253 AMERICAN Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education www. grnjournal.us AMERICAN Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education Volume 02, Issue 12, 2024 ISSN (E): 2993-2769 The Motive "Locative" in the Names of Medicinal Plants (Using the Example of French, Russian and Uzbek Languages) Yuldasheva Dilfuza Muidinjanovna Doctoral student Tashkent State Transport University Abstract. The article is devoted to the analysis of the nomination of some medicinal plants in three languages with different structures. The study examines the etymological features of plant names that explain the choice of the motive for their designation. A comparative analysis of the French, Russian and Uzbek languages is carried out in order to identify the linguacultural features associated with the perception and classification of plants in different peoples. Key words: motive, nomination, medicinal plants, place of growth, culture, thinking. For a long time, beginning with Plato, the motivation of language was considered only as its motivation by reality, as an "innate" or "natural" necessary connection between objects of reality and signs of language, which was not confirmed by language as a whole. During the period of dominance of the psychological trend in linguistics, which revealed the dependence of language on the characteristics and level of national thinking (W. Humboldt), A. A. Potebnya proposed to understand motivation as an internal form, "the closest etymological meaning of a word", or a way of presenting non-linguistic content [2, 7]. The practice of studying motivation of this kind was reduced to determining the genetic determinacy of language, which, incidentally, was also recognized by B. de Courtenay, but which, according to V. A. Zvegintsev, "refers not to semasiological phenomena, but to onomasiological phenomena and therefore is of importance primarily for etymological research" [3, 4]. Of particular interest to researchers is the process of motivation of plant names in language, which is determined by the fact that the phytonymic vocabulary of a language, like any other vocabulary, represents a form of objectification of the linguistic consciousness of different generations of people. A large role in the choice of a motivational feature for naming an object belongs to the level of individual and social consciousness of a given linguistic community, the uniqueness of the way of life, national and cultural traditions, and the peculiarities of the social and natural living conditions of people.[9] Almost every plant can be given four types of names: Latin scientific, official botanical, folk and floricultural. Latin names of medicinal plants are international due to the common cultural heritage and influence of Latin and Greek on the languages of Europe. In 1753, Carl Linnaeus published the work "Species of Plants" (Species Plantarum). Binomial plant names began to be introduced into scientific practice: one word for the generic name and one for the species name. In 1950, rules called the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN) were introduced. ICBN is based on the need for an accurate and simple system of scientific names. According to the requirements of ICBN, each name is assigned a name consisting of two parts: the actual species name of the genus to which it belongs, and a species epithet following the generic name. As studies show, it is the Latin generic names that always contain some characteristic of the plants. It should be noted that mixed features represent a more detailed characteristic of the term. 254 AMERICAN Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education www. grnjournal.us Systematization of names makes it possible to establish what part of the knowledge about a medicinal plant is reflected in its name and what features form the basis of the nomination. The system of motivational features of phytonyms reflects the attitude of society to a particular type of plant that a person encounters in the course of his or her life.[1] In our work we examined the locative motivator (place of growth), which is one of the most frequent in the lexical-semantic group of names of medicinal plants. In the comparative analysis of phytonyms, we used several sources: 1. Botanical Dictionary (Russian- English-German-French-Latin Davidova N.N., Moscow 1960 - this dictionary is not etymological, contains 6000 botanical terminologies, of which about 1800 are names of medicinal plants, we used the name of medicinal plants by the method of continuous sampling for further comparative analysis of phytonyms mainly in Russian and French. 2. Etymological Dictionary of Names of Medicinal Plants (with Karachay-Balkar phytonyms) Khapaev B.A., Khapayeva A.B., Cherkessk 2015 - this dictionary contains about 3200 Russian names of plants, as well as names in other languages. The reason for choosing this dictionary was a simple explanation of the folk and scientific names of plants, taking into account their use in medicine. In Uzbek we used the textbook by Uljaboeva N. “Khalk tabobati khazinasidan zhavohirlar” (2009). The locative motivator (location) gives us information about the place and conditions of plant growth. In particular, plants grow along the road, in swamps, in fields and meadows, in vegetable gardens, in the desert, in the cemetery, on stones, and so on. Many plants were named according to their place of growth. For example: from the Latinized Celtic words sol - close, lis - water, which means "what grows near water" and indicates the predominant growth of the willow plant in well-moistened areas. Convallaria majalis - from lat. convallis - valley, hollow, surrounded by mountains, that is, a plant that lives in valleys, as it grows in vast expanses around forests. Aconitum naellus - aconite is so named because the homeland of one of the species was the vicinity of the city of Acone. Ammi visnaga - Ammi dentata from the Greek sand, according to the place of growth. Origan - oregano, from the ancient Greek oros - mountain, ganos - to rejoice, that is, the joy of the mountains, since the most fragrant species of this plant grows on the mountain slopes of the Mediterranean.[8] In French, in the names of many plants, the motif of place is present in the name itself, and in some, the motif can only be determined through translation from Latin: Arnica des montagnes ( mountain arnica ), Saturatte des montagnes (mountain savory) grows in mountainous areas, Melisse -often found in meadows and gardens, Plantain (plantain) - from Latin Plantago "sole". Corydale creuse - " creuse " from French means "to dig" or "hole", the plant grows in damp places, in forests, and is also found in mountainous or foothill areas. Millepertum des champs (St. John's wort), Bleuet des champs (cornflower), cirses des champs (field bodjaga), ail des chapms (garden onions), alchemilles des champs (plain-looking plant), - champs from the French means field (there are 10 plants with the field motif). Menthe aquatic (water mint), raisin de mer, ruban d` eau (redhead), roquette de mer (sea mustard) - the plant grows in marshy or watery places (there are 5 plants with the motif water or watery). The largest number of motifs are the names of countries or cities, there are about 40 of them: framboisier d`Amerique, lishen d`Island, lin de Nouvelle Zelande, millet d`Arique, peuplier du Canada, prunier d`Europe, savonier de Chine etc… As a result of a brief analysis of the names of medicinal plants, we identified the following lexical groups : montagnes , champs , jardins , bois , mer , d`eau . In Russian, there are also explicit and hidden locative motivators, for example: Svinushnik (marsh rosemary ), the formal basis-suffix -nik, in order to determine which feature is attributed, it is necessary to find out which concept is associated with the image of a pig; in Russian culture, a pig is associated with a puddle, mud, where, as is known, it likes to lie, therefore, the attribute attributed to the basis is a locative, and marsh rosemary really does grow in a swamp, in water.[6] We have classified the following plants according to where they grow: ➢ in swamps: marsh grass, marsh groundsel, marsh calamus, marsh strawberry, marsh rose, marsh spruce, marsh buttercup, marsh cinquefoil, marsh motherwort, marsh myrtle, marsh marigold, marsh cypress, marsh-loving cypress. 255 AMERICAN Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education www. grnjournal.us ➢ in meadows: meadow burkun, meadow chamomile, meadow heartwort, meadow vetch. ➢ in the mountains: mountain buttercup, mountain arnica, mountain knotweed, mountain parsley. Saussurea alpinum - we can refer to the general field - mountain, since according to the name Alps, the plant obviously grows in the Alpine mountains. ➢ on stones: stony drupe, stone. -in watery places: water marigold, water buttercup, watercress, water nut, water gland, dropsy, water-bearing. Plantain, underground, underwater, burial ground - by means of prefixes and suffixes they indicate a specific place of growth. avens , sea mustard, oriental plane tree - with additional characteristics such as urban, sea, oriental indicate the exact location. The number of plant names in Russian with country or city names is not as abundant as in French: Arabian acacia, Spanish gorse, Indian canna, Brazilian palm, English/French/Italian ryegrass. Let's look at some names of plants in which the locative motif is hidden in the history of the origin of the name of the given plant: Calamus (marsh calamus, calamus, Tatar herb, flatbread) - Acorus calamus L. Araceae Family - Araceae the generic Latin name is associated with the Greek word < acoron >; < kore > - eyeball, since in ancient times calamus was used to treat eye diseases. Calamus was brought to the country during the Tatar-Mongol invasion. The Tatars believed that calamus was a plant that purified water, and were convinced that where it grew, one could drink water without risk to health. Therefore, Tatar horsemen carried pieces of living rhizomes in their saddlebags and threw them into all bodies of water they came across. In French, the plant retains its Latin name Acore odorant (Acorus calamus).[5] In Uzbek, oddiy igir-iyir; In Russian and Uzbek, the names of the plant are not motivated, that is, we can understand the meaning of the name only by the etymology of the name of the plant. But according to etymological data, we can determine that this plant was named according to its intended purpose, that is, for the treatment of eye diseases. Vinca minor (grave periwinkle) - leathery shiny leaves do not die in winter from the cold, surviving under the snow. Therefore, it has become a symbol of vitality, unfading. Therefore, periwinkle is planted on the graves of dear deceased as a sign of eternal love and remembrance, wreaths are woven from it and placed at the head of the deceased. The popular name of the plant is motivated by the plant's resistance. In French, pervenche (from Latin pervincere – means to overcome ). Here we see similarities in the principles of motivation. In Uzbek, the plant is called bürígul (dos. Wolf flower), the plant is named for the same property, since the plant is very resistant to severe cold, like a wolf. In all three languages with different structures, there is a common metaphorical connotation. And also in the Uzbek people, this name was given to girls who were born with a tooth. Marsh trefoil (water trefoil, bobwhite ) - most scientists believe that the name comes from the Greek words “ monyo ” - to show, “ anthos ” - flower, since the plant has a large inflorescence of pale pink flowers, clearly visible in the dark and as if warning the traveler about the swampy place where the plant usually lives. French trèfle aquatique, trèfle d'eau, trèfle de castor.; From the pharmaceutical name Trifolium fibrinum "beaver clover" (< Latin fiber "beaver"), which is given according to the habitat of the plant: in swamps, along the banks of ponds and rivers (where beavers live). (32) In the Uzbek language uchbarg (literally three leaves), the plant gets its name from the shape of the flowers. In French and Russian, the name of the plant has two motifs: flower shape + place of growth, in Uzbek it is limited to the flower shape. In the Uzbek language the following place of growth motivators are mainly used: dala (field) - dalachoy, dala sovuno`t; tog ` (mountain) tog` rayhon , yer (earth) - yerqalampir , yer yong ` oq , Qo ` qon yerchoy ; o ` rmon (forest)- o ` rmon tugmachagul , suv (water) - suvqalampir . There are also several plants with names of countries or cities: Zarafshon archasi, A merika g ` o ` zasi, Osiya sariqchoyi, Osiya yalpizi, Turkey arslonquyrug `, Qo ` qon yerchoyi, hind kunjuti, turkistan Adonisi, Samarqand bo ` znochi. 256 AMERICAN Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education www. grnjournal.us The following table provides the frequency of the lexical-semantic group of place of origin: Table No. 1 place French Russian Uzbek water 5 17 3 mountain 2 2 3 forest, field, meadow 3 7 4 road, land 4 2 2 country, city 40 12 10 Conclusion: Plant names often reflect their connection with certain natural conditions, such as swamps, fields, mountains or water bodies, as well as social and cultural characteristics of peoples. In different languages, this motivator is manifested both in obvious and hidden forms, taking into account traditions, customs and historical factors. Linguistic and cultural differences between languages also influence the perception and use of the place motive. Thus, the study of phytonyms helps not only to understand the nature of plants, but also to better understand the culture and thinking of the peoples who use these names. Reference: 1. Allafi L.R., Tugusheva F.A. Principles of nomination of generic names of medicinal plants// Historical and socio-educational thought. Volume No. 6, part 2, 2014 2. Humboldt W. Selected works on linguistics. Moscow: Progress, 1984. -397 p. 3. Zvegintsev V.A. Semasiology. M.: Publishing house. Moscow state University, 1957. - 192 p. 4. Courtenay de B. I.A. Selected works on general linguistics: in 2 vols. M.: Publishing House of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 1963, vol. I. - 384 p. 5. Kuznetsova M.A., Reznikova A.S. Tales of medicinal plants. - M.: "Higher School" 6. Panasenko N.I. Cognitive-onomasiological study of vocabulary (an experience of comparative analysis of medicinal plants)//Author's Abstract. Diss. Doc. Philological Sciences, Moscow: 2000. P.-43 7. Potebnya AA Thought and language. Kyiv: "Sinto", 1993. - 124 p. 8. Svetlichnaya E.I., Tolok I.A. Etymological dictionary of Latin botanical names of medicinal plants - Khorkov: Publishing house of NUPhU: golden pages, 2003 p.288s. 9. Yagumova N.Sh., Bogus Z.A. Motivational and nominative markers of phytonyms in English and Adyghe languages. // Peer-reviewed scientific journal "Vestnik ASU". Issue 1 (152) 2015. P-137. 10. Nikonov V.A. Introduction to Toponymy. Moscow: Nauka, 1965. p.179 11. Gak V.G. Man in language//Logical analysis of language. Image of man in culture and language/ed. N.D. Arutyunov , I.B. Levontin . Moscow: Indrik , 1999. P.73-80