199 AMERICAN Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education www. grnjournal.us AMERICAN Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education Volume 02, Issue 07, 2024 ISSN (E): 2993-2769 Implementation of Graduonymy in Morphology Kasimova Muqaddas Bekpo`latovna – (PhD) Abstract. The article presents the manifestations of graduonymic relations in morphology, which is one of the main language divisions with examples of each category. Research materials on graduonymy are covered in detail. Key words: graduonymy, graduonym gradation, morphemic gradation, graduonymic relations between words, gradation series, description in the linguistic system. Graduonymy is considered to be one of the hierarchical relationships of the language system. It has the same root as the Russian words gradation, gradus, grad, and all these words have the dictionary meaning of degree, leveling. It is clear and known that all things and events that are in existence, nature and society are distinguished according to their various characteristics: period, size, shape, distance-proximity, temperature, taste, quality and quantity, state of motion and named according to the distinctive sign. Such different characteristics of things and events are undoubtedly expressed in the lexical meaning groups of the language, each named according to its own characteristics, according to its position and level, each of them as separate units in the language system. forms hierarchical relationships with others. Since gradation appears at all language levels, it cannot bypass language levels such as morphemics and morphology. Therefore, the phenomenon of gradation, which is a general law of the language system, can be observed in all categorical and non-categorical forms of the language. "Contradiction and formation of certain series through graduonymic relations between words is characteristic of all independent word groups, imitation, exclamatory and modal words, this lexical meaning gradation - lexical graduonymy, shows that it is one of the common types of semantic relations between words. Each of these groups has its own gradation series, meaningful graduonymic lexical series, and studying the realization of graduonymic relationships in each word group allows us to open new visual tools of our native language, to study its internal laws in depth. " Since the graduonymic relationship is a semantic relationship between words, the meaning is close to each other and is within separate meaning types of the same word group. Therefore, when counting graduonymic series, it is observed to divide them into spiritual categories. There are many graduonymic sequences in nouns between word groups. This is because nouns represent an object. The object appears as a set of certain symbols, and the meaning of symbols in nouns is an important component of their meaning. Therefore, in the Uzbek language, most specific nouns and a number of abstract nouns form graduonymic series. Let's take a look at some of them: “As a building intended for living, residence: kulba-hujra-uy-hovli-ko‘shk-qasr-saroy-koshona are united and form a mutual graduonymic series. Intervocal conflict (difference) is grouped according to two and sometimes even more features of the building, place of residence. In the above examples, firstly, if these words are grouped as : kulba-uy-hovli according to the quantitative indicator of "large- smallness" (as kulba=small, uy=medium, hovli =large), on the other hand , as ko‘shk-qasr-saroy- koshona, the meaning of the sign of bigness and smallness is combined with the spiritual color of 200 AMERICAN Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education www. grnjournal.us luxury. In the general series of these words, the word "uy(house)" is moderate (neutral) in relation to "big-small", and this word appeared as the leading word of the series. Therefore, the neutral word "house" combines the words "hujra", " kulba " from the front, and the words ko‘shk, qasr, koshona from the point of view of "luxury" from the back. Livestock (sheep, goats, cows, horses, camels, donkeys) form graduonymic series according to both "age" and "sex": Sheep: qo‘zi, to‘qli, tusoq (two-year-old, from the Tajik word "du"), shishak, chori, panji, mongg‘i; sovliq, qo‘chqor; Cow: buzoq, tana, g‘unajin, sovin (female), ho‘kiz, buqa; Goat: uloq, chibich, tuvcha, taka, serka; Yilqi: qulun, toy, do‘nan, g‘unon, ot; baytal, ayg‘ir; Natural phenomena: tomchi-yomg‘ir-jala-sel; Qirov-qor-do‘l-muz; Jilg‘a-irmoq-daryo-dengiz-ummon; Tog‘-tosh-shag‘al-qum; Ildiz-tana-shox-barg-gul-meva and etc. If any of these are analyzed graduonymically, the semes of the lexeme "sheep" are interpreted according to the semes of "age" on the one hand, and the semes of "gender" on the other. The lexeme "sheep" differs according to the age seme: qo‘zi, to‘qli, tusoq chori, panji, mongg‘i semes. At this point, it should be said that in the graduonymy of the lexeme "sheep" and the lexeme "young", it is impossible to oppose the contrasts of large-medium-small, young-middle-old, such as the above graduonymic series, because only successive, gradual there is grading. In the adjective word group, the leading meaning is mainly a sign-property, and each original adjective, which expresses such a meaning as color, taste, size, shape, and other signs, has its own graduonymic series. will be Examples: oqish-oqimtir-oq-oppoq; qoramtir-qora-qop-qora-tim qora; ko‘kish-ko‘kimtir-ko‘k-ko‘m-ko‘k; qizg‘ish-pushti-gulobi-qizil-ol-qirmizi; Iliq-issiq-qaynoq; Xunuk-badbashara-badburush-badqovoq-tasqara-bedavo-beo‘xshov-beso‘naqay-badsurat and etc. Among them, the symbols of the dominant lexeme "qizil(red)" is explained in the "Annotated Dictionary of the Uzbek Language" as follows: Red - darker than pink, lighter than red, reddish color; ("Annotated Dictionary of the Uzbek Language" p. 573) Rose-pink ("Annotated Dictionary of the Uzbek Language" p. 197) Light red color with a pink-peach flower color ("Annotated Dictionary of the Uzbek Language" p. 573) Alvon - Crimson in the color of red blood("Annotated Dictionary of the Uzbek Language" p. 573) Ol - red, crimson ("Annotated Dictionary of the Uzbek Language" p. 573) Red- yellow ("Annotated Dictionary of the Uzbek Language" p. 573) If these words were described in a linguistic system, it could be as follows: 201 AMERICAN Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education www. grnjournal.us Pinkish-pink color, from white to red, with a tendency to pink; Light red of pink-peach flower color, darker than pink; Darker than pink, lighter than red, reddish color; Blood-red color; Brown - darker than red; Red-dark red color At this point, it should be said that if the word red is based on the concept of "color", then the word red forms a series such as white, yellow, blue, red, black, and these are not graduonyms to each other, but formed a hyponymic (species-genus) series. In the above analysis, the meanings of graduonymic words remind each other, they are related to each other in terms of inheritance. Number. It is self-evident that numbers mean the amount, order and sequence of things, events and phenomena in existence, in other words, the quantitative level. From this point of view, any word denoting a quantity in the language system, various units of measurement, even numerals have mutual raduonymic series: 0 (zero), 1,2,3,...10; 0 (zero), -1,-2, -3,...-10; Nim chorak, chorak, yarim,butun; Mm, cm, dm, meter, km; Bo‘g‘im, qarich, gaz, quloch; Misqol, qadoq, pud, botmon; Graduonymic series through the concept of "Measure", "measure of length" is formed. Although the words Bo‘g‘im, qarich, gaz, quloch do not have the pattern of "short-medium-long" like other gradational nouns, there is a "small-to-large" step relationship. Even if the expression is impermissible, a person's height should be measured on this basis, one hand from the heel to the top of the foot, one cubit from the bottom of the foot to the bottom of the knee, two gas or one cubit from the knee to the top. can be measured as But if the measurement of something (for example, a thread) is said to be "one cubit", it means that it is more than one joint, less than one gas, and the lexeme " qarich " is " bo‘g‘im ", " gaz " , restores the lexemes "lap" in memory, indicating the existence of an associative (remembering one through the other) relationship between them. Pronoun. The gradation relationship is partially manifested in some pronouns, in particular, personal (I-you-u-we-you-they), demonstrative (this-that-that) pronouns. Because from the point of view of the "person" concept, I-the first, you-the second, he-the other person, form a graduonymic series. Demonstrative pronouns have the meaning of "distance" and correspond to the "near-middle-far" pattern above, because "this book" refers to the book in the speaker's hand, and "this book" refers to the book in the speaker's hand. not, but it reminds of a book that can be seen with the eyes, and when "that book" is said, it reminds of a book that is even further in terms of distance. Adverb. In adverbs, gradation is shown as in adjectives. The difference between gradation in adverbs and that in adjectives is that the sign of degree and quantity is used as a basis: Slowly-frequently; A little- a lot; It should be noted that there is a phenomenon of gradation in verbs, as in other word groups. The linguist scientist M.Otaboyeva and the Russian linguist I.A.Isayeva studied the phenomenon of gradation in verbs on the example of the manifestation of verbs at the level of lexical-semantic and word formation. The author says that verbs with gradual semantics is an additional tool - from graduators (affixes, additional gradational meanings) emerges through use, and the Russian word 202 AMERICAN Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education www. grnjournal.us взойти - превзойти is an example of its possibility. This is us is closer to gradation than learning graduonymy and reflects gradation in speech.1 Verbs, in addition to being graded according to the scope of meaning, can also be distinguished among their categories by the presence or absence of a specific sign. Among the Uzbek linguists who have conducted research on graduonymy, only O. Bozorov's research on gradation in grammatical categories has been discussed in the gradation section at the morphological level, in which the existence of gradation in verb categories is also explained. One of them, if we touch on the tense category, is a grammatical category that expresses the relation of the action to the time of speech, and the general grammatical meaning of this category is to participate in the formation of the clause by influencing the time valence and the reality understood from it is to express the attitude to the moment of speech. Three types of tenses are distinguished according to the relationship of reality to the moment of speech. There is a progressive sequence between the past, present and future tenses according to the duration of the action: past tense – present tense – future tense (read- is reading- will read ). In the category of time, the present tense serves as an intermediate third, and between the present and the future tense, the present-future tense connects the future tense with the present tense as an intermediate third: present tense-present-future tense- future tense. There are also several gradations in the sense of the past tense: 1) according to the distance of the past tense from the moment of speech: recent past tense (-di) - long past tense (-gan, -gan edi). If we take into account that the time of execution of the action becomes longer, although the difference is noticeable, since the gradation series must have at least three members, this series cannot be taken as a gradation series, or it can only be considered as a gradation series, including the present continuous tense. not according to the meanings of the past tense, but according to the movement away from the moment of speech, present continuous tense (-yap) – recent past tense (-di) – long past tense (-gan, -gan edi) can be formed in the form; 2) according to the degree of reliability (modality) of the meaning of the past tense: definite tense (- di) – resulting long past tense (-gan, -gan edi) – not very clear sounding form (-ib +person/number, -ib+edi person-number). If we look at this line as an example of the verb to go – men ketdim (I went). The difference between men ketdim and men ketgandim is noticeable due to the length of time, but it is difficult to notice whether the level of reliability has increased or decreased, as well as I went and I went There is no difference in the understood sense; 3) to the verbs of the past tense by the addition of suction auxiliaries edi, ekan, emish, it forms a gradation from certainty to doubt: borar edi–borar ekan–borar emish; 4) movement of the past tense towards the state (in the process of loss of dynamism): was going- went. There is gradation in this line, given that a specific action in the past tense is referred to as a state as time progresses. In this case, the gradation differs not lexically, but only in the meanings understood from the tenses of the verb. It should be noted that the phenomenon of gradation is a common feature of all morphological categories, which is confirmed by the above examples. 1 Отабоева М.Р. Ўзбек ва инглиз тилларида феъллар градуонимияси: Филол. фан. фалс.докт. ... дисс. – Андижон, 2022. – Б. 16.