275 AMERICAN Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education www. grnjournal.us AMERICAN Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education Volume 3, Issue 5, 2025 ISSN (E): 2993-2769 Borrowings in the Russian Language: Analysis of the Influence of Foreign Languages on the Vocabulary and Grammar of the Russian Language Marufalieva. M. A. 4th year student, Fergana State University, Email: asqarovamohinur8@gmail.com Abstract: This article examines the process of borrowing foreign words in the Russian language, its causes, features and consequences. The positive and negative aspects of borrowings, their influence on vocabulary, grammar and syntax are analyzed. Particular attention is paid to modern borrowings related to the development of technology, business and youth slang. Key words: borrowings, foreign languages, vocabulary, grammar, Russian language, influence, Anglicisms, Gallicisms, Germanisms, Turkisms, neologisms, adaptation, assimilation, phonetics, morphology, word formation, historical development, calques, internationalisms Introduction Languages are constantly evolving, enriching themselves with new words and changing their structure under the influence of various factors. One of the key processes influencing the evolution of the Russian language is borrowing – the process of transferring words and expressions from one language to another. The main reasons for borrowing include: The need to designate new phenomena (for example, technical terms such as "computer", "smartphone"). Cultural contacts and fashion (for example, the influence of the French language in the aristocratic environment of the 19th century). Economic and political factors (for example, the influence of the English language due to globalization). Thus, borrowing is an integral part of the development of a language, which reflects historical and cultural processes in society. However, they not only enrich the vocabulary, but can also change the grammatical norms, phonetics and syntax of the Russian language. In the following sections of the article, we will consider how exactly foreign languages influenced the Russian language. Main part The Russian language is constantly evolving, borrowing words from other languages. In different historical periods, the sources of borrowings changed. Foreign influence is manifested in vocabulary and grammar. Borrowings reflect historical events: economic, political, cultural contacts, wars. New words penetrated especially actively during periods of social and scientific changes. The influence of the Greek language on the Old Russian language was especially noticeable. Trade with Byzantium and the adoption of Christianity contributed to the borrowing of Greek words, especially through church books. The modern Russian language is actively replenished by borrowings, especially from 276 AMERICAN Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education www. grnjournal.us the English language. This is due to globalization, the development of technology, the Internet, business and culture. Below we will consider the main areas in which borrowings are most noticeable. With the development of the Internet and technology, many Anglicisms came into the Russian language. Many terms cannot be accurately translated, so they are used in the original. In the IT sphere, these are: gadget, processor, browser, file, stream, chat, like. In cybersecurity - hacker, virus, spam, phishing. Some words have become verbs: google, like, follow. Anglicisms are also widely used in business: startup, franchise, marketing, deadline, meeting, feedback. These words often displace Russian analogues due to brevity and convenience. Youth slang actively borrows vocabulary from social networks and games: cringe, hype, rofl, donat, skill, meme, stream. Such borrowings reflect the influence of Internet culture on modern speech. The adoption of borrowed words is their adaptation to Russian norms. At first, the word penetrates the language and is known to few, then it takes root - it becomes understandable and widely used. Borrowing becomes "our own", undergoing adaptation. There are four types of adoption: phonetic, graphic, grammatical and semantic. For example, the word "Internet" in Russian is declined: on the Internet, from the Internet. This shows subordination to the norms of the language. In contrast, the word "weekend" remains foreign, as it has not been assimilated by the Russian system. Some borrowed words receive Russian endings (haypovat', rofl't'), while others remain unchanged (kringe, meme). Modern borrowings make the language more flexible, facilitate the transfer of new concepts and international communication. But their excess can threaten the originality of the language. Although borrowings mainly concern vocabulary, they also affect grammar - word formation, morphology, syntax and phonetics. Influence on word formation Borrowed words often become the basis for new Russian words. New prefixes, suffixes and forms appear in the language: Verb formation - Many English borrowings form Russian verbs using standard suffixes: google (from "Google"); like (from "like"); post (from "post"); stream (from "stream"). Such words are conjugated according to Russian rules: I like, you like, he likes. Noun formation - Russian suffixes are added to borrowed words: blogersha (from "blogger"); streamerka (from "streamer"); manager (from "manager"). Adjective formation - New adjectives are formed using Russian suffixes: creative (from "creative"); tolerant (from "tolerant"); comfortable (from "comfort"). Sometimes there are words with endings that are not typical for the Russian language, for example: blog content, hype trend. One of the reasons for the active use of Anglicisms is the interaction of Uzbekistan with English- speaking countries. In the context of globalization, English is becoming the main language of communication in science, business and culture. This leads to the borrowing of terms that accurately convey new concepts: marketing, innovation, investment, etc. The Russian language has always borrowed words from other languages - French, German, English. The English influence is especially strong in the 21st century due to the Internet and technology. Words such as gadget, startup, hacker, freelance have become part of everyday speech. Borrowings help convey complex ideas and keep up with scientific and technological progress. However, borrowings also have their downsides: cluttering the language, displacing Russian equivalents (user — user, fail — failure), violating grammatical norms (like, post) and calques of phrases ("I'm ok with this"). This can lead to the loss of the uniqueness of the language. It is important to maintain a balance — use borrowings consciously and remember the richness of the Russian language. It is also worth noting that the Russian language has borrowed many words from Turkic languages, including Uzbek, and these words have already become an integral part of the Russian vocabulary. The Russian language has borrowed many words from Turkic languages, including Uzbek. These borrowings cover different spheres of life and reflect the historical and cultural interaction of peoples. Examples from Turkic languages: ataman, sabre, tabun, karaul, yarlyk, arkan, 277 AMERICAN Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education www. grnjournal.us pelmeni, shashlik, plov, kumys. The following words came from the Uzbek language: lagman, chapan, tyubeteika, aral, say, mahalla. These words have become part of the Russian language and serve as evidence of centuries-old cultural exchange. Conclusion Borrowings are a natural process of development of the Russian language. They help to enrich vocabulary, adapt the language to modern realities and simplify international communication. Thanks to them, new terms appear that make communication more effective and convenient. However, excessive use of foreign words can lead to clogging of the language, loss of its uniqueness and complication of perception of information. Some borrowings are poorly adapted to Russian grammar, and tracing foreign expressions can distort the usual norms of speech. List of references 1. 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