267 AMERICAN Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education www. grnjournal.us AMERICAN Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education Volume 3, Issue 2, 2025 ISSN (E): 2993-2769 Modernism in English and Uzbek Literature Lobar Islomova Master’s student at Asia international University Abstract. This article analyzes the role of the concept of modernism in literature, its main features, and how it is manifested in English and Uzbek literature. Modernism departs from traditional plot and forms of expression and is based on such methods as the complexities of human consciousness, the relativity of time and reality, symbolism, and internal monologue. The article compares the elements of modernism in both literatures and reveals their unique aspects. Key words: modernism, modernist element, stream of consciousness, interior monologue, symbolism, traditional plot. Introduction. Modernism is a movement in literature and art that seeks to abandon traditional styles and seek new forms of expression. This movement seeks to reflect the human mind, inner experiences, and the complexity of the modern world. Modernism is characterized by such styles in literature as stream of consciousness, symbolism, relativity of time and reality, and departure from traditional plot. Modernism ( Italian modernismo - "modern trend"; Latin modernus - "modern, new") Modernism is a movement that emerged at the beginning of the 20th century and had a great influence on literature, art, philosophy, and other fields. This movement aimed to reflect the human psyche, inner experiences, and problems of modern society by breaking traditional literary rules . Modernism was also manifested in its own way in English and Uzbek literature. Modernism is a literary movement that first emerged in the mood and worldview of society at the beginning of the 20th century . Scholars indicate the time of the emergence of modernism in different ways. In particular, its influence on creative artistic thinking sharply intensified after the 1st and 2nd World Wars. Humanity, living with the dream of building a bright future, saw with its own eyes that millions of innocent fellow human beings were killed during the wars . As a result, it turns all its attention inward, believing that this world cannot be fixed by measures. The view that “a person can be happy only in his imagination, not in real life ” is said to have been a great impetus for the emergence and development of modernism in some fundamental sources11 Materials. Modernism in English literature developed in the first half of the 20th century. The literature of this period moved away from realism and began to emphasize human thought, inner experiences, and subjective imagery. This style is evident in the works of writers such as James Joyce and Virginia Woolf. For example, James Joyce's novel "Ulysses" was written using the stream-of-consciousness technique , which reflects the complexity of human thought. English modernist writers made extensive use of metaphors and symbols, imbuing their works with deep philosophical meaning. For 1Modernism. Collection. - M.: Iskusstvo, 1987. 268 AMERICAN Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education www. grnjournal.us example, George Orwell's novel "1984" not only describes a futuristic society, but also contains a critical approach to totalitarianism. The development of modernism in Uzbek literature began somewhat later, mainly in the second half of the 20th century. Poets and writers went beyond the framework of traditional literature and tried new styles. In Uzbek modernist literature, the inner world of the hero is also deeply revealed. For example, we can find elements of modernism in the works of such writers as Erkin A'zam, Khurshid Do'stmuhammad, Nurullah Muhammad Raufkhon, Nazar Eshonqul, Isajon Sultan, Ulug'bek Hamdam, Amon Mukhtor, Ahmad A'zam, Olim Otakhon, Murod Karim, and poets such as Bahrom Ru'zimuhammad, Tursun Ali, Fakhriyor, Aziz Said, Shermurod Subhon, and Go'zal Begim. Although modernism in English and Uzbek literature took different forms, they have many common features. In both literatures, internal monologue, stream of consciousness, symbolism, and philosophical reflection play a central role. While English modernism is characterized by a greater intellectual and experimental aggressiveness, Uzbek modernism is more in tune with national literary traditions. Thus, modernism brought its own unique innovations to both literatures and had a significant impact on their development. Research and methods. Modernism is a creative movement that emerged in the early 20th century and is based on the rejection of traditional methods in literature and the search for new means of expression . This movement seeks to reflect the complexities of modern society, the human spiritual world, subjective experiences, and the meaning of existence in unique forms. A literary element is one of the main components that make up the structure of a work of art, which determines the content, form, and style of expression of the work. In modernist literature, elements are the features and techniques that define the essence of the style. They are aimed at creating new means of expression, different from traditional literary forms. The main elements of modernism include : 1. Stream of Consciousness – the character's inner experiences and thoughts are described continuously, in a free form. (For example, James Joyce's "Ulysses"). 2. Subjectivity – events are presented through the personal perception of the author or character. 3. The relativity of time – the traditional concept of time is broken, and events are presented in a different order or through internal memories. (For example, Marcel Proust's novel "In Search of Lost Time"). 4. Symbolism and metaphorical imagery – the meaning of a work is hidden, multi-layered, and conveyed through symbols (for example, TS Eliot's poem "The Waste Land"). 5. A departure from the traditional plot – events occur in a fragmented form, rather than in the usual order of beginning, development, and ending. 6. Symbolism and allegory – hidden meanings, symbols, and expressive styles that require multi- layered analysis are widely used. S. Eliot was a prominent American poet, playwright, publisher, literary critic, and editor, a representative of modernist poetry. He has earned his place in English literature for his mastery of language, his writing style, and the unique structure of his poetry. Below , we will analyze an excerpt from S. Eliot's famous modernist poem "The Hollow Men" (1925) and its modernist elements: We are the hollow men. We are the stuffed men. Leaning together Headpiece filled with straw. Alas! Our dried voices, when 269 AMERICAN Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education www. grnjournal.us We whisper together. Are quiet and meaningless Like wind in dry grass Or rats' feet over broken glass In our dry cellar (TS Eliot: The Hollow Men) This poem is written in the style of modernism, in which the spiritual emptiness, despair and loneliness of modern man are expressed through symbolic images. Fragmentary images, metaphors, and the ambiguity of time and space in the poem are the main features of modernism. Modernist poetry retreats from traditional forms and puts images, symbolism and experiences in the foreground. Below we will analyze the elements of modernism in the poem "The Hollow Men" by TS Eliot. The poem reflects the inner emptiness of people, the meaninglessness and hopelessness of life ("We are the hollow men"). The word "straw" (straw) represents the inner meaninglessness of people, and "dry grass" and "broken glass" represent the dryness and fragility of life. The poem does not rely on traditional rhyme or rhythm, which is typical of the modernist experience. There is no traditional narrative, the poem reflects the human psyche through short and disjointed images. Eliot describes the modern man's alienation from himself and society, his being trapped in a void. This poem is a complete collection of modernist elements, reflecting the human crisis of the early 20th century. Eliot conveyed the psyche characteristic of modernism through symbolism, subjectivity, fragmentary structure, and the motif of despair. Examples of modernist poetry in Uzbek literature can be found mainly in the works of artists of the late 20th and early 21st centuries. For example, modernist elements are evident in some poems by poets such as Rauf Parfi. Kecha bo‘ron bo‘ldi, Yelkamdan itardi shamol. Ko‘zlarimda g‘am seli, Yo‘llar yo‘q, qadam yo‘q, Faqat g‘ira-shira chiroq. (Rauf Parfi. "Bo‘ron") Let us analyze the modernist elements in the above-mentioned poem by Rauf Parfi: The poem describes the inner feelings of the lyrical hero, his feeling of loneliness and sadness. " Storm " represents change, anxiety and instability in life; "lamp" represents hope or light, but not yet fully illuminated personal uncertainty. There is no specific event or sequence of events in the poem, only emotions and images convey the mood, the uncertainty of the environment. The departure from the simple, traditional structure of the poem, the lack of coherent connection of thoughts through several images, is a characteristic feature of modernism. In conclusion, the poems depart from traditional plots and present inner experiences and philosophical meanings, which distinguishes them as modernist works. Discussion and results By analyzing the elements of modernism in literature, we can clearly see its unique style and characteristics. Rauf Parfi's poem is a work that demonstrates the manifestations of modernism in Uzbek literature. This poem mainly contains modernist elements such as subjectivity, vague time and space, symbolism, and fragmented images. In modernism, the main focus is not on conventional narrative or plot structures, but on the inner world, feelings, and experiences of the lyrical hero. These features distinguish the works from the traditional style, and they are often expressed through images that are not interconnected. 270 AMERICAN Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education www. grnjournal.us Rauf Parfi's poem " The Storm " depicts the instability of life and the inner crisis that arises within a person through the image of the storm. In this, through symbolism, the storm is used as a symbol representing worries and difficulties, and the lamp is used as a symbol representing hope. Conclusion. Parfi's poem shows the main elements of modernism - loneliness and the uncertainty of life. At the same time, TS Eliot's poem "The Hollow Men" sheds light on the modern human condition in literature by introducing the images of spiritual emptiness, despair, and the lonely person of modernism. Through fragmentary images, metaphors, and uncertain time, new literary language and forms of expression have emerged in the poem. They serve as an important tool in illuminating the modern worldview, the inner crisis of man, and his gaps with society. List of used literatures: 1. R. Parfi. “Bo’ron”-Toshkent: O‘zbek Adabiyoti. 2005. 2. M.Solih. “Ko‘chalar”- Tashkent: Adabiyot nashriyoti. 1990. 3. Ulug‘bеk Hamdamov. “Jahon adabiyoti: Modеrnizm va postmodеrnizm”- Toshkеnt:” Akademnashr” .2020. 4. Eliot, T. S. The Hollow Men. Poetry, Chicago. 1925. 5. Модернизм. Сборник. – М.: Искусство, 1987.