178 AMERICAN Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education www. grnjournal.us  

AMERICAN Journal of Language, Literacy and 
Learning in STEM Education 

Volume 01, Issue 8, 2023 ISSN (E): 2993-2769 
 
 
 
 

LEXICO-GRAMMATICAL POSSIBILITIES OF CASES IN THE 

RUSSIAN LANGUAGE 

Khankeldiyeva Gulandom, 

Teacher of the creative school named after Abdulla Oripov 

 

Abstract: The category of case combines morphological forms that serve as a means of connecting 

words in the Russian language. Case as a multifaceted phenomenon expresses semantic and 

syntactic relations. That is, this category also gives the combination a certain meaning within its 

scope. Each member of the category has a different meaning in phrases. If the syntactic feature 

associated with the connection of words serves to generalize phrases, then the semantic difference 

contributes to their separation. 

Keywords: case, semantic aspect, syntactic properties, word combination, syntactic connection, 

category. 

 

Introduction 

The case category performs the function of connecting words in Russian, as in Uzbek. That is, 

in the Russian language, “a word-changing form that shows different syntactic relations of a noun 

with another word, another part of a sentence or a whole sentence” [1] is called a case. At this point, 

it is necessary to emphasize that idioms are a heterogeneous category, and that they participate in 

the expression of semantic and syntactic relations. At the same time, the category of inflection 

cannot be considered only as subordinating forms (for example, Uzbek conjugation forms are added 

to subordinate words). Because it should not be forgotten that in the nominative case, the possessor 

(podlejashchiy) is formed by the syntactic function of the ruler. From the semantic point of view, 

the agreements are mutual, and at the same time, each of them expresses different meanings in 

different sentences. For this reason, in the rules of the textbooks and manuals about adverbs, general 

ideas such as "the adverbs serve to connect nouns to other words" are given. 

It is possible to analyze the use of adverbs in the structure of the sentence and its addition to 

the structure of the sentence into three types: 

1) controlled (or lexical, conditional lexical); the lexical valence of words is of great 

importance in this type of joining of idioms to the sentence structure. This means that it is clear to 

the speaker and the listener that the words that can form the most combinations in a live speech are 

used in a sentence in the form of a sentence. We can see the use of such cases in such compounds 

as забивать гвоздь (винительный падеж), любоваться картиной (творительный падеж), 

мало времени (родительный падеж), доволен результатом (предложный падеж). This can 

be done in the Uzbek language by which of the conjugations of the words maktab and ketmoq 

(where the words can be combined using either the exit or departure agreement forms), bread and 

eat (where the words can be combined using the exit or arrival agreements) we can see that its use 

is already known to the speaker and the listener; 

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2) systematic-conditional; this type of use of adverbs in the structure of a sentence is 

formed in the process of structuring a speech and does not depend on the dictionary meaning of 

words. Naturally, the form of compound words plays an important role in this. We can observe the 

systematic-conditional type of use of the Padej category in the following places and examples: 

3) systematic-conditional; this type of use of adverbs in the structure of a sentence is formed 

in the process of structuring a speech and does not depend on the dictionary meaning of words. 

Naturally, the form of compound words plays an important role in this. We can observe the 

systematic-conditional type of use of the Padej category in the following places and examples: 

a) in certain forms of words; for example, in sentences with infinitives (mne chitat) the subject 

is connected to the verb by means of the dative case, and in the compounds expressing the meaning 

of comparison, comparison, the connection is formed by means of the genitive case; 

b) occurrence of nouns as part of a specific sentence (in fact, this also means that nouns occur 

in a specific place. For example, possessive nouns appear at the beginning of a sentence, and 

participle nouns appear at the end of a sentence, which proves our point); 

c) in the composition of syntactic compounds: in this case, a noun in one of the forms of the 

noun can be part of an integral compound, or there may be another word between the noun in the 

noun form and the word it combines with (for example, рабочие строят дом, ему не спиться, 

мальчиком он увлекся футболом); 

4) freely connecting phrases; In this type of use of adverbs in the construction of sentences, the 

words used with adverbs have neither lexical valence (compatibility of the meaning of words; this 

refers to words that require each other more) nor grammatical joins on the basis of valency. In this 

case, the words used with adverbs form compounds freely and often as adjectives. Although nouns 

in such compounds are not semantically and syntactically important, they are important for adding 

additional information to the sentence деревня Манилова, избушка в лесу, поступить в этом 

году conjunctions like prove our point. In the live speech of the Russian language, mainly the first 

and second types of idioms are common. 

Words that have changed with the forms of pedage can be combined with words belonging to 

any category and expand them. For example, verbs (варить суп), nouns (изготовление игрушек), 

adjectives (верный слову), numbers (два стола), adverbs (выше дерева). The word "expansion" 

here refers to the formal aspect. Because the words that are formed with the case expand the words 

they are connected to, but they also narrow them in terms of content. For example, the listener (or 

the reader) would not know what is prepared until the word стола is combined, until the word 

игрушек comes before the word изготовление. It is understood that the word formed by the adverb 

defines the meaning of the word it is combined with. 

Case forms can also be related to prepositions in Russian. In this case, the preposition and the 

preposition form a unity in both syntactic and semantic relations. Even the linguist Y.Kurilovich 

emphasizes that in prepositional groups of adverbs, the forms of preposition and adverb should be 

evaluated as one complex grammatical indicator [2:434]. In this case, the possibility of using 

another word (for example, an adjective word) between a word in the form of a verb and a 

preposition is not important for Y.Kurilovich (compare: к столу – к большому столу). In any 

case, the meaning added to the compound by means of adverbs depends on the meaning of the 

words forming the preposition and the compound in prepositional structures. In any case, the 

meaning added to the compound by means of adverbs depends on the meaning of the words forming 

the preposition and the compound in prepositional structures. For example, отойти от края 

(qirg‘oqdan (chetdan) uzoqlashish – chiqish o‘rni), дрожать от страха (qo‘rquvdan titrash –  

sabab). In most cases, the meaning of the word governor is important. The dictionary meaning of 

the words "hokim" played a decisive role in the emergence of meanings such as "place of origin" 

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and "cause" in the above-mentioned combinations. We can also see this in the difference of 

negation and causative meanings expressed in the pair отказаться от путевки – радоваться 

от путевки. 

Prepositional idioms have the same semantic and grammatical properties as non-prepositional 

idioms. In particular, their use in the structure of the sentence is divided into the same types as those 

of prepositional phrases. For example: a) controlled combination based on the lexical valence of 

the words forming the combination. We can see the use of such case and preposition in the 

composition of compounds in such compounds as стремиться к знаниям, встретиться с 

друзьями; b) systematic-conditional: we can see in such compounds as брат с сестрой, любой 

из нас, каждый получил по конфету; d) joining the whole sentence as a determiner: К вечеру 

все собрались в доме отца, От запаха кружиться голова. In this case, it is not difficult to 

understand that к вечеру, от запаха etc. carry the meaning of the whole sentence; e) adverbial 

forms that freely connect to the word: соус к рыбе, ключи от подвала. 

Also, in those places where it is clear from the speech situation for the speaker and the listener 

that another word or combination with which a word formed with a prepositional phrase can be 

combined, it should not be used, a word with a preposition and a phrase Places that are content with 

just citing are also found in Russian: о фильме, к стадиону. 

Cases and prepositions add different semantic relations to the words they join. For example, 

the words that indicate the participant of the situation or the performer of the action changed by 

adverbs and prepositions express the following semantic relations: 

1) agent - "active participant of the process, executor or manager of the action" [3]: 

shakhmatist vyigral match, uchitel postival otsenku; 

2) subject - a person or thing with a certain characteristic: сточные воды характеризуются 

высоким содержанием нефтепродуктов; 

3) patient - "a person or thing that receives an action is called a "victim" in the jargon of 

philologists" [4]. Here, in Western linguistics, things that are affected by action, but change, are 

called themes [5:357]. But in Russian linguistics, things that have changed under the influence of 

action and things that have not changed are evaluated the same. That's why in Russian linguistics, 

things that change and don't change under the influence of movement are the same - called patience. 

For example, Девочка сломала телефон; Мальчик бросал мяч; 

 

4) effector - natural phenomena that make changes in the external environment: 

Течение унесло лодку; 

5) result means something that is produced as a result of an action. "This semantic relation is 

similar to patience in that it is expressed by the vinitelnyy case, but it differs in its meaning" [6:417]: 

варить суп, вязать носки; 

6) tool - represents a person or thing used by the agent as a means of achieving the goal: 

писать с ручкой, красить кистью, рассмотреть в бинокль. 

7) recipient - represents the person or thing to which the action is directed: завещать 

коллекцию; 

8) beneficiary or beneficiary - means a person or thing interested in the result of the process: 

помогать другу, содействовать прогрессу. Also, it is appropriate to give the malefactive (a 

person or thing that suffers damage as a result of the process) in this section: мешать папу, 

вредить себе; 

9) experiencer - represents a subject who feels an emotion, a mental effect:   Мама 

беспокоиться за сына; 

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10) topic: говорить о поездке, думать о себе; 

11) counterparty - represents one of the equal participants in the process:  обняться с братом, 

дружить с соседом. Also, some scholars consider the words representing a person or thing with 

equal rights and not equal participation in the process as counterparty [7:322]: купить дачу у 

соседа; 

12) represents place, space (locative): водиться в городе; 

13) represents the output position (elative): выйти из комнате, уйти из города; 

14) represents the last address (lativ): отправиться в город; 

15) represents the time: матч начнется в пять часов утра; 

16) represents the goal: стремиться к победу. 

It is understood that adverbs and prepositions can add different semantic relations to the 

compound involved in the connection of members. The variety of these meaning relationships 

directly depends on the lexical features of the governing and subordinate words and the semantic 

axis of the prepositions. 

In Russian, the nominative case is the initial, unchanged form of nouns. All other idioms are 

considered косвенный (indirect, special form) idioms. All these idioms can be used with or without 

prepositions. In this case, the prepositional case is considered an exception, because this case is 

always used with prepositions (the name of the case also indicates this). Words formed with the 

passive case act as secondary clauses in the sentence. Which secondary clause performs the 

function depends on what kind of word the concordant word defines and explains. For example, in 

the sentence Добро победит зло (Goodness overcomes evil) (добро победит что?) the word зло 

is что (what)? if it is considered as a filler word because it is an answer to the question, В 

Узбекистане имеются душевные люди (There are kind-hearted people in Uzbekistan) the noun 

в Узбекистане since it is an answer to a question где? it acts as a locative case. 

In Russian, in most cases, case forms are added to subordinate words at the request of the 

dominant word. In this case, verbs, nouns, adjectives and even numbers can appear in the function 

of the main word. Rus tilida padej shakllari, aksariyat hollarda, hokim so‘zning talabi bilan tobe 

so‘zga qo‘shiladi. Bunda hokim so‘z vazifasida fe’llar, otlar, sifatlar va hatto, sonlar ham kelishi 

mumkin. According to the category of the word "hokim", compounds connected with the verb are 

divided into two types: a) control of the verb (in such combinations, the word "hokim" is expressed 

by a verb and an adverb - встретил друга, нарисованная художником картина); b) noun 

management (in such combinations, the dominant word is represented by categories such as noun, 

adjective, number - книга брата, вредный для здоровья, один из товарищей). 

The syntactic features of adverbs are that they express the relationship between the predicate 

and the nouns attached to it. Syntactic relations occur between the parts of the sentence. Syntactic 

relations with the participation of cases, formed through their mediation, can be expressed by means 

of the following hierarchy ("arrangement of parts or elements in the order from top to bottom" [8]): 

indirect object (in the form of datelnyy case) ˃ indirect object (in the form of other prepositional 

and non-prepositional cases)" [8:87]. In this case, each subsequent member of the hierarchy is 

distinguished by decreasing grammatical possibilities compared to the previous member. "At this 

point, it should be noted that the importance of pedages in the Russian language in performing a 

syntactic task can change (increase or decrease) by means of other grammatical possibilities. 

 

REFERENCES: 

1. Русская корпусная грамматика // Г.И.Кустова, 2011. 

2. Курилович Е., Очерки по лингвистике, (сборник статьей), – Москва: Издательство 

иностранной литератури. 1960. – 456 с. 

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182 AMERICAN Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education www. grnjournal.us  

3. https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Агенс   

4. https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Пациенс  

5. Talmy L. Toward a Cognitive Semantics. V. 2. Concept Structuring Systems. Cambridge 

(Mass.) – London: The MIT Press. 2000. – 495 p. 

6. Падучева Е.В., Динамические модели в семантике лексики.  – Москва: Языки 

славянской культуры. 2004. – 608 с. 

7. Апресян Ю.Д., Трехуровневая теория управления: лексикографический аспект // 

Апресян Ю.Д. и другие. Теоретические проблемы русского синтаксиса: 

Взаимодействие грамматики и словаря. – Москва: Языки славянскых культур. 2010. 

– 408 c. 

8. https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Иерархия  

 

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https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Агенс
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Пациенс
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Иерархия