made from two roots and have the same meaning as one word, they represent the names of plants, so they serve as one sentence parts. And each of the components of the word combination have their own lexical meaning and become different sentence parts. For example: Olardıń kóbisi ele de sonday keltepámligin kórsetip júripti (A.Aliev). In this sentence, the compound word keltepámligin is one sentence part- object. But if in the sentence ‘Kelte jip gúrmeliwge kelmedi’ the word kelte(short) is the attribute, and zhip (rope) is the subject. Word combination is the research object of syntax. 2. A compound word is characterized by its unity of form in terms of meaning and form [1]. The roots in its composition are not individual words, but are considered elements of a compound word. The formal purity of a compound word is its main sign. When a compound word comes into contact with other words in a sentence, there are no changes in its structure, word-changing affixes are attached to it as in simple words.Examples: Murat doktor densawlıǵına baylanıslı pensiyaǵa shıqqan edi (A.Áliev). Janıwardıń jal-quyrıǵın taradım. (I.YUsupov). Áskerbasını ashıwlandırıp alıwdan qorqadı (T.Qayıpbergenov). Jerge kúsh, nur bergen GESlerdiń togı (I.YUsupov). And the components of the word сombination do not have such unity, they are changed by various affixes, and you can add words between them: deni saw(healthy), denleriniń sawlıgı (health of the body), jalın hám quyrıǵın taradı (combed the mane and tail), etc. 292 AMERICAN Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education www. grnjournal.us 3. A compound word group can belong to only one part of speech. For example, compound nouns: miynet haqı (salary), kózáynek (glasses), hal-jaǵday (condition), uwayım-qayǵı (worry), bále-qada (troubles), orınbasar (deputy), atqaminer (rider), NMPI, TU-154 etc; compound adjectives: qoy kóz (brown eyes), biyday reńli (wheat color), eki júzli (two-faced), aqquba (white-faced), esersoq (insane), jarımes (crazy), aman-esen (safe), saw-salamat (safe and sound), ilgerili-keyinli (back- to- front); compound adverbs: erteń bir kún( in near future), kúni-túni (and night), anda-sanda( rarely), etc.; compound verbs: qulaq salıw ( to listen), jol beriw (to give the way), satıp alıw (to buy), etc. The components of сollocations are found in various parts of speech: hadal miynet (honest work), awır qayǵı (bereavement), ot jaǵıw (to light a fire), atqa miniw (to get on a horse), qara qoy (black sheep), bir kún (one day), biziń úy (our house), etc. 4. Most researchers confirm that a compound word has a new meaning apart from the meanings of its components. In fact, the meanings of the combined words like alabuǵa (perch), aqsaqal (elder), tasbaq (tortoise), buzawbas (mole cricket) and the meanings of compound words formed by phraseologisms, like shaytan arba (plane), kóz boyaw (throw dust in somebody’s eyes), gúdibuzar (rudeman), kózi ashıq (clairvoyant) are completely different from the meanings of their components. Their components are idiomatic [3; 30]. But this feature is not characteristic of all compound words. The meanings of the majority of compound words depend on the meaning of their components, resulting from their combination: shegara (border), kúnbatar (west), kózqaras (opinion), jalań ayaq (barefoot), on bes (fifteen), búgin (today), buyer (here),etc. According to N. Mamatov, one concept can be given both by words and word order [2; 21]. For example, in the Karakalpak language: búgin – bul kúni, buyer – bul jer, shegara – shek arası and so on. However, the meanings of compound words and word combinations cannot be considered as equal, because the compound word is considered a word with a new meaning, so its overall meaning is slightly different from the meaning of the word combination, they also express concepts that cannot be explained by the word combination. Therefore, qolǵap – qoldıń qabı, kelsap – keliniń sabı, otaǵası – ottıń aǵası, etc., cannot be considered, because the compound word conveys a new meaning, preserves its formal integrity, and cannot be replaced by word combinations. If it were possible, there would be no need for compound words in the language. 5. The components of the word combinations are separate words with a certain syntactic relationship, and the components of a compound word consist of a root or stem, they are part, element of a compound word. Compound words are used as one word, and there is no any syntactic connection within one word. [4; 16] Compare: awılxojalıq (agricultural); (compound word) – awıldıń xojalıǵı (village economy); (compound word), jolashar (compound word) – jol ashıw(opening a road) (compound word), miynet haqı (compound word) - – miynettiń haqısı (wages) (compound word) and others. 6. Components of a compound word: a) The composition can have a permanent place, they cannot be replaced. If their places are changed, their meanings change or the compound word don’t express the meaning. For example, when the places of the components in the words bala-shaǵa (family), túyetawıq (turkey), tilxat (note), ómirbayan (autobiography) are changed, they do not mean anything: the words shaǵa-bala tawıqtúye, xattil, bayanómir do not exist in the Karakalpak language. And when replacing the components in the words kirpitiken (hedgehog), kórpe-tósek (bed), qawın-qámek (melon), attributive collocations (tiken kirpi, tósek kórpe, qámek qawın), and replacing the components in the words jarımes, aqbas (esi jarım, bası aq) sentence appears. And in the word combinations the components can change places: qızıq kitap – kitap qızıq, qara shash – shashı qara, etc. b) One of the components of a compound word cannot be changed from other words that are close in meaning, in this case their integrity is violated. For example, it is not possible to say the word jumıs taslaw for is taslaw (strike) the word jartıjan (half the soul) for jarımjan. Only one component of some paired words can be replaced by its synonyms: aman-saw – aman esen (safe and sound), saw- salamat; hal-jaǵday – jay jaǵday (state,condition); aqıl-oy - aqıl-es (mind). But there are not many 293 AMERICAN Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education www. grnjournal.us such kind of words in the modern Karakalpak language. And the components of word combinations are replaced by words that are meaningful to them: betine qaraw – júzine qaraw (look in the face), eske alıw –yadqa alıw (remember), etc. c) One component of a compound word cannot be omitted, as in this case the compound word becomes a simple word. 7. The roots or stems, which are part of a compound word, are subject to all kinds of phonetic changes (changes, shortening, dropping of sounds, etc.). This phenomenon is often observed in the compound and in some paired words: shegara (shek ara), eshkimar (eshki emer), búgin (bul kún), qáyer (qaysı jer), kózashıq (kózi ashıq), kespas (kespe as), jarǵanat (jartı qanat), Xalqabad (xalqı abad),etc. There are no such phonetic changes in the components of word combinations. 8. There are also differences in the pronunciation between compound words and word combinations. A compound word is pronounced with one stress, despite the fact that its composition consists of several roots. According to the confirmation of different researchers, in the compound word in Turkic languages the stess falls to the last syllable of the second component [5]. For example: aqsaqal, kúnbatar, jılanbalıq, túyetawıq, etc. and in repeated words, it falls into two components: ata-ana, jora- joldas, birim-birim, waqtı-waqtı. And in word combination it falls into two components. There is no break in pronunciation between the components of a compound word, and the components of a word combination are separated from each other by a pause. Compare: qaramal – qara mal, iytbalıq – pisken balıq, aybalta – otın balta, etc. The absence of a pause between the components of a compound word is considered one of the main signs that distinguish it from the word combination. B. Madaliyev proves that it is possible to distinguish between similar compound words and word combinations in Uzbek language by the following example: kúp bolali onalar (compound word) - kúp bolali onalar (word combination) [6; 9]. In these examples, the first word (kúp bolali) is a compound word, which indicates the number of mothers’ children, and the second example is a compound word combination, which indicates the number of mothers. 9. Usually, word combinations are formed by syntactic connection of two or more words with full lexical meaning: úyge qaytıw, qızıqlı ushırasıw, etc. And the combination of words with complete meaning and auxiliary words does not form word combination, they are not a syntactic word combinatios, therefore, compound words are not formed from such combinations. For example, the words like qálem menen, sol ǵana, al, ol are neither word combinations nor compound words. And N. Mamatov, based on the sources from other languages, shows that non-meaningful, i.e. function words in Uzbek language (сonjunction, particle) can also be a component of a compound word. According to him, if the combination of notional and function words is related to the same part of speech, and it answers its question, then it becomes a compound word, and the function word becomes an inseparable part of the compound word: erta bilan, zavq bilan [2; 22]. In our opinion, first of all, belonging of a word to a part of speech is not determined by putting a question to it, because parts of speech is a morphological category; secondly, neither word combinations nor compound words are formed from the combination of notional and function words. How can a word without lexical meaning be a component of a word combination or a compound word, how can it form a compound word with a new meaning? And in the given examples, the temporal and critical meaning of the conjunction bilan (menen) (with) and its own grammatical meanings have nothing to do with word formation, especially compound word formation [6; 543]. 10. Compound words have been formed in the language long since and they are language units always ready for use, and word combinations appear only in the process of speaking, so they are included in the unit of speech [2; 20]. 11. Compound words are differentiated from word combinations by their spelling. If the components of the word combinations are written separately from each other, from compound words paired and repeated words are hyphenated, conjoint and abbreviated compound words are combined, and components of compound words are written separately. However, the spelling of compound words in the modern Karakalpak language requires some clarification. 294 AMERICAN Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education www. grnjournal.us These differences are considered to be signs of distinguishing compound words from free syntactic word combinations in the modern Karakalpak language. Literature 1. Smirnitsky A.I. On the question of the word (the problem of the identity of the word) // Proceedings of the Institute of Linguistics of the USSR Academy of Sciences. M., 1954. Vol. 4; Khojiev A. Compound, paired and repeated words in the Uzbek language. Tashkent: Fan, 1963; Ganiev F.A. On the issue of complex words in the Tatar language // Soviet Turkology. M., 1976. No. 4. pp. 33-35; Ganiev F.A. Formation of compound words in the Tatar language. M., 1982; Mamatov N. Properly compound words in the Uzbek language. TDD, Tashkent 1990. 2. Mamatov N. Referred abstract, pages 16-28. 3. Ganiev F.A. Formation of complex words in the Tatar language, p-30. 4. Mullina R.M. Compound words in the languages of the Turkic system. - Scientific notes of Kazakh State University, volume XIII, issue 5, Series of languages. and lit., 1950, p-38; Ganiev F.A. Referred work, p-31. 5. Khojiev A. Compound, paired and repeated words in the Uzbek language. Tashkent: Fan, 1963. 6. Grammar of the Uzbek language, I, Morphology. Tashkent, 1975. P.543.