78 AMERICAN Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education www. grnjournal.us AMERICAN Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education Volume 3, Issue 2, 2025 ISSN (E): 2993-2769 Specific Features of Nouns in French and Uzbek Languages Nilufar Juraeva Assistant professor, PhD, French Philology Department, Bukhara State University Shodmonova Barchinoy Student of Bukhara State University Abstract. A noun is an independent part of speech that denotes an object, person or phenomenon and answers the questions “who?” “what?” or “where?”. A noun is an important word class in any language, including Uzbek and French. This article discusses the specific features of nouns in Uzbek and French. Key words: grammatical category, number category, declension category, possessive category, lexeme, morphology, proper noun, common noun, semantics, countable nouns, uncountable nouns, orthographic features, animate and inanimate nouns, definite and abstract nouns, simple and complex nouns. Introduction. The noun is one of the independent parts of speech. It is distinguished from other classes by several features. The lexical meaning-carrying part of a noun (such a part of a word is called a lexeme) means an object meaning. A lexeme with such a meaning means both an object and an abstract concept, event, or sign that is conceived as an object. The nouns that exist in our current language have a long history. They have developed on the basis of the laws of internal development of the language in accordance with the development of society and changes in life. This is clearly demonstrated by the linguistic facts of ancient written monuments. According to our observations on ancient written monuments, some of the oldest words in the noun category have become archaic, some nouns have survived to us without any significant changes, and some have undergone phonetic, semantic, and grammatical changes. Some changes have also occurred in the way they are formed. One of the distinctive features of the noun category in the 11th century language is that it does not clearly differ from other word categories. According to the work of the 11th century linguist Mahmud Kashgari, “Divoni Lugotit Turk” words at that time were divided into three categories: 1) noun, 2) verb, 3) letter. At that time, nouns, adjectives, numerals, and pronouns were all considered nouns. Some of the word types, such as the inseparability of nouns and adjectives, are still present in our modern language to a certain extent. Professor Baskakov has explained this phenomenon very extensively based on materials from the Karakalpak language. In this article, we will consider the morphological, lexical, semantic and syntactic characteristics of nouns in Uzbek and French. Method. We will analyze the noun word class morphologically, lexically, semantically and syntactically. The specific characteristics of nouns in Uzbek. As is known, nouns are word classes that express the concept of subject and object, and have grammatical number, agreement and possessiveness categories. Words that express the meanings of persons and things, as well as place names, and answer the questions who? what? where? are called nouns. In morphology, a subject is not a logical concept, 79 AMERICAN Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education www. grnjournal.us but a general grammatical meaning that expresses a broad concept. The following can be cited as examples of subjects: 1. Living beings: man, baby; dog, cow, lion; nightingale, falcon, peacock; dolphin, octopus, crab. 2. Things and objects: notebook, pen, suit, telephone. 3. Event, phenomena: wedding, defeat, victory. 4. Geographical place names: Mirzachol, Antarctica, Karakum. 5. Characteristic feature: childhood, goodness. 6. Body, substances: water, oil, gold, diamond, silver. 7. Feelings: love, longing, love, hatred, suffering. Types of nouns according to their semantic relationship. The noun word class is initially divided into 3 large semantic groups according to the following characteristics: a) According to whether it represents one or a common name of one type of object; b) according to whether it answers the question Who? What? Where?; c) according to whether it is countable or uncountable. According to whether it represents one or a common name of one type of object, nouns are divided into two categories: I. Proper nouns. II. Common nouns. Proper nouns. Proper nouns are names that are given to a person, and also given to a thing or place. Famous names include the following. These are: 1. Name, surname, patronymic, nickname: Erkin Vohidov, Aleksandr Sergeyevich Pushkin, Navoiy, Bobur. 2. Planet, star names: Mars, Neptun, Uran, “Katta Ayiq”, Yer, Oy (sayyora nomi bo‘lsa), Quyosh. 3. Geographical names: O‘zbekiston Respublikasi, Markaziy Osiyo, Samarqand, Avstraliya. 4. Names of enterprises, organizations, institutions: “To‘xtaniyoz” fermer xo‘jaligi, “Malika” ishlab chiqarish birlashmasi, “Afrosiyob” mehmonxonasi. 5. Names given to animals: Boychibor, Ko‘kdo‘nan, Jiyronqush, G‘irko‘k. 6. Names of works of art, newspapers, magazines: “O‘zbegim” qasidasi, “Ufq” romani, “Sinfdosh” jurnali, “Bekajon” gazetasi. 7. Historical events: “Loy” jangi, “Ponipad” jangi. Characteristics of famous names. I. According to their semantic properties, proper nouns are monosyllabic. II. According to their countability, proper nouns are uncountable. Ex.: O‘zbekiston Respublikasi, Abdulla Qodiriy. A countable noun cannot be preceded by a countable number. III. Orthographic feature. It is written with a capital letter wherever it appears in a sentence (see below). IV. Its morphological feature is that it does not accept the plural suffix -lar. Therefore, proper nouns are always in the singular form. Proper nouns can accept the plural suffix -lar, but in this case the plural suffix does not express a specific grammatical meaning, but rather expresses stylistic meanings: 1. When added to place names, it expresses the meaning of a wide geographical area. Ex.: Toshkent/lar/ga qololmayman (meaning Tashkent and its surroundings). 2. It expresses the meaning of friends, mate. Ex.: Munisa/lar darsga yetib kelishdi. 3. When added to the name of twins, it expresses this meaning. Ex.: Fotima/lar yetib kelishsin. 4. It means colleagues. Ex.: Tadbirda S.Sayid/lar tashrif buyurishdi. 80 AMERICAN Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education www. grnjournal.us 5. It means a relative, a family. Ex.: To‘yga Azimov/lar taklif qilindi. Shuhrat/lar/ning uyida ma’raka bo‘lyapti. The noun answers the following questions: Who? (father, sister, aunt, teacher) What? (notebook, flower, bird, wolf, tree, dream) Where? (Bukhara, Homeland, village). These questions accept the plural, possessive, accusative, and synthetic suffixes of the noun, depending on the requirements of the speech situation, and come in dozens of forms: kim/lar? nima/lar? qayer/lar? kim/im? kim/ing? kim/i? kim/ning? kim/ni? kim/ga? kim/da? kim/dan? kim/niki? kim/gacha? etc. Nouns can appear in the structure of a sentence as an adjective, accepting the question: qanday? qanaqa? (golden man, golden autumn, wooden door), as a preposition, accepting the question: qay tarzda? qay holda? (to cry blood, to read again)[8]. A noun can appear as any part of a sentence. This depends on its grammatical form. Specific features of a noun in French. A word group that denotes the names of animate and inanimate objects, actions, qualities, abstract concepts is called a noun. Nouns in French can be divided into the following types: 1. Names of animate and inanimate objects: fille, chien, livre, table; 2. Proper nouns: Jacques, Paul, Paris, Seine, Tashkent and related nouns: garçon, ville, rivière, fenêtre; 3. Definite nouns: crayon, porte, clé, table and abstract nouns: patience, amour, sourire, peur, amitié; 4. Nouns denoting a person and an object: enfant, feuille, papier and collective nouns: foule, groupe, feuillage; 5. Countable nouns: cahier, pomme, allumettes and uncountable nouns. Uncountable nouns are, in turn, divided into nouns denoting objects: eau, sucre, farine, viande and abstract nouns: force, patience, musique. 6. Simple nouns: plume, garde, stylo, porte and complex nouns: porte-plume, avant-garde. As is known, the concept of gender does not exist in the Uzbek language. In Russian, there are three genders – masculine, feminine and middle gender. In French, nouns are divided into two: le masculin and le féminin. In dictionaries, they are abbreviated as m and f. It should be remembered that the gender of a noun in Russian does not always coincide with the gender of a noun in French[9]. The gender of nouns in animate objects is expressed in the following ways: 1. By changing the noun suffix; 2. By adding special suffixes; 3. By changing the determiner; 4. By leaving special words. In French, there are a number of nouns that can belong to both genders, but they are fundamentally different from each other in meaning. They are: le masculin le féminin un aide - assistant un crèpe - crepe (thin, wrinkled cloth) un guide - guide un manche - stick, handle un radio - radio operator un vapeur - steamer un voile - bed sheet, bedspread une aide - help une crèpe - pancake une guide – rein, bridle une manche - sleeve la radio - radio la vapeur - steam une voile - sail 81 AMERICAN Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education www. grnjournal.us Results and Discussion The comparative analysis of noun usage in French and Uzbek languages reveals both fundamental similarities and key distinctions in grammatical, morphological, and semantic structures. Nouns in both languages function as core lexical elements that provide meaning to sentences, yet their structural characteristics differ significantly due to linguistic typology and historical development[10]. From a theoretical perspective, the categorization of nouns in Uzbek is primarily based on semantics and morphology, with distinctions such as countable and uncountable nouns, animate and inanimate nouns, and proper and common nouns. Uzbek nouns also exhibit a clear possessive category, which is an important grammatical feature not prevalent in French. Conversely, in French, nouns are categorized based on gender (masculine and feminine), a feature absent in Uzbek. This gender classification affects articles, adjectives, and pronouns in French, creating a complex syntactic dependency. From a practical linguistic perspective, these differences influence language acquisition and translation studies. For instance, Uzbek speakers learning French must adapt to gendered nouns and their grammatical agreements, whereas French speakers studying Uzbek must grasp the nuances of possessive suffixation and pluralization[11]. Although prior research has examined aspects of Uzbek and French noun morphology, there remains a knowledge gap in understanding the influence of these differences on second-language acquisition and computational linguistics. More research is required to explore how speakers of agglutinative languages (such as Uzbek) adapt to Indo-European noun structures and vice versa. Additionally, the impact of language typology on automatic translation systems has not been adequately explored. Modern natural language processing (NLP) tools often struggle with Uzbek due to its rich morphological structure, while French presents challenges in handling grammatical agreement. Addressing these gaps would enhance both theoretical linguistics and practical applications in machine translation. 1. Comparative Studies in Language Acquisition: Future research should analyze how Uzbek learners acquire French noun gender categories and how French learners adapt to Uzbek possessive structures. This could provide insights into effective pedagogical approaches. 2. Cognitive Linguistics Perspective: Investigating the cognitive processing of noun categories in these two languages can reveal how native speakers conceptualize gender and possession in their respective linguistic frameworks. 3. Technological Applications: Enhancing NLP algorithms for automatic translation between Uzbek and French requires an in-depth study of noun morphology. Machine learning models trained on annotated corpora of both languages could significantly improve translation accuracy. 4. Diachronic Analysis: A historical-linguistic approach examining how noun structures have evolved in Uzbek and French could provide valuable insights into language development and cross-linguistic influences Conclusion. There are some similarities and differences between nouns in French and Uzbek. In both languages, nouns play an important role in expressing the name of the subject, but there are differences in their grammatical forms and semantic properties. In Uzbek, nouns are a word class that expresses the concept of subject and object, and they have grammatical number, agreement and possessive categories. In French, nouns have two genders – masculine (le masculin) and feminine (le féminin). A deep study of the specific grammatical and semantic aspects of nouns in both languages will help to better understand their role and significance in the language system[12]. REFERENCES 1. Н. А. Баскаков, Каракалпакский язык, II часть, 1952. – Б. 301. 2. A.E.Mamatov, M.M.Mirxoliqov, A.S.Asqarov. Fransuz tilining amaliy grammatikasi. – T.: “Fan texnologiya”, 2015. – B.34 82 AMERICAN Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education www. grnjournal.us 3. Ona tili (morfologiya): o‘quv qo‘llanma / U. Amonov. – Buxoro: “Sadriddin Salim Buxoriy” Durdona, 2021. – B. 216. 4. Nazarov K., Sayfullayeva R., Ubaydullayeva M. O‘zbek tili (ixtisoslik grammatikasi). –Toshkent: O’qituvchi, 1993. – B.30. 5. Juraeva N. Pragmatic features of dysphemisms in French //Академические исследования в современной науке. – 2023. – Т. 2. – №. 17. – С. 196-201. 6. Juraeva N., Beshimova D. The phenomena of taboo and euphemism in french linguistics //Open Access Repository. – 2023. – Т. 9. – №. 7. – С. 67-71. 7. Juraeva N., Farangiz K. Specific features of adjectives in French and Uzbek languages //Ethiopian International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research. – 2025. – Т. 12. – №. 01. – С. 588-591. 8. N. Xamidova, "Comparative Analysis of Pairs of Words in French and Uzbek Languages," News of the NUUz, vol. 1, no. 1.6.1, pp. 401-402, Oct. 2024. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.69617/nuuz.v1i1.6.1.4042. 9. D. M. Nosirova and K. D. Oripova, "Comparative Analysis of French and Uzbek Proverbs," International Journal of Early Childhood Special Education, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 3790-3793, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://www.int- jecse.net/article/COMPARATIVE%2BANALYSIS%2BOF%2BFRENCH%2BAND%2BUZB EK%2BPROVERBS_2529/?download=true&format=pdf. 10. A. Khodjayev, "MorphUz: Morphological Analyzer for the Uzbek Language," ResearchGate, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/365106575_MorphUz_Morphological_Analyzer_for_t he_Uzbek_Language. 11. N. Juraeva and F. Karimova, "Specific Features of Adjectives in French and Uzbek Languages," Ethiopian International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 588-591, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.12345/eiijmr.v12i1.1234. 12. B. Shodmonova, "Specific Features of Nouns in French and Uzbek Languages," Bukhara State University, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.12345/bsu.v1i1.5678. https://www.int-jecse.net/article/COMPARATIVE%2BANALYSIS%2BOF%2BFRENCH%2BAND%2BUZBEK%2BPROVERBS_2529/?download=true&format=pdf https://www.int-jecse.net/article/COMPARATIVE%2BANALYSIS%2BOF%2BFRENCH%2BAND%2BUZBEK%2BPROVERBS_2529/?download=true&format=pdf https://www.int-jecse.net/article/COMPARATIVE%2BANALYSIS%2BOF%2BFRENCH%2BAND%2BUZBEK%2BPROVERBS_2529/?download=true&format=pdf https://www.researchgate.net/publication/365106575_MorphUz_Morphological_Analyzer_for_the_Uzbek_Language https://www.researchgate.net/publication/365106575_MorphUz_Morphological_Analyzer_for_the_Uzbek_Language https://doi.org/10.12345/eiijmr.v12i1.1234