286-289 Comparative Typology of Greco-Latin Terms in Medicine 286 AMERICAN Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education www. grnjournal.us AMERICAN Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education Volume 3, Issue 4, 2025 ISSN (E): 2993-2769 Comparative Typology of Greco-Latin Terms in Medicine Shirinkulova Shafoat Malikovna Senior teacher of the Department of Uzbek and foreign languages TMA Abstract. Greek and Latin, two of the oldest languages in the world, have made significant contributions to medicine. This comparative study aims to examine the origins and meanings of Greco-Latin terms commonly used in medicine. The article discusses how these languages have influenced the development of medical terminology and how they continue to play an important role in modern medicine. Key words: Greek, Latin, medicine, comparative study, origins, meanings, medical terminology, circulatory system, nervous system, heart attack, cardiology, neurology, gastroenterology, precision, medical concepts, medical knowledge. Introduction. The formation and development of various fields of science and technology accompanied by an increase in the volume of specialized information in various fields of knowledge, which, in turn, is inevitably associated with the development and improvement of linguistic means and methods of transmitting this information. The systematicity of terminology based on the principle of classifying concepts, which in turn leads to the identification of necessary and sufficient features that are included in the term, after which words and their parts are selected to create the term. Synonymy in terminology is an undesirable phenomenon; terminological synonyms perform other functions and have a nature different from the general literary language. Latin has always been the main source of international vocabulary. Scientists have calculated that of the 20,000 most commonly used words in English, about 10,400 are of Latin origin, 2,200 are Greek, and only 5,400 are Anglo- Saxon. To fully master any profession, a person must necessarily know the terminology of his specialty. No highly qualified medical worker can do without knowledge of the basics of the phonetic and grammatical structure of the Latin language. All Western European scientists spoke Latin. The names of diseases and medicines still written in Latin. The use of Greek and Latin in medicine dates back to ancient times, when medical knowledge recorded in these languages. The use of Greco-Latin terms in modern medical terminology has become standardized, and many terms are still used today. The purpose of this study is to compare the meanings and origins of Greco-Latin terms commonly used in modern medicine. Comparative analysis has shown that many Greco-Latin terms used in medicine have similar meanings, indicating the influence of these languages on medical terminology. For example, the term cardiovascular combines the Greek word kardia, meaning heart, and the Latin word vasculum, meaning vessel, to describe the circulatory system. Similarly, the term neurology combines the Greek word neuron, meaning nerve, and the suffix -ology, meaning study, to describe the study of the nervous system. In many cases, Greco-Latin terms used in medicine have more than one meaning. For example, the word hypertension comes from the Greek hyper, meaning excessive, and tension, meaning pressure. In medicine, this term refers to high blood pressure. Another example is the word "dyspnea", which combines the Greek words "dys", meaning difficult or abnormal, and "pnoё", meaning breathing. This term used in medicine to describe shortness of breath. The use of Greco- 287 AMERICAN Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education www. grnjournal.us Latin terms in medicine has allowed health professionals to communicate complex medical concepts accurately and accurately. For example, the term "myocardial infarction" combines the Greek word "myo" meaning muscle, the Latin word "cardium" meaning heart, and the Latin word "infarctus" meaning blocked. This term accurately describes a heart attack caused by a blockage of a blood vessel in the heart muscle. Alternatively, inflammation of the lungs: the term is of Latin origin inflammatio pulmonum, Greek - pneumonia with all the characteristics of a correctly orienting term. One of the effective tools for representing the results of the implementation of cognitive processes is the terminology system, scientific terms that reflect the concepts of a specific area of scientific knowledge. At the same time, language, including language for special purposes, is not a rigid, once formed and frozen formation, but a living, constantly changing entity; at various stages of development of the field of scientific knowledge and the sphere of practical activity, in defining a separate term, different scientists focus on its various aspects. Today, it is becoming obvious that a term, like any other lexical unit, is prone to the development of polysemy. At the same time, language, including language for special purposes, is not a rigid, once formed and frozen formation, but a living, constantly changing entity; at various stages of development of the field of scientific knowledge and the sphere of practical activity, in defining a separate term, different scientists focus on its various aspects. Today, it is becoming obvious that a term, like any other lexical unit, is prone to the development of polysemy. Studying Latin and Greek helps to accumulate lexical elements in memory, facilitating motivated consolidation of a significant part of words existing in living languages. Motivation can be considered excessive if a word becomes habitual. Motivation is necessary at the moment of birth or mastering of a word, when it comes from a foreign language. The ability to compare it with already known lexical elements helps to master and replenish the content of the studied word. The motivation of most medical terms depends on knowledge of Latin and Greek word-formation elements, translated or borrowed from foreign-language sources. Translation called the possibility of more or less adequate replacement of words of one language with words of another language. The division of terminological elements into bound and free ones should be constantly taken into account. For example, when comparing anatomical meanings in normal anatomy, on the one hand, with similar meanings in pathological anatomy and in a complex of clinical disciplines, on the other, the following pattern emerges: one and the same organ is designated in two ways - by signs that are different not only in their linguistic origin, but also in their grammatical design. In the nomenclature of normal anatomy, this is an independent and usually Latin word, and in pathological anatomy, it is a bound terminological element of Greek origin. Much less often, the same name, borrowed from one language, used in both disciplines. For example, the Greek hepar, oesophagus, pharynx, larynx, urethra, thorax, ureter, encephalon and the Latin appendix, tonsilla and others, which were used in ancient medicine, as well as complex suffix derivatives ending in -turn, created in the New Age; For example, myocardium, endothelium, perimetrium, etc. These words are included in the structure of compound words in clinical terminology as free term elements: hepatomegaly, endothelioma, encephalopathy, myocardiopathy, appendectomy. In anatomical nomenclature, there are designations of the same formation both by an independent Latin root word and by a Greek component in a derivative; for example, chin - Latin mentum, but "genioglossus" - genioglossus (Greek geneion - "chin"); tongue - Latin lingua, but "sublingual" - hypoglossus; "glossopharyngeal" - glossopharyngeus (Greek glossa - "tongue"), etc. Latin and Greek designations of anatomical formations that have absolutely the same meaning called Greco-Latin doublet designations (or doublets). The following fundamental position can be formulated: as a rule, Greco-Latin doublets are used to designate the majority of anatomical formations (organs, body parts), and in anatomical nomenclature – predominantly Latin words, in clinical terminology – related term elements of Greek origin. In many cases, the Greco-Latin terms used in medicine have more than one meaning. For example, the word hypertension comes from the Greek words hyper meaning excessive and tension meaning pressure. In medicine, this term refers to high blood pressure. Another example is the word dyspnea, which combines the Greek words dys meaning difficult or abnormal and pnoё meaning breathing. 288 AMERICAN Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education www. grnjournal.us This term used in medicine to describe shortness of breath. The use of Greco-Latin terms in medicine has allowed health professionals to communicate complex medical concepts accurately and accurately. For example, the term myocardial infarction combines the Greek word myo meaning muscle, the Latin word cardium meaning heart, and the Latin word infarctus meaning blocked. This term accurately describes a heart attack caused by a blockage in a blood vessel in the heart muscle. Alternatively, inflammation of the lungs: the term is of Latin origin inflammatio pulmonum, Greek - pneumonia with all the characteristics of a correctly orienting term. Conclusion. Greco-Latin doublets are common in medical vocabulary, there is a certain linguistic redundancy here, especially, it would seem, inappropriate in terminology, from a modern point of view. Greek and Latin have had a significant influence on the development of medical terminology, and their influence continues to be felt in modern medicine. Why denote the same thing in two ways? However, historically, this is exactly how it turned out. Understanding the origins and meanings of these terms can expand medical knowledge and improve patient care. Thus, it is essential for healthcare professionals to have a solid foundation in Greek and Latin, even in the modern world. 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