132 AMERICAN Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education www. grnjournal.us AMERICAN Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education Volume 01, Issue 06, 2023 ISSN (E): 2993-2769 Phraseography and Stages of its Development Uraimova Mokhigul Qobuljon qizi 1st course PhD student, Fergana State University Abstract The vocabulary of a language has unlimited properties in terms of its capabilities and level of proficiency. This article will be devoted to the types of phraseological dictionaries, the stages of their development and features. Keywords: lexicography, phraseography, phraseological unit, phraseology, dictionary. Introduction The vocabulary of the language structure grows rich tirelessly. Old words are replaced by new words, words from other languages are passed over and mastered, new words are made and new meanings are formed. Dictionaries are compiled for various purposes and play an important role in learning them, acquiring the capabilities of their language more fully, increasing literacy, raising the culture of speech. The importance of studying dictionaries is that dictionaries expand our vocabulary. As lexicography grows to have a rich experience, its own theory as a science is also being formed. Methods To this day, several dictionaries of phraseology have been created, and the term ―phraseography‖ has also been used in the field. In this article, we will get acquainted with the analysis of phraseological dictionaries in English, Russian and Uzbek languages. The term ―phraseography‖ is used in linguistics by professor M.E. Umarkhojaev was defined in his articles as: ―the science dealing with theoretical and practical issues of building phraseological dictionaries is called phraseography‖, which were applied in the 70s of the last century and were first published in Leipzig, Germany in 1971. In its early years, the use of the term was also challenged by some linguists, even there were objections. But we did not find it necessary to give both semantically and structurally specific independent dual units of language under the term ―lexicography‖, since the term ―lexicography‖ is known to all, it is connected with a word that is motivated by a word. Phraseologisms, on the other hand, are not words, but phrases as we have seen above. In this context, we applied the term ―phraseography‖ to name an independent field of lexicography dealing with the problems of phraseological dictionaries. But they say ―time is the Supreme Judge‖. Over the past forty years, the term has become the term of all languages. Phraseography, on the other hand, was based on the theoretical and practical side as an independent field of dictionary construction, its overtaken historical skirts were analyzed, the types of phraseographic dictionaries of a number of languages were separated, and the theory of compilation of phraseological dictionaries was created. When writing this article, as well as reviewing cases, comparative and analytical techniques were used. 133 AMERICAN Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education www. grnjournal.us Results In the case of determining the stages of historical development of phraseography, we have analyzed more than 300 one -, two-and multi-language phraseological dictionaries, proverbs and sayings, aphorisms published on the basis of materials of German, English, Russian, French, Romanian, Spanish, Uzbek, Kyrgyz, Tatar, Turkmen, Azarbaijan, Chuvash, Czech, Japanese, Chinese, Persian, Mogul, Lezgin, Latvian, Estonian, Hungarian and a number of other languages. The data obtained formed the basis for dividing the history of the development of phraseography into three stages. The first phase covers the first half of the 20th century, from collections of Proverbs and various phrases, first compiled in manuscript in ancient times. The first stage is closely related to the development of Sciences as well as the emergence of writing. The writing provided an opportunity to preserve the spiritual, linguistic wealth of the people, accumulated over the centuries and passed down from generation to generation. From the 16th century, collections of bilingual, multilingual proverbs of European languages began to surface. For example, J.Glusky’s ―Proverbs a Comparative Book of English‖, ―French, German, Italian, Spain and Russian Proverbs with a Latin Appendix‖. (1515-reprinted 1971). The collection, compiled by Sebastian Frank in 1541 (re-edition 1974, Amsterdam, Ulgrich Maysar), included, in addition to Proverbs, sentences, parables, fairy tales, even jokes. The collection included 7,000 Proverbs used in German of the time, some of which survive in one form or another in modern German. In the dictionaries mentioned above, the number of phraseologisms in our current understanding was very small, as a phraseological parametric dictionary, they were not fully formed. Therefore, this stage of the development of phraseography would be correct if it were said that the stage of ―Paremiotraphy‖. The second phase also continued the tradition of printing rich collections of various proverbial and sayings. But unlike the first stage, dictionaries are now included in Idioms, even words, comparative phraseologisms, wise words, their linguistic parameters are annotated, and even stylistic signs begin to be given. A very large volume collection of Deutsches ―Sprichwdrterlexikon‖ containing five volumes of German and other language Proverbs were published by Wander from 1867 to 1880. In terms of the large number of units entered, it can be said that even today it is equivalent to a dictionary. For example, only in the case of the ―Auge-head‖ word, 445 Proverbs, sayings, various stagnant vocabulary are given. Another collection, similar to this dictionary, was published in Berlin in 1907. Lippenheide’s collection ―Sprichwdrterbuch‖ contains 30,000 word comnbinations, of which 25,000 word combinationss refer to German, with 5,000 set expressions being foreign language phrases. In this place, Russian lexicographers V.I.Dal’s dictionary ―Proverbs of Russian nation‖ dictionary (1862) and M.I.Michelhson’s ―Walking and apt words‖, ―Russian thought and speech. Your own and someone else’s. Experience of Russian phraseology‖ play a significant role. These dictionaries have become a unique linguistic wealth of the Russian people, differing from other dictionaries in that they are primarily scientifically based. Stage three. The third stage of phraseography is fundamentally different from the previous two stages in terms of the number and quality of dictionaries published. After the 50s of the 20th century, the teaching of foreign languages began to be widely established. In addition to new types of textbooks, manuals, the need for different types of dictionaries increased. For this reason, the large-scale development of theoretical phraseography has had a positive effect on the development of practical phraseography, one, two and multilingual phraseological dictionaries began to be published, which are scientifically based on the purpose and function, numerical and qualitative indicators of phrases. 134 AMERICAN Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education www. grnjournal.us In 1955, the noted phraseologist A.V.Kunin’s ―English-Russian phraseological dictionary‖, L.E.Binović’s ―Deutsch-Russian phraseological dictionary‖ published in 1956, M.I.Retsker’s ―French-Russian phraseological dictionary‖ was published in 1963, these phraseological dictionaries gained their legal place among other dictionaries. Influenced by these dictionaries came bilingual and multilingual phraseological dictionaries of other languages. In particular, theoretical issues of phraseology was influenced by the A.V. Kunin’s ―English-Russian phraseological dictionary‖ which was republished in 1967, the practical aspects of phraseography were improved. The book gives an estimated 20,000 English-language phrases, idioms, and their Russian-language equivalents. In conjunction with phraseological and idioms, the works of fiction, texts and their origins used were also cited. The dictionary contains many examples showing the author and work from the works of British and American classical and modern writers. The dictionary is intended for persons reading English and American fiction and scientific literature, the press, translators, scientific staff, teachers, students and graduate students. It can also serve as a guide for an English reader studying the Russian language, as well as English specialists who are engaged in translation into Russian. The number of phraseologisms in the dictionaries above also differs significantly from other dictionaries. In L.E.Binovich’s dictionary there are 12,000 units, in A.V.Kunin’s dictionary 25,000, M. Retsker’s dictionary gives 35,000 phraseological compounds. With the advent of explanatory phraseological dictionaries of a number of languages, the formation of phraseological dictionary types was definitively solved. For Example, M.Fozilov’s ―Definitive phraseological dictionary of the Tajik language‖ (Monday, 1963-1964), Sh.Rahmatullaev’s ―Annotated phraseological Dictionary of the Uzbek language‖ (1978), L.I.Molotkov’s ―Phraseological dictionary of Russian language‖ (1967). While the publication of dictionaries such as V.Friderich’s ―Modern Deutsch idioms‖ (Munchen, 1966), L. Ryorich’s ―Lexicon der sprichwortlicher Redensarten‖ (Freiburg, Basel, Wieri, 1974) took the German language phraseography to a new level. In most dictionaries, all linguistic characteristics assigned to phraseologisms are diverse, scientifically based, with large data in practical terms. The development of modern phraseography is greatly influenced by educational paremiography and a number of dictionaries published in the field of educational phraseography. M.Shansky, E.Avistrova, T.Alikulov’s ―700 phraseological phrases in Russian‖ (1982), M.E.Umarkhojaev, K.N. The Nazarov’s ―German —Russian —Uzbek phraseological dictionary‖ (1994). In the meantime, A.Vitek’s phraseological dictionary ―Russian-English Idioms Dictionary‖, published in the United States in 1973(REID: 1973), P. Borkovskov’s ―The Great Russian- English Dictionary of Idioms and Set Expressions‖ was published in London in 1973(GREDISE: 1973), V. V. Gurevich and J. A. Dozoret’s ―Concise Russian-English phraseological dictionary‖ was published in Moscow (KRAFS: 1988), A.I.Alexinov’s ―Russian-English phraseological and English-Russian phraseological dictionary‖ containing the most common Russian phraseological units and methods of their translation into English, (KRAARFS: 1980), S. Lyubenskoy’s ―Russian-English Dictionary of Idioms‖ (REDI: 1995), Ye.F.Arsentev’s ―Russian-English phraseological dictionary‖ (RAFS: 1999), I.Quezelevich’s ―Russian-English phraseological dictionary‖ (RAFS: 2000), S.S.Kuzmina’s ―Russian-English phraseological translation dictionary‖ (RAFSP: 2001), we can also cite the phraseological dictionaries of N. L.Shadrin, such as ―Russko-angliskiy slovar ustoychivix sravneniy‖ (RASUS 2003). Each of the dictionaries in the list given above has its own characteristics. Each of the dictionaries has its own characteristics of the phraseological system, providing phraseological material, creating a dictionary entry. ―Russian-English Idiom Dictionary‖, which was edited by A.Vitek, it is the collective work of a team of researchers, the result of their four years of work. Only ―true idioms‖ (true idioms) were 135 AMERICAN Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education www. grnjournal.us selected for analysis by dictionary authors, with their lexeme content analyzed twice for inclusion in ―true idioms‖, including computer-aided examination of their differentiation from ―complex lexical entries‖ i.e. ―complex lexical compounds‖. P. Borkowski’s ―The Great Russian-English Dictionary of Idioms and Set Expressions‖ (GREDISE: 1973). It was published at the same time as the ―Russian-English Idiom Dictionary‖ under Vitek’s authorship. Its author tried to create a compact phraseological dictionary based on the analysis of existing Russian and Russian-English dictionaries, and when creating it, in his opinion, to avoid two things, such as the lack of an easy and consistent principle of placing units in a dictionary, which is considered the most basic drawback of previous dictionaries, and the absence or misuse of phrases (GREDISE: 1973: 1). S. Lyubenskaya’s ―Dictionary of Russian-English Idioms‖ (REDI:1995) is the third bilingual phraseological dictionary published in English-speaking countries. To this, on the basis of successful cooperation with scientists on both sides of the Atlantic, including leading Russian scientists Y. Apresyan and I. Melchuk allowed the author to create a dictionary, taking into account the latest achievements in lexicography and phraseology. The dictionary has been created for more than 12 years and contains about 13,000 Russian idioms, according to the author's terminology, more than 6,900 of which are presented in articles on the dictionary. V. V. Gurevich and J. A. Dozorets’ ―Concise Russian-English phraseological dictionary‖ (KrafS: 1988), as they themselves noted, was the first Russian-English phraseological dictionary published in the country. It contained the 1,000 most frequent phraseological units with a phrase structure, and only in some cases vocabulary. The authors did not include in their dictionaries proverbs, sayings, winged words, phraseological units, semi-free combinations and stable combinations of a terminological nature. E.F.Arsenteva’s creation, ―Russian-English phraseological dictionary‖ (RAFS: 1999), was published in Kazan in 1999. The dictionary contains 5,491 Russian-language phraseological units semantically human-oriented. D. I. Kveselevich’s ―Russian-English phraseological dictionary‖ (Raf s: 2000) contains about 7,000 phraseological units. It includes phraseological units of the Russian language, widely used in texts of various genres of the XIX –XX centuries, and possible variants of their translation into English. A special type of Russian-English phraseological dictionary is N. L. Shadrin’s ―Russko-angliskiy slovar ustoychivix sravneniy‖ (Asus: 2003). It contains more than 550 Russian stable comparisons (considered by the author as special types of phraseological units) and their English-language alternatives. Yuri Dolgopolov's dictionary ―A dictionary of confusable phrases‖ gives more than 10,000 idioms and vocabulary in English. The ―Dictionary of American Idioms and Phrasal Verbs‖ by MC Grove Hill gives more than 24,000 idioms and phrasal verbs. Discussion In conclusion, in the process of compiling a phraseological dictionary, it is necessary that the developers solve a number of issues. 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