384 AMERICAN Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education www. grnjournal.us AMERICAN Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education Volume 02, Issue 12, 2024 ISSN (E): 2993-2769 Study of Somatic (Basic Anatomy) Vocabulary and Phraseology in Cognitive and Linguoculturological Aspects Samadova Oydin Ilkhomjon kizi Teacher of Termez State Pedagogical Institute Abstract. In this article, the linguacultural features of the concept ‘‘body’’, a comparative analysis was conducted with the concept ‘‘body’’ and two cognitive levels - meaning and internal form. Knowledge about the concepts under consideration reveals significant similarities. Key words: the concept ‘‘body’’, somatisms, phraseological units and complex words, language and culture. The article under study includes primary somatisms - words, the direct meaning of which is the name of any part of the body (arm, hand, blood, heart, throat, skin) and secondary somatisms - words, the figurative meanings of which represent the name of any part of the body (dukes ‘the hands’, red ‘the blood’) or phraseological units representing the name of any part of the body (lunch hooks ‘the hands’, pearly whites ‘the teeth’). The selection of research material was carried out using analysis of definitions from dictionaries of normative and non-normative vocabulary and phraseology of the English language. The criterion for selecting primary and secondary phraseological units and compound words and secondary somatisms was the presence of a unit naming a part of the human body: in one’s blood, all up in one’s grill (grill ‘the teeth’); heartbreak; claret ‘the blood’, upper story ‘the head or brain’. The analysis does not include secondary somatisms-abbreviations (Big D), phraseological units and complex words, using truncations (skinpix,) and abbreviations (BO), complex abbreviated words (a-hole) and phraseological units with complex abbreviated words, as well as secondary somatisms, representing transfer within one subject area - the human body (brown eyes ‘the female breasts, especially the nipples’, lungs ‘the female breasts’), since these units do not exhibit “semantic innovations” [Lapshina 1998:43]. Ingot words (bodilicious) are also not included in the material under study, since they represent simple formations in structure. In addition, often the occasional nature of their use does not lead to the formation of phraseological units, including ingot words in their composition. Phraseological units and complex words, including proper names (ask for Nancy’s hand, peter-crazy), borrowings from modern languages (have cojones, mano a mano) and onomatopoeia (flapdoodle), as well as secondary somatisms-proper names (gibbs ‘the lips’ “brand name of perfume and cosmetic products of the same name company”), borrowings from modern languages (beezer ‘the head’ ← Spanish cabeza). With regard to body parts of animals, the following point of view is accepted: if the unit under consideration represents a secondary somatism that correlates with a certain primary unit, then it is included in the composition of the studied material. The scope of the study includes the American version of English. In this study, a cognitive-oriented point of view on the problem of distinguishing between synchrony and diachrony is adopted. When reconstructing a concept, not only relevant semantic but also etymological information is taken into account, which is why units that do not contain a somatic component in the VF, but whose VF describes the characteristics and functions of the corresponding concept, are included in the study: (as) red as a ruby ‘deep red. Often used to 385 AMERICAN Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education www. grnjournal.us describe a person’s lips’, be touched by/ with ‘be affected by some emotion, especially a tender feeling like gratitude, pity or sympathy. The idiom alludes to touching or reaching one’s heart, the seat of emotions’. In the presence of a number of synonyms used in phraseological units and compound words, the dominant of the synonymous series is used to name the concept. The synchronic-diachronic approach is used as a principle for selecting the material, taking into account the origin and actual use of the unit [Chumicheva 2010:9-10]. Accordingly, for this study, we selected units that appeared in the American English language and are currently used in it or in other national varieties of the language, as well as units that are currently used in the American English language regardless of their origin. When using a unit in more than one national variety of English, the leading feature was an indication of the use of this unit in the American English language. In the studied material, the stylistic differentiation of units representing the concept in question is wide, including both normative and non-normative vocabulary and phraseology. It is worth mentioning that in this study, archaic units were taken into account, since they reflect the cognitive characteristics of the concept in question, albeit over a limited period of time. Dialectal vocabulary and phraseology are studied in this work, since they reflect the cognitive features of the concept in a narrow area of language use, which is part of the American variant. In this study, the point of view of A. A. Butina regarding professional vocabulary and phraseology is shared: these units are used in the study only when they are included in dictionaries of common vocabulary. Representation of the ‘‘body’’ concept in the American linguistic picture of the world. The concept under consideration is a heterogeneous formation, as a result of which it seems possible to develop a typology of the concept. The representation of the ‘‘body’’ concept is carried out at two cognitive levels - meaning and internal form. Consequently, we can talk about the internal/actual (at the level of meaning) and external/literal (at the level of internal form) representation of the studied concept in language. Let us turn to the internal/actual representation of the ‘‘body’’ concept. The representation of the ‘‘body’’ concept at the level of meaning is mainly verbal. The primary representation is carried out by units of language, the direct meaning of which is the name of parts of the human body. The primary representation can be complete or partial. With complete representation, the human body is represented in its entirety. Two variants of this representation are possible: direct and indirect. Direct full representation is possible only at the lexical level. It is carried out with the help of a whole-formed unit-somatism body. Mediated representation is carried out with the help of the nomination of two parts of the body opposed in the consciousness of native speakers: from head to toe ‘over the entire body, in its entirety’. This subtype of representation of the concept ‘‘body’’ is carried out only by PU (separately formed units). In partial representation, only a part of the human body is represented. This subtype of representation is direct, which is carried out only by PU (separately formed units). In partial representation, only a part of the human body is represented. This subtype of representation is direct, which is carried out by integrally formed units (hand, arm, foot, leg, heart, blood, skin). In the group under consideration, there is a gradation of units, therefore, we can talk about partial class (internals, tissues), ordinal (limb), generic (joint, blood vessel) and species representation (ankle, stomach, back, etc.) of the concept under consideration. Secondary representation is carried out by units of language, figurative meanings of which have acquired somatic meaning. Just like the primary one, this representation can be complete and partial. Secondary complete representation of the concept under study, in comparison with the primary representation, can only be immediate and is carried out only by integrally formed units: chassis (sl.) ‘the body of a person or an animal’. Secondary partial representation, just like the primary one, is immediate, but unlike it, it is represented only by generic and specific integrally formed units (bean ‘head’ (sl.), benders ‘knees’ (sl.), conk ‘nose’ (sl.)) and separately formed units (upper story ‘the head or brain’, pearly whites ‘the teeth’). External/literal representation is carried out at the lexical and phraseological levels. A characteristic feature of this representation of the concept is the immediate nature of its presentation. By analogy with the actual one, external representation can be primary and secondary. Let us turn to the literal primary representation of the concept ‘‘body’’. External primary complete representation is carried 386 AMERICAN Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education www. grnjournal.us out at the phraseological level. For its implementation, separately formed units with the somatism body are used, for example, keep body and soul together ‘to manage to keep existing, especially when one has very little money’. A literal primary partial representation can be single and double. A single representation, in which only one somatism is presented, can be performed both by fully formed (air brained (sl.), doll face (sl.)) and separately formed units (put one’s neck on the line ‘to put oneself at great risk’, ram down one's throat ‘to force someone to accept something’). Double representation is separately designed and implies an indication of two parts of the body: live from hand to mouth ‘to live in poor circumstances’, be skin and bone(s) ‘to be extremely thin’. In the group under consideration, one can also find examples of partial ordinal (risk one’s life and limb), generic (thick-skinned, blow the joint), specific (airbrained, knock one’s knees together, live from hand to mouth) and generic-specific representation (flesh and blood). External secondary representation mainly assumes phraseological realization. This type of concept representation does not reveal a complete representation, which can be explained by the presence of isolated examples of secondary somatism denoting the entire body. Literal secondary partial representation is represented quite widely in the studied material. It is characterized by a single representation, while preserving the generic (knock the living daylights out of(sl.) (daylights ‘the insides’) ‘to knock sb unconscious’, chrome-dome (dome ‘head’) ‘a bald man’) and specific differentiation (bust one’s chops (sl.) (chops ‘mouth, jaws’) ‘to talk ceaselessly’). Examples of the implementation of the concept at the lexical level are isolated: chrome-dome (sl.) (dome ‘head’) ‘a bald person or someone with close-cropped hair’ [Podgornaya 2015a:161-162; Podgornaya 2015b:254]. In the presented typology, units of internal and external representation make it possible to describe the conceptual features of the ‘‘body’’ concept. References: 1. Подгорная В. В. Телесность в языке // Филологические науки. Вопросы теории и практики. 2015. № 2 (44). Ч.I. Тамбов: Грамота. С. 160-162. – 2015а. 2. Подгорная В. В. Концепт BODY в английской языковой картине мира // XLIV Международная филологическая конференция. Тезисы. СПб, 2015. C. 254. – 2015б. 3. Чумичева Т. С. Фразеологизмы с компонентами-соматизмами в национальных вариантах английского языка (на материале британского и американского вариантов): Автореф. дисс... к. филол. наук. Нижний Новгород, 2010. 24 с 4. Cambridge Dictionary of American Idioms / ed. by P. Heacock. 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