487 AMERICAN Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education www. grnjournal.us 0AMERICAN Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education Volume 03, Issue 10, 2025 ISSN (E): 2993-2769 SIMPLE SENTENCE AND ITS SCIENTIFIC FOUNDATIONS IN ENGLISH LINGUISTICS Akhmedov Utkir Ilkhomovich Lenior lecturer of the Department of Theoretical Aspects of English Language Samarkand State Institute of Foreign Languages utkuriy35@mail.ru Abstract. This scientific work is devoted to illuminating the theoretical foundations of the essence of a simple sentence in English linguistics, its structural and semantic structure. The study analyzes the role of the simple sentence in language, its role in the expression of thought, as well as the process of formation of its structural models. The work examines the grammatical basis of simple sentences in English, their semantic complexity, cases of polypropositivity, and approaches to the classification of such units in modern linguistics. It is also argued that the analysis of simple sentences allows for a deeper understanding of the internal structure of the language system, The Logical Foundations of syntactic connections, and the substantive layers of speech. The results of the study are of practical and theoretical importance for the subjects of English syntax, general linguistics and translation theory. Key words: English linguistics, syntax, simple sentence, structural model, semantics, polypropositivity, grammar Introduction Currently, English linguistics is expanding both theoretically and practically at the stages of its development, taking into account the achievements in various periods of linguistics, as well as the worldwide importance of the English language and the growing interest and needs for its study. Language is a dynamic system that is constantly developing and improving.ntroduction Currently, English linguistics is expanding both theoretically and practically at the stages of its development, taking into account the achievements in various periods mailto:utkuriy35@mail.ru 488 AMERICAN Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education www. grnjournal.us of linguistics, as well as the worldwide importance of the English language and the growing interest and needs for its study. Language is a dynamic system that is constantly developing and improving. Therefore, the study of Word formation, the structure of speech units, their semantic and grammatical features is one of the main directions of modern linguistics. A simple sentence is the most important unit of syntax and serves as the main tool for forming, expressing and conveying an idea. An in-depth analysis of the structural, semantic and functional aspects of a simple sentence in English syntax is important in the study of the formation of complex sentences and their logical foundations. Main part. Currently, English linguistics is expanding theoretically and practically at the stages of its development, taking into account the achievements of linguistics at different periods, as well as the world-class importance of the English language and the growing interest and needs for its study. Therefore, within the framework of our research topic, we aim to pay special attention to the materials of the English language. Language is a dynamic system that is constantly developing and improving. The process of actively creating, adapting and improving new words is important in this process. Through different models of Word formation, different parts of speech are created. In addition, it is also possible to observe changes in the level of productivity of Word formation, that is, processes of increase or decrease. In order for our words to make sense, we turn them into sentences. Phrases in English have their own grammatical and lexical features.he process of actively creating, adapting and improving new words is important in this process. Through different models of Word formation, different parts of speech are created. In addition, it is also possible to observe changes in the level of productivity of Word formation, that is, processes of increase or decrease. In order for our words to make sense, we turn them into sentences. Phrases in English have their own grammatical and lexical features. By correctly placing all the elements, you can speak this foreign language correctly. A sentence is a combination of ideas related to logical intonation, emotional color and grammatical rules. Any reference book states that a sentence is a set of words that represent a complete thought and are considered an independent unit of speech. What classifications are there? The types of sentences in English differ depending on the purpose of the sentence. In the case when replacing words in Russian does not change the meaning, in English the structure is given great importance. Most sentences include subject (ega), predicate (verb), and additional members. Each element not only performs a grammatical function, but also has a certain lexical meaning. Currently, the sentence structure formation system is still one of the new and insufficiently studied areas of modern English linguistics. The study of the structural types of simple English sentences is of particular scientific interest, since it is these simple sentences that often form the basis of complex sentence forms. They are part of complex sentences, form phraseological units and various speech turns. A thorough study of the structural structure of simple sentences can make an important contribution to the development of modern linguistics and related fields. 489 AMERICAN Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education www. grnjournal.us The issues of distinguishing the structural types of a simple sentence began to interest researchers in the 60s and 70s of the 20th century. These topics were actively discussed and studied by domestic and foreign scientists. However, later interest in them decreased somewhat, and the main focus was on the functionality of sentences, as well as the study of communicative and pragmatic aspects. And in the last decade, questions about the structural features of a simple sentence remain relevant for researchers from Russia and abroad. The structural types of a simple sentence are also called syntactic models or constructions. When referring to a specific structural type, the term "block diagram" is often used. Many linguists of different grammatical directions are engaged in the study of different structural types of sentences. To compare the content of two sentences, it is necessary to set the criteria for logical equivalence.he structural types of a simple sentence are also called syntactic models or constructions. When referring to a specific structural type, the term "block diagram" is often used. Many linguists of different grammatical directions are engaged in the study of different structural types of sentences. To compare the content of two sentences, it is necessary to set the criteria for logical equivalence. A statement in one sentence is only true if the other sentence is true, and vice versa. There are many classifications regarding the separation of different structural types of a simple sentence. The variety of species and the absence of a single classification comes from the approaches and criteria of different authors. These classifications can be numerous, since the separation of structural and functional types is a subjective process.here are many classifications regarding the separation of different structural types of a simple sentence. The variety of species and the absence of a single classification comes from the approaches and criteria of different authors. These classifications can be numerous, since the separation of structural and functional types is a subjective process. A complicating factor in the situation is that many authors do not aim to identify the structural types of sentences and do not take into account the specific circumstances of the implementation of the communicative act, the context and the various connections within the sentence. Usually the properties of paradigmatic connections and non-paradigmatic modifications are ignored. Most researchers, on the other hand, seek to describe in detail the design features of sentences and analyze various options for their manifestation. This leads to the fact that many researchers separately analyze units with the same structure. In this case, it is important to take into account the methods of representing the various components of the statement, their accuracy or uncertainty. The classification also takes into account the presence or absence of certain members of the proposal. Particular attention is paid to the presence or absence of a predicate, modal or phase verb. Some scholars, on the other hand, categorize sentences into separate categories such as subjects, predicates, infinitive constructions, and personal or impersonal turns. It should be noted that in the analysis and separation of certain structural schemes, most authors rely on subjective and formal criteria. At the same time, great attention is 490 AMERICAN Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education www. grnjournal.us paid to the methods of morphological representation of the elements of these schemes. However, the presence of similarities or differences in the composition of sentences is often ignored. All this allows us to conclude that when emphasizing the structural schemes of sentences, the main emphasis should be on semantic criteria, and not formal ones. The main criterion should be considered the informative composition of the sentence. In this case, official criteria should not be taken into account. A structural diagram should be considered as a holistic unit with a minimum structure containing a structural and sample proposal (syntactic concept). It should be noted that in linguistics there is a general definition of a simple sentence. These definitions overlap in Russian and English, and consist of: a simple sentence is a sentence containing a single grammatical basis. In this context, compositional compounds are used only to combine homogeneous members of a sentence. A simple sentence is considered as the basic unit of syntax and serves as the main tool for the formation, expression and transmission of thought. Currently, two levels of analysis are used to describe sentences: syntactic and structural-semantic. At the syntactic level, the sentence is viewed as an integral, Independent System in which the main idea is formed and grammatical connections are made that make up its structure. Currently, semantically complex simple sentences are treated as a separate category. In the process of analyzing the linguistic literature, we found many studies devoted to factors that complicate the semantic structure of a simple sentence. These works have common and distinctive features, and most scholars recognize that there is a discrepancy between the form and content of the basic syntactic units. Semantically complex sentences have many interpretations. It should also be noted that there are various reasons for the appearance of signs of polypropositiveness in simple sentences. Traditionally, polypropositivity can be divided into three categories. The first category is associated with the semantic level of speech, expressed through lexical structures. An example is the following sentence: She likes birds'sing. – She likes, how birds singemantically complex sentences have many interpretations. It should also be noted that there are various reasons for the appearance of signs of polypropositiveness in simple sentences. Traditionally, polypropositivity can be divided into three categories. The first category is associated with the semantic level of speech, expressed through lexical structures. An example is the following sentence: She likes birds'sing. – She likes, how birds sing. (He likes the sound of birds singing. - He likes the sound of birds singing). As can be seen from this example, lexical propositivism cannot be distinguished from the syntactic context of a language. This is due to the fact that it is always manifested in different variants of System Communications and individual syntactic elements. 491 AMERICAN Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education www. grnjournal.us The second type of polypropositivity concerns the lexical-semantic level and occurs when factual elements appear in a simple sentence. The third type of polypropositivity represents simple sentences containing semi-predicative constructions, which leads to the emergence of a specific semi-predicative syntactic relationship. Due to their ability to understand semantically complex sentences, they can be divided into two types: nominative (or propositional) and modal-communicative sentences. Nominative sentences represent objective information, while modal- communicative shows the speaker's subjective attitude to the information he is transmitting. Thus, if other modal and communicative components are excluded from the general meaning, the proposition can be considered as an independent element of the sentence. Usually the proposition contained in a simple sentence is expressed through an extended subject-predicative unit. The structural scheme of a simple sentence has a wide range of possibilities for creating paradigmatic and non-paradigmatic connections. There are also grammatical, modal-communicative and structural-semantic modifications of various schemes. This scheme serves as an indicator of a certain syntactic concept or typical proposition. Therefore, the variability of a circuit is related to its ability to modify, which is due to the variation of the sample proposition expressed through these circuits. Reference 1. Arnold I.V. Stylistics sovremennogo englishskogo yazika. - M.: Nauka, 1990. – 342 P. 2. Benvenist E. Obtshaya linguistics: per. S FR. / E. Benvenist. - M.: RF, 2014. - 448s 3. Buzarov V. V. Osnovi syntaxisa englishskoy razgovornoy rechi. - M., 1998. – 364 P. 4. Gavrilova G.F. Syntax predlogenia. Rostov-N / D, 2005. - 168 P. 5. Galperin I.R. Opiti stilisticheskogo analiza. - M.: Visshaya Shkola, 1968. – 62 P.