216 Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education www. grnjournal.us  

AMERICAN Journal of Language, Literacy and 
Learning in STEM Education 

Volume 02, Issue 07, 2024 ISSN (E): 2993-2769 
 
 
 

REALITY AND THE AUTHOR'S ATTITUDE TO COURT 

WOMEN IN HISTORICAL NOVELS 
 

Usmanova Sevara Sultanovna, 

Associate Professor, Fergana State University, PhD 

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8663-6039 

mahkamovasevara078@gmail.com  

  

 

Abstract: In this article, although the written sources that have come down to us do not clearly 

describe the lives and activities of upper-class women in all their details, the information gleaned 

from them allows us to shed light on the fate of upper-class ladies, full of joy and anxiety, luxury 

and humiliation, prestige and oppression, reflecting all the specific aspects and contradictions of 

their families and times. 

Keywords: Timurids, East, "Famous Wives", "Fakhr an-nisa", "Hakim sind bot", "Zubdat ul-

tavarikh Boysunguri", "Zafarnama", Sharofiddin Ali Yazdi's "Zafarnama", Ibn Arabshah's "Ajoyib 

al-makdur fi tarikhi Timur", Zahiriddin Muhammad Babur's "Baburnama". 

 
Introduction. 

Sources related to the most enlightened period of our people's history - the Timurids - are being 

widely studied, and scientific and artistic works related to this period have been published. 

Since the emergence of humanity and the emergence of science and knowledge, there has been no 

sphere of social activity in which women's names have not been mentioned. This is also true of 

women in the East. The statesmen, ardent patriots, famous scientists who highly valued science and 

knowledge, and talented poets who are the pride of the art of speech who have emerged from 

women whose names are mentioned in historical sources are a vivid proof of our idea. 

Since in the countries of the East, where Islamic civilization is widespread, Sharia and religion have 

never restricted women's pursuit of knowledge, we can list the names of women who lived in every 

historical period and achieved influential positions in various fields of science, literature and art, 

and in state and social administration . 

Here, one of the valuable sources confirming the above ideas is Rizauddin Fakhriddin oglu's 1work 

on the genre of tazkira, "Mashkhur Khotunlar" (Women Who Made a Name in History), which 

contains the history of 550 famous women who lived in four regions of the world. According to the 

structure of the tazkira, the names of famous women who left a significant mark on the history of 

the peoples of the East are mentioned. Among them are women related to the descendants of the 

prophets, as well as poets who grew up among them, female companions, commentators, jurists, 

scholars of hadith, mudarris, mughanis and representatives of other fields. For example, Shahda, 

the daughter of the scholar Nasr ibn Ahmad, who worked as a mudarris and gave lectures in one of 

the major madrasas in the city of Baghdad, was given the scholarly title "Fakhr an-nisa'' (Pride of 

 

1Rizauddin Fakhriddin oglu Famous Women – Tashkent : Navruz , 2019. 

 

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Women). He was a scholar of many sciences, a scholar of hadith, and was able to demonstrate his 

skills in calligraphy. For this reason, he was given the recognition of "Shahdatul-Katiba". To 

acquire these sciences, he studied under the famous scholars of his time. In addition, he is the author 

of works dedicated to the science of jurisprudence and monotheism. Or, Uzasira, the daughter of 

Abdulwahab ibn Umar, studied under famous sheikhs and received a document from them giving 

her the right to teach in the field of mudarris, and was awarded the title of "Sit al-Quddat" (judge 

of Sharia). 

In the commentary, the author cites information about Sultanbakht, one of the Babur princesses, 

Hamidabanu, the daughter of Amir Temur, a Timurid princess who grew up in the lands of Turan. 

Or one of the masterpieces of Iranian literature, “The Book of the Judge of Sind Bot”, which has 

been known in the history of literature by such names as “Sind Botnama” or “Zuzaroi Sab'a”, 

“Kitobi Makruniso” (The Book of Women's Cunning) 2. The work consists of various stories, which 

tell about the wisdom and intelligence of women in various ways. The work is a fictional work 

translated from the Pakhnavi language by Zakhri Samardani . The work was mainly created during 

the reign of the Samanid dynasties that ruled Khorasan and Transoxiana under the Caliphate. 

Even in our country's time, we can mention women who gained fame and respect, such as the 

legendary queen and military leader of the Saks, Tomaris, the astrologer Munajjima, who caught 

the eye of Abdurakhmon Jami and Alisher Navoi, and the poets Mehri and Bedili. The place of the 

Timurid queens who grew up in the world of women is also incomparable in history. 

Materials. 

Indeed, it is impossible not to admit that the queens who gave birth to princes and princes, the 

concubines, and even the maidservants who served in the harem played a significant role in the 

history of any empire, especially in the history of its leader, as an enlightener and creator or a tyrant 

and traitor. Historical sources that have come down to us contain valuable information about the 

fate of the court women - queens, representatives of influential families, and concubines who 

formed a mysterious part of the history page, their role in the palace environment, in the socio-

political life of the country, and their contribution to the development of literature, art, and 

architecture, and their study is an interesting topic for a separate scientific study. Although the 

written sources that have come down to us do not clearly describe the lives and activities of upper-

class women in all their details, the information gleaned from them allows us to illuminate the fate 

of upper-class ladies, full of joy and anxiety, luxury and humiliation, prestige and oppression, 

reflecting all the specific aspects and contradictions of their families and times. 

As we turn the pages of our ancient history, it is necessary to emphasize the Timurid dynasty, which 

gives us a sense of pride and honor, and their participation in state governance. In the widely 

recognized important place of this dynasty in world history, undoubtedly, the role of noble queens 

is also great. Bibi Khanum (Saroymulk Khanum), the wife of Amir Timur, the chief queen of the 

Timurid palace, the proud and determined Gavharshakh Beg, the beloved wife of Shahrukh Mirza, 

Milkat Khanum, the sister of Zahiriddin Muhammad Babur Mirza , Khanzoda Beg, her daughter 

Gulbadan Beg, the wife of Umar Khan , Nadir Beg, the daughter of Baburizada Aurangzeb, who 

ruled India, are among them. 

There are many historical sources, scientific and artistic works created on the basis of which the 

life of the great commander and statesman Amir Temur, his activities in building a centralized state 

and the state administration system, the struggles of the Timurids for the throne after his death are 

devoted to illuminating them. In the description of these historical events, the fate of the Timurid 

queens and noble women, their role in raising children, the palace environment, and the social life 

 
2Zakhriy Samarqandiy. The Wives' Plot. Tashkent G.Ghulam Publishing House, 1992. 

 

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of their time, of course, did not go unnoticed by historians. In this regard, in particular, Nizamiddin 

Shami's "Zafarnama" 3and Sharofiddin Ali Yazdi's "Zafarnama"4 Rare manuscript sources such as Ibn 

Arabshah's "Ajoyib al-makdur fi tarikhi Taimur" 5, Zahiriddin Muhammad Babur's "Baburnama" 
6, Khurshah ibn Qudab's "Tarihi elchi Nizamshah" 7, as well as historical sources such as the 

"Journey Diary of a Trip to the Palace of Amir Temur in Samarkand" by the Spanish ambassador 

Rui Gonzalez de Clavijo 8and the "History of Bukhara or Movarounnahr" by the Hungarian scholar 

and traveler Herman Vamber, 9the research of scholars such as B. Akhmedov, A. Ziyo, T. Fayziyev, 

P. Ravshanov, and the works of M. Shaikhzoda, P. Kodirov, M. Ali, and a number of other scholars 

and writers contain valuable information on this topic. 

One of the primary sources that provides extensive and valuable information about the history of 

Amir Temur and the Timurid period, as well as the topic of interest to us, is Abdurazzoq 

Samarkandi's work "Matlai sa'dayin va majmai bahrain" (The rising of two happy stars and the 

confluence of two seas). The value and reliability of the information in "Matlai sa'dayin" attracted 

the attention of historians as early as the 15th-16th centuries and served as a source for their works, 

and was highly appreciated by history-loving readers. 

This is the only work of Abdurazzaq Samarkandi that has survived to our time. Although his 

younger contemporary, the historian Khandamir, reports that he also had other works, he only 

mentions the name of "Matlai Sa'dayin". 

The work consists of two volumes. The first volume, based on materials from other historical 

sources, in particular, the work "Zubdat ul-tavarikh Boysunguri" by Hafiz Abroy, is devoted to the 

description of events related to Amir Temur's struggle to establish a centralized state and covers 

the events of 1394-1405. 

The second volume of the work is devoted to the events that took place in the vast state he founded 

after the death of Amir Temur, the Timurids' struggle for the throne, and consists of three parts. 

The first and second parts describe the events related to the history of the reign of Shahrukh Mirza. 

The first part covers the events of 1405-1428/29, the second part covers the events of 1428/29-

1447. The third part of the work is devoted to the events that took place from 1447 to 1470. As is 

known, this period in the history of the Timurid rule was marked by turbulent events and frequent 

changes of successors to the throne after the long and relatively stable reigns of Ulugbek Mirza in 

Samarkand and Shahrukh Mirza in Khorasan. During this turbulent period, after the accession of 

Sultan Husayn Bayqara, one of the last Timurids, to the throne of Herat in Khorasan, some peace 

was established in the political and social life of the state, and the great poet and statesman Alisher 

Navoi also played a great role in this. The author was a direct witness to many of the historical 

events described in this part of the work and personally participated in some of them. 

"Matlai sa'dayin" was written in medieval Persian. Abdurazzoq wrote and completed this work 

mainly between 1467-1470. Readers have the opportunity to get acquainted with this masterpiece 

of medieval historical literature through its translation into Uzbek . The orientalist, Doctor of 

Historical Sciences, Scientist of the Republic of Uzbekistan Asomiddin Orinbayev, who translated 

the second part of the work from Persian into modern Uzbek, wrote an extensive preface to it, and 

 
3Nizomiddin Shomiy. Zarafshon / Persian language teacher Yunuskhon Khakimjonov. Translation revised and prepared 

for publication and responsible editor Asomiddin Orinboyev - T. Uzbekistan, 1996. 
4Sharafiddin Ali Yazdiy. Zafarnoma / Preface, translation, notes and indexes by Ashraf Akhmad, Khaydarbek 

Bobobekov. T.Sharq, 1997 
5Ibn Arafshah. Ajoyib al-makdur fi tarikhi Taymur / Preface, translation from Arabic and comments by U. Uvatov. – 

T.Mehnat, 1992. Books I-II. 
6Zahiriddin Muhammad Babur. Baburnama -T.O'qittu, 2008 
7Khandamova M. Historical Ambassador Nizamshah. – T. New edition, 2012. 
8Rui Gonzalez de Clavijo. Diary of a trip to the palace of Amir Temur in Samarkand (1403-1406) - T. Uzbekistan, 2010 
9Herman Bamberi. History of Bukhara or Transoxiana - T. 1990. 

 

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prepared it for publication with relevant comments, devoted a large part of his scientific activity to 

the study of Abdurazzoq Samarkandiy and his work. It is this part of the work, according to 

scientists, that is especially valuable and original. It should also be noted that some of the 

information from this valuable historical source was reflected in European historical literature of 

the 19th and 20th centuries, and some parts of it were translated into French, English, Russian, and 

some other languages. However, the first full scientific translation was made in Uzbek.10 

Research and methods. 

The work describes the main historical events that took place in Khorasan and Maveronnahr in the 

form of a chronicle, year by year, according to the Hijri calendar. These years are indicated in the 

names of the chapters. For example: "Events of the year eight hundred and fifty-four (1450)", etc. 

The chapters are further divided into small sections dedicated to certain events that occurred in that 

year. 

Let's dwell on the life and work of the author. His full name is Kamoluddin Abdurazzaq, and his 

father's name is Jalaluddin Ishak Samarqandi. Abdurazzaq Samarqandi was born on November 7, 

1413 in the city of Herat. He died in this city in 1482. As for his fame with the nickname 

"Samarqandi", his father Jalaluddin Ishak was originally from Samarkand, held influential positions 

in the Timurid palaces, and later came to Herat on official duty. More precisely, he was an official 

in the palace of Shahrukh, and worked as an imam and judge in the horned horde (army). 

Abdurazzaq Samarqandi himself later visited Samarkand several times on official duty, and there 

were times when he stayed here for a long time. The author does not provide specific information 

about himself in his work, but we can find some hints about it in connection with certain events 

during the narration of them. For example, in one place in the work, the reference to himself as 

"during the analysis of religious sciences" indicates that he studied in the madrasas of Herat. It is 

known that at that time in Herat there were all the conditions for a future historian to receive a 

madrasa education. 

With the help of his father, who held influential government positions, and his brothers, who were 

known as enlightened people of their time, Abdurazzaq Samarkandiy would become a scholar 

worthy of becoming a meticulous historian in the future and occupying high positions in the court 

of Shahrukh Mirza. After completing his madrasa education, the 24-year-old (1437/1438) young 

scholar was invited to serve in the Timurid court. The historian describes the details of this event 

in his life in more detail in his work: he wrote a commentary on the Arabic grammar of one of the 

famous Arab scholars, dedicated it to Shahrukh Mirza, and presented it to the ruler at one of the 

palace meetings. Having become acquainted with the work of the young scholar, Shahrukh 

personally tested him and appointed him as an advisor on religious matters. Two years later, jealous 

people in the palace spread the rumor that Abdurazzaq Samarkandi did not have the knowledge 

worthy of the position he held. Then Shahrukh Mirza examined him in matters of Sharia in the 

presence of prominent jurists of Herat and court officials. This examination proved that Abdurazzaq 

had a much higher level of knowledge among his peers. After that, the future historian attracted the 

attention of the Timurids even more, gained their trust and began to actively participate in state 

affairs, and on the instructions of Shahrukh Mirza, he was also engaged in diplomatic and embassy 

relations. From January 1442 to December 1444, on the instructions of Shahrukh Mirza, 

Abdurazzaq Samarkandi headed the ambassadors who went on diplomatic missions to the port city 

of Calcutta in South India and to the state of Vijayanagar. Later, he was sent as ambassador to some 

countries. Even after the death of Shahrukh Mirza, Abdurazzaq actively participated in state affairs, 

 
10Abdurazzoq Samarkandiy. Matlai sa'dayin va majmai bahrayin. Volume II, part one / translation and annotations from 

Persian by Asomiddin Orinbaev – T. Uzbekistan, 2008: Abdurazzoq Samarkandiy. Matlai sa'dayin va majmai bahrayin. 

Volume II, part three / translation and annotations from Persian by Asomiddin Orinbaev – T. Uzbekistan, 2008. 

 

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participating in diplomatic correspondence between Khorasan and other states, as well as among 

the Timurids, on various issues. 

In 1451, when Abdulqasim Babur took the throne in Herat, the capital of the Khorasan state, 

Abdurrazaq Samarkandi, who by this time was known as one of the most influential statesmen of 

the state, died in his service and accompanied him on his travels. During one of his trips to the city 

of Taft, the historian met Sharafiddin Ali Yazdi, the author of the "Zafarnama". When Abu Said 

Mirza took the throne, Abdurrazaq, who was in his fifties, retired from palace affairs after 26 years 

of service. High positions in the palace did not bring material benefits to the historian. The historian 

himself reports this in the chapter dedicated to the events of 867 (1462/1463): "In that year, I was 

complaining a little about the quality of life of Abdurrazaq ibn Ishaq, the collector of these pages, 

and the great men and women of Herat considered it advisable to transfer the position of sheikh of 

the Khanaqah of Humayun (Shahruh) to this faqir. On Sunday, the third Jumad al-Awwal (January 

24, 1463), the emirs, ministers, and the people came and were honored, and they transferred the 

position of sheikh (to me). 11This modest position provided Abdurrazaq Samarkand with some 

money for his marriage, and at the same time allowed him to get away from the constant struggles 

for power, political turmoil, and the palace environment full of intrigues of the Timurids, and to 

work peacefully." He began writing the work "Matlai sa'dayn," which would forever imprint his 

name on the pages of history, and successfully completed it. 

The work contains many verses of the Quran and hadiths that supplement or explain the content of 

the text, as well as examples from the works of other poets and authors. These poetic examples, on 

the one hand, indicate that the author himself was a talented poet, and on the other hand, they show 

that he was well informed about the history of literature and religious sciences. Although this work, 

which is large in size, does not have a separate chapter or section dedicated to the Timurid queens, 

a lot of information about them is provided as events unfold. 

The name of Gavharshodbeg is the most frequently mentioned in the pages of the work, which once 

again proves that the queen occupied a leading position in the historical events of her time. 

Speaking about the queens and noble women of the Timurid dynasty, it is impossible not to mention 

the leader of this wonderful creation, the companion of Amir Temur, the special respect of the ruler 

for her high intelligence, foresight, intelligence, and beauty, and who was awarded the title of 

"Katta Khanim" or "Bibi Khanim" by him. According to historical sources, after Amir Temur 

established a centralized state and ruled it for seven years, he spent the rest of his time away from 

the capital, in battles and battles to expand and strengthen the borders of the state. During this 

period, he entrusted state affairs to an officially appointed governor, but at the same time he strongly 

believed in the entrepreneurship, intelligence, and ingenuity of the unrivaled intelligence and 

intelligence of Saraymulk Khanim. This also determined the queen's place in the administration. 

The name of Bibi Khanum is also included in the pages of history as a queen who contributed to 

the development of science and education during the Timurid era. Under her patronage, several 

cultural and educational structures were built in Samarkand. In particular, one of such structures 

was a madrasah built at the expense of Bibi Khanum's own funds. The queen, who planned to build 

a madrasah, asked permission from Amir Temur. After receiving the consent of the ruler, she spent 

money on the construction of the madrasah and built the madrasah with the participation of skilled 

craftsmen. She also completed the construction of a mosque next to it. 

But after the death of the Sahibkiran, Bibi Khanum fell out of favor with the Timurid princes, who 

pursued only their own interests in the struggle for the throne and did not hesitate to commit any 

atrocities on this path. According to the historian Ibn Arabshah, the first queen of the Timurid court, 

 
11Abdurazzoq Samarkandi. Matlai sa'dayn va majmai bahrain. Volume II, part three…, page 537. 

 

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Bibi Khanum, was poisoned and killed by Shadi Mulk, the wife of Prince Khalil Sultan Mirza, the 

grandson of Amir Temur. However, she was a person who had made a great contribution to the 

upbringing of Khalil Sultan and had shown love to Shadi Mulk. 

Results. 

Saraymulk Khanum (Bibi Khanum) was, of course, the great queen of the Timurid dynasty, but she 

was not the only one. In historical sources, it is possible to find information about the palace life 

and the role and participation of some other queens belonging to Amir Timur and the Timurid 

princes in state administration. One of the sources confirming this information is the diaries of the 

Spanish ambassador Rui Gonzalez de Clavijo. He was in the reign of Amir Timur and its 

magnificent capital, Samarkand, in 1403-1406, and was invited several times to the magnificent 

banquets held in the palaces there. During such visits, he recorded his observations about the 

dazzling splendor and the procedures that prevailed at the banquets and that he personally 

witnessed, as well as the relations between the representatives of the ruling class and the 

participation of women in palace life. He especially provided remarkable information about the 

palace princesses and their role in the socio-political life of the country. He writes about one of the 

parties held in the palace: "On September 23, 1404, the king (Amir Temur) gave a grand party in 

the Dilkusho Garden and invited the ambassadors to it. Many guests came to the wedding ... there 

was real fun and joy. The king's wives, dressed in their best, as at previous weddings, were present 

at the party and played games and jokes with the men."12 

At this point, it is worth mentioning another Timurid princess - Milkat Agha (original name was 

Mulk Agha). Milkat Agha was the daughter of Khizr Oghlan, one of the most influential people of 

her time. She was previously married to Umarshaikh Mirza, the second son of Amir Timur, and 

had two sons by him. After the untimely death of Umarshaikh Mirza, the ruler greatly respected 

and valued this bride, so at the age of 26, 18-year-old Shahrukh Mirza married her. Milkat Agha 

had two more sons (Jahonshah and Suyurgatmish) from him. Shahrukh Mirza was the fourth son 

of Amir Timur, and after the death of the ruler, he ruled the Khorasan region, whose capital was 

Herat, for many years . His almost forty-year reign was a period of relative peace and tranquility in 

the country, the palace library was greatly expanded, and landscaping work was developed. Milkat 

Agha Beg also contributed to these works. Like Gavhar Shah Beg, he contributed to these works 

in Herat. Under his patronage, a hospital, a dormitory called "Dar ul-hadis", two baths, a rabat, and 

a madrasah in the city of Balkh were built. Milkat Agha died in 1441 and was buried under the 

dome of the madrasah in the city of Balkh that he had built. Thanks to the attention of Alisher 

Navoi, some of the structures he built remained in good condition until the end of the century. 

In a number of written sources on the history of the Eastern countries created in the 14th-16th 

centuries, there are many stories about the life of Timurid Mirza and his queens. Among these 

sources, the "Mujmali Faskh" written by Faskh Ahmad ibn Jalaluddin Muhammad al-Hawafi, 

which describes historical events chronologically, has a special place. 

The information on the analysis of this work was translated from Persian-Tajik into Russian by 

academician D. Yusupova and presented to the scientific community in 1980 under the name of 

Fosikh Ahmad al- Khavofiy. "Fasikhov svod" (The Collection of the Temurids). The chronological 

period of the Temurid genealogy in the work covers the years 1336-1442. It is during this period 

that it is important to determine the number of Temurid queens mentioned in the source. Therefore, 

the genealogy of the Temurid queens, their names mentioned in "Mujomali Fasikhiy", made it 

possible to determine the information in chronological order. According to him, the information 

about the lives of the queens mentioned in the work can be divided into several groups according 

 
12Rui Gonzalez de Clavijo. Diary of a trip to the palace of Amir Temur in Samarkand (1403), p. 118 

 

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to the essence of the content. The author of the work, mentioning the names of about thirty queens, 

indicates which emirs and princes they were married to, their children, and their lineage. It provides 

information about her position among the palace queens. First, the great commander lists the names 

of those who formed the family tree of Amir Temur, personally belonging to his harem and 

marriage. These include the queens To'kalkhanim, Dilshod aga, Tuman aga, Saraymulkkhanim, 

Ruhparvarkhanim, and some special concubines who had children with Amir Temur . 

In the next stage, the Khorezm princesses Khanzodabegim, Maryamsultanbegim, 

Ruqiyasultanbegim, who were married to Amirzoda Jahongir Mirzo, the princesses 

Khanzodabegim, who were married to Amirzoda Miranshah (after the death of Jawohir Mirzo, she 

was included in the marriage of Miranshah), and the princesses Sevinch Kutlug' aga, Milkat aga, 

and Gavharshodbegim, who were married to Umarshaykh and Shahrukh Mirzo (after the death of 

Umarshaykh, Milkat aga married Shahrukh Mirzo). 

Historian Ashraf Ahmedov writes, “In 1394, when Shahrukh's eldest son Mirzo Ulugbek was born, 

in the same year, Shahrukh Mirzo's second son (from another wife) Ibrahim Sultan was born. 

However, it is worth noting that there is no information about who Ibrahim Sultan's mother was. 
13Fasiq Khawafi, while listing the children and grandchildren of Amir Temur during his lifetime 

and after his death, gives the names of some of the queens among them, but explains that some of 

them are unknown. Among the queens whose names are known are Amir Temur's mother Kutlug 

Turkan Aga kizi, her daughter Malika Sultan, Bakhrbegim, Mirzo Ulugbek's daughter, Malika 

Hasiba Sultan Khanzodabegim. The names of Shahrukh Mirza's daughter, Princess Maryam Sultan 

Beg, Amirzoda Mironshah's daughter, Princess Aga Beg, Jahongir Mirza's daughter, Princess Uga 

Beg, Prince Muhammad Sultan's daughter, Princess Khanzoda Beg, Prince Suyurgatmish's 

daughter, Shahrukh Mirza's granddaughter, and another granddaughter, Prince Boysungur 

Bahadir's daughter, are given. Fosikh G'avofi, who compiled the Timurid genealogy, directly 

relates the names of the princesses to the festive events and wedding ceremonies held in the Timurid 

palaces. He conveys the information in the form of words. He also gives information about the 

negative or positive events that occurred in the lives of the princesses, or historical events related 

to their creative activity, in the form of their names and descriptions of their services. The genealogy 

even includes the names of the queens, including information about their participation in state 

politics, dates of their deaths, and executions. The examples cited above testify to the fact that the 

Timurid queens occupied a very high position not only in the family, but also in the state 

administration and its social life. 

Discussion. 

The sources refer to the fate of Gavharshadbegim, the wife of the ruler of Khorasan, Shahrukh 

Mirza, the mother of Mirza Ulugbek, and the chief mistress of Shahrukh's palace. It is known that 

Gavharshadbegim was a queen who was at the center of all the important events of her time and 

tried to influence them. 

A number of historians, scientists and writers, even during the former Soviet era, attempted to study 

and illuminate the history of the Timurids, the fate of some of their representatives, and works of 

art were created on this topic. Their authors also covered the images of Timurid queens to one 

degree or another in the composition of their works. For example, in his treatise “Ulugbek”, 

GNGoluboyev, while providing extensive information about Ulugbek’s personality, reign, and 

especially his scientific heritage, briefly touches upon his mother Gavharshodbeg: in it, the words 

describing the queen’s personality, intelligence, and intelligence are expressed in Ulugbek’s 

language. Speaking about his mother , Ulugbek said, “My mother’s name is not only a gem, but 

 
13Ashraf Ahmedov. Mirzo Ulug'bek Taragay (Great Figures) Tashkent, Uzbekistan 2011, page 3. 

 

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her mind is also a gem 14.” Such an assessment of her mother from her son’s language indicates 

that both her mind and gaze were sharp and determined. 

Independence has created a great opportunity to study the glorious past of the Uzbek people, the 

history of ancient statehood, universal national and cultural values, the life and work of great figures 

who have made a worthy contribution to the development of world science in a broader and deeper 

way, and, most importantly, to give them an objective assessment. Currently, the need to shed light 

on the little-studied pages of our history is increasing more than ever. From this point of view, 

studying the reign of the founder of a huge centralized state, the great commander Amir Temur, 

and the fate of individual representatives of the dynasty on the basis of original sources is becoming 

more relevant today. Historians who have deeply understood this issue have conducted a number 

of scientific research works in this direction. In this regard, historians have conducted a number of 

scientific research works in this direction. The services of historians B. Akhmedov, A. Akhmedov, 

U. Urvatov are of particular importance in this regard. 

In particular, in scientific works such as B. Akhmedov's "Lessons from History" 15, "Remembering 

Amir Temur" 16, and A. Akhmedov's "Ulug'bek Muhammad Taragay", 17they provide valuable 

information about the Timurid queens Bibikhanim and Gavharshodbegim, albeit briefly, in the 

context of information related to the era of Amir Temur. One of the studies by historian Azamat 

Ziya is devoted to the history of Uzbek statehood, in which valuable information is presented in 

chronological order about the Timurid dynasty, queens, concubines and their children and 

grandchildren 18. 

Conclusion. 

The series of literary works dedicated to the history of the Timurid era has been continued in recent 

years by the talented writer Shahodat Isakhanova. In her two-part historical novel "The Queen of 

Turon", along with the great Amir Temur's chief queen Bibikhanim, and the glorious queens such 

as Tuman Aga, Ruhparvar Aga, Kichik Khanim, and To'kal Khanim, a large place is also given to 

the image of Gavharshodbegim, the influential daughter-in-law of the Timurid dynasty. The stellar 

moments of the lives of these high-ranking women and the dangerous days that the sultan's 

education brought upon them are truthfully reflected in the historical events of that period. In the 

novel, the author, relying on historical sources, skillfully created the artistic image of 

Gavharshodbegim and was able to convincingly incorporate it into the composition of the work. In 

these aspects of the novel, the personal qualities of the princess, the reasons that later led to the rifts 

between her son, the ruler of Maveronnahr, and the scholar Ulugbek, found their exquisite artistic 

expression. In one of the panels of the work dedicated to Ulugbek's youth, we find the following 

lines: "Unlike her husband, Gavharshodbegim was a resolute, brave, but extremely enterprising and 

intelligent business woman. Perhaps because of this, Ulugbek Mirzo could not talk openly with his 

mother like his Bibi (i.e. Bibikhanim-the author), and whether it was due to his strength or for some 

other reason, he would quickly end the conversation, and even when there was an opportunity to 

stay in his father's court, he would try to leave with Bibikhanim. Although this act of his son touched 

Gavharshodbegim's passion and angered him, he would suppress it and not show it to her."19 

In his afterword to Sh. Isakhanova's work, literary scholar and translator Ibrohim G'offurov was 

absolutely right when he wrote about the author: "Her artistic fantasy... does not fill reality with 

baseless false pretense, does not embellish it, does not embellish it. She covers history with lyrical 

 
14Goluboev GNUlug'bek. – T. Young Guard, 1962, p. 65. 
15Akhmedov B. Lessons from History - T. Teacher 1994. 
16Akhmedov B. In memory of Amir Temur - T. Uzbekistan 1996 
17Akhmedov A. Ulug'bek Muhammad Tarag'ay- T. Heritage of the People 1994 
18Azamat Ziyo. History of Uzbek statehood. From the earliest times to the Russian invasion - T. Sharq 2000 
19Isakhonova, Shakhodat. The Queen of Turan (Historical novel) - T. Kamalak-press, 2014, page 18 

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224 Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education www. grnjournal.us  

pomp and observes it with a lyrical gaze 20." 

The sources listed above are important in that they serve to illuminate the essence of the chosen 

topic in some way, and in other ways, they provide methodological assistance in showing the 

methods and ways of illuminating the historical topic. 

List of used literatures: 

1. Rizauddin Fakhriddin oglu Famous Women – Tashkent : Navruz , 2019. 

2. Zakhriy Samarqandiy. The Wives' Plot. Tashkent G.Ghulam Publishing House, 1992. 

3. Nizomiddin Shomiy. Zarafshon / Persian language teacher Yunuskhon Khakimjonov. 

Translation revised and prepared for publication and responsible editor Asomiddin Orinboyev 

- T. Uzbekistan, 1996. 

4. 1Sharafiddin Ali Yazdiy. Zafarnoma / Preface, translation, notes and indexes by Ashraf 

Akhmad, Khaydarbek Bobobekov. T.Sharq, 1997 

5. 1Ibn Arafshah. Ajoyib al-makdur fi tarikhi Taymur / Preface, translation from Arabic and 

comments by U. Uvatov. – T.Mehnat, 1992. Books I-II. 

6. 1Zahiriddin Muhammad Babur. Baburnama -T.O'qittu, 2008 

7. 1Khandamova M. Historical Ambassador Nizamshah. – T. New edition, 2012. 

8. 1Rui Gonzalez de Clavijo. Diary of a trip to the palace of Amir Temur in Samarkand (1403-

1406) - T. Uzbekistan, 2010 

9. 1Herman Bamberi. History of Bukhara or Transoxiana - T. 1990. 

10. 1Abdurazzoq Samarkandiy. Matlai sa'dayin va majmai bahrayin. Volume II, part one / 

translation and annotations from Persian by Asomiddin Orinbaev – T. Uzbekistan, 2008: 

Abdurazzoq Samarkandiy. Matlai sa'dayin va majmai bahrayin. Volume II, part three / 

translation and annotations from Persian by Asomiddin Orinbaev – T. Uzbekistan, 2008. 

11. 1Abdurazzoq Samarkandi. Matlai sa'dayn va majmai bahrain. Volume II, part three…, page 

537. 

12. 1Rui Gonzalez de Clavijo. Diary of a trip to the palace of Amir Temur in Samarkand (1403), 

p. 118 

13. 1Ashraf Ahmedov. Mirzo Ulug'bek Taragay (Great Figures) Tashkent, Uzbekistan 2011, page 

3. 

14. 1Goluboev GNUlug'bek. – T. Young Guard, 1962, p. 65. 

15. 1Akhmedov B. Lessons from History - T. Teacher 1994. 

16. 1Akhmedov B. In memory of Amir Temur - T. Uzbekistan 1996 

17. 1Akhmedov A. Ulug'bek Muhammad Tarag'ay- T. Heritage of the People 1994 

18. 1Azamat Ziyo. History of Uzbek statehood. From the earliest times to the Russian invasion - 

T. Sharq 2000 

19. 1Isakhonova, Shakhodat. The Queen of Turan (Historical novel) - T. Kamalak-press, 2014, 

page 18 

20. 1Ibrahim Gafurov. In the middle stood Bibikhanim.. Y 

 
20Ibrahim Gafurov. In the middle stood Bibikhanim.. Afterword to the above work, page 475. 

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