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American Journal of  
Life Science and Innovation (AJLSI)

Difference of  Clinical Parameters and Correlation between Type-1 and Type-2 Diabetes 
Mellitus (DM) Subjects in Bangladesh

Khaleda Ferdous1, Md. Ashiqur Rahman2*, Sadia Islam3, Sadia Tasnim1, Saraf  Tasnim1, Shohanur Rahaman4

Md. Raihanul Islam2, Md. Biplob Hossain4

Volume 2 Issue 3, Year 2023
ISSN: 2833-1397 (Online)

DOI: https://doi.org/10.54536/ajlsi.v2i3.1928
https://journals.e-palli.com/home/index.php/ajlsi

Article Information ABSTRACT

Received: August 09, 2023

Accepted: August 31, 2023

Published: September 15, 2023

Type I and Type 2 diabetes are the two main types with types diabetes accounting for 
the majority (>85%) of  total diabetes prevalence. Both forms of  diabetes can lead to 
multisystem complications of  microvascular endpoints including retinopathy, nephropathy 
and neuropathy and microvascular endpoints including is cadmic heart disease, stroke and 
peripheral vascular disease. The premature morbidity, mortality, reduced life expectancy and 
financial and other others costs of  diabetes make if  an important public health condition. 
The aim of  this study was to observe the clinical condition and consequences patients 
with diabetes mellitus in Bangladesh. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted 
for the study. Data are collected from BIHS General Hospital. The results showed that, 
among 100 patients 20% patient was affected by Type-1 Diabetes Mellitus (DM) and 80% 
patient was affected by Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM). In comparison between Type-1 
and Type-2 DM patient’s result showing that Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) and 2 hour 
ABF plasma Glucose range is slightly high in Type-1 DM than Type-2 DM. On the other 
hand, Creatinine, HbA1C, TSH, Total cholesterol (TC), Triglycerides (TG), HDL ranges are 
increased in Type-2 DM patient. In this study males are affected 62% and females are 32%. 
So the ratio between male and female is 2:3. More patients were found in the age between 
50-60 years and has risk among 40-50 years. Eating the right foods and adopting other life 
style behaviors that promotes healthy blood sugar and insulin levels will give you the best 
chance at avoiding diabetes.

Keywords

Type-1 DM, Type-2 DM, 
FPG, HbA1C, Lipid Profile

INTRODUCTION
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disorder of  glucose 
metabolism with serious clinical consequences. The 
multi system consequences of  diabetes includes 
microvascular (retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy) and 
macrovascular (ischemic heart disease, stroke, peripheral 
vascular disease) end points. The prevalence of  diabetes 
has been rising in the last few decades. Diabetes is now 
a global problem. The premature morbidity, morality, 
reduced, life expectancy and financial and other costs to 
the patients with diabetes their careers and health service 
make it important public health condition. Diabetes 
affects persons of  all ages and races (Afroz et al. 2019). 
The classification and diagnosis of  diabetes are complex 
and have been the subjects of  much consultation, 
debate and revision stretching over the past decades. 
The etiological classification of  debates has now been 
widely accepted Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes are the 2 
main types of  diabetes and type 2 diabetes accounting 
for the majority (>85%) of  total diabetes prevalence 
(Sato et al. 2009).  Expert committees from the World 
Health Organization (WHO) and American Diabetes 
Association (ADA) have formulated, converged and 
diverged in their position on the diagnostic criteria 
for diabetes based on the measurement of  fasting and 
2h post load glucose but most recently there has been 
an ongoing debate on whether Glycated hemoglobin 

(HbA1C) should be used for diagnosing diabetes (WHO, 
1999). Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is becoming a pandemic 
worldwide. WHO (World Health Organization) listed 10 
countries to have the highest numbers of  people with 
diabetes in 2000 and 2030. Bangladesh Appears in the 
list for both 2000 and 2030 with India, Pakistan, China, 
Japan, USA etc. According to a report, Bangladesh has 5.4 
million of  diabetic Subjects and the number is expected 
to increase to a staggering 11.1 million by 2030 (WHO, 
1999). Several small-scale population-based studies 
conducted in Bangladesh at different time points have 
revealed an increasing trend of  diabetes prevalence in 
rural and urban communities. A recent population bared 
study showed a significant increase in the prevalence of  
DM in rural Bangladesh from 2:3% to 6:8% over 5 years. 
This prevalence was higher than found in the previous 
rural studies of  Bangladesh (Afroz et al. 2019).
Diabetes mellitus is referred to a group of  diseases 
characterized by high glucose levels in blood. It is caused 
by deficiency in the production or loss of  function of  
insulin, which can occur because of  different reasons 
resulting in protein and lipid metabolic disorders. The aim 
of  this study is to systematically review diabetes mellitus 
and determine the variation of  different parameters of  
the patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes. The result 
will help to check the complications, injuries and other 
conditions in the patient. 

1 Bangladesh University of  Health Sciences (BUHS), Bangladesh
2 Novus Clinical Research Services Limited (NCRSL), Bangladesh
3 Bangladesh Specialized Hospital Limited (BSHL), Bangladesh
4 Diabetic Association of  Bangladesh (BADAS) COVID-19 Diagnostic Laboratory, Bangladesh
* Corresponding author’s e-mail: ararashiqur@gmail.com



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Epidemiology of  Type-1 and Type-2 Diabetes
Type-1 diabetes accounts for about 5% to 10% of  
all patients with diabetes. It is the most commonly 
diagnosed diabetes of  youth (under 20 years of  age) and 
causes ≥85% of  all diabetes causes in this age group 
worldwide. It is estimated that 1106500 people aged 
0-19 years have Type-1 diabetes worldwide with 132600 
newly diagnosed cases each year. In USA, more than 
17900 people aged under 20 years were newly diagnosed 
with Type-1 diabetes annually (annual rate for new cases 
about 21 in per 100000) (WHO, 1985). In a study of  
adults diagnosed with diabetes in the US in 2016 and 
2017, type-1 diabetes accounted for 5.6 of  cases. There 
is a significant geographic variation in the incidence of  
type-1 diabetes. It is more common in Europeans and 
less common in Asians. Thus, a child in Finland is 40 
times more likely to develop Type-1 diabetes than a child 
in Japan and almost 100 times more likely to get the 
disease a child in the Zunyi region of  China. Worldwide 
the incidence of  type-1 diabetes is increasing by 3% 
every year although the reasons for this are unclear. One 
report showed a more rapid increase in nonwhite racial 
and ethnic group. Type-1 diabetes can present at any age 
with the highest incidence observed in children aged 10-
14 years (Sato et al. 2009). It affects males and females 
equally. In 30th March 2020, the result of  meta-analysis 
showed that the incidence of  type-1 diabetes was 15 per 
10000 people and the prevalence was 9.5% (95% cl: 0.7 
to 0.12) in the world, which was statistically significant. 
As a result, insulin will be difficult to access and afford, 
specially, in underdeveloped and developing countries 
(Magliano et al. 2015). 
Type-2 diabetes mellitus is one of  the most common 
form of  chronic disease globally. The rising burden of  
type-2 diabetes is now a major concern in health care 
worldwide. The global prevalence of  diabetes mellitus 
is rapidly increasing as a result of  population ageing, 
urbanization and associated lifestyle changes. The number 
of  people with type-2 diabetes has more than doubled 
over the past 3 decades. In 2010, a research estimated 285 
million people worldwide had type-2 diabetes mellitus 
and is projected to rise to 439 million by 2030 (Tharkar 
et al. 2010). The major burden of  type-2 diabetes mellitus 
is now taking place in developing countries rather than 
in developed countries. 80% cases of  type-2 diabetes 
mellitus worldwide live in less developed countries and 
areas. Asia has emerged as the “Diabetes Epidemic” in 
the worldwide as a result of  rapid economic development, 
urbanization and nutrition transition over a relatively 
short period of  time. Among the 10 countries with the 
largest numbers of  people predicted to have diabetes 
mellitus in 2030. Amongst that 5 are in Asia. They are 
China, Pakistan, Indonesia and Bangladesh. In addition 
to Asia, the Gulf  region in the Middle East and Africa 
are other hot spots for type-2 diabetes mellitus. A higher 
prevalence of  type-2 diabetes mellitus in immigrants 
from the Middle East living in Sweden than in native 
Sweden has also been reported. The epidemic of  type-2 

diabetes mellitus is attributable to a mixture of  genetic 
and epidemic predispositions and variety of  behavioral 
and environmental risk factors (Kuzuya et al. 1997).
 
Pathophysiology of  Diabetes Mellitus
Type-1 Diabetes Mellitus
Type-1 diabetes mellitus results from the description of  
pancreatic B- cells that is mediated by the immune system. 
Multiple genetic and environmental factors in variable 
combinations in individual patients are involved in the 
development of  type-1 diabetes mellitus. Generic risk is 
defined by the presence of  particular allele combinations, 
which in the major susceptibility locus (the HLA region) 
affect T cell recognition and tolerance to foreign and 
autologous molecules (Alberti et al. 1998). Multiple other 
loci also regulate and affect features of  specific immune 
responses and modify the vulnerability of  B- cells to 
inflammatory mediators8. Compared with the genetic 
factors, environmental factors that affect the development 
of  type-1 diabetes mellitus are less well characterized but 
contact with particular micro-organism is emerging as an 
important factor. Certain infections might affect immune 
regulation, and the role of  commensal microorganisms 
such as gut microbiota, coxsackie, rubella viruses are 
important (Toumi et al. 1993). Some evidence also 
suggests that nutritional factors are important. Multiple 
islet specific autoantibodies are found in the circulation 
from a few weeks to up to 20 years before the onset if  
clinical disease and this prediabetes phase provides a 
potential opportunity to manipulate the islet- specific 
immune response to prevent or postpone B- cell loss. The 
latest developments in understanding the heterogeneity 
of  type-1 diabetes mellitus and characterization of  major 
disease type might help in the development of  preventive 
treatments (Vionnet et al 1992). Diabetes symptoms varies 
depending on how much blood sugar level is devoted in 
patients. Some people may sometimes not experience 
symptoms. In type-1 diabetes mellitus, symptoms tend 
to come on quickly and can be serve it includes: Thirst, 
Increased Hunger (Specially after eating), Dry Mouth, 
Upset Stomach and Vomiting, Frequent Urination, 
Unexpected Weight Loss (Even though eating and feel 
hungry), Heavy, Labored Breathing (Doctor may call this 
kussmaul respiration), Crankiness or Mood Changes, 
Fatigue and Weakness, blurred vision, Shaking and 
Confusion, Bedwetting in Children who’s been Dry at 
Night (Murphy et al. 2008). Long term complications of  
diabetes develop gradually. The longer duration, the less 
controlled blood sugar, the higher risk of  complications. 
Eventually diabetes complications may be disabling 
or life threatening. Heart and blood vessel disease 
(Cardiovascular disease), Never damage (Neuropathy), 
Kidney damage (Neuropathy), Eye damage, Foot damage, 
Skin and mouth infections, Pregnancy complications, 
Depression (Spyer et al. 2009).

Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus
Type-2 diabetes mellitus results from a defect in insulin 



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secretion and an impairment of  insulin action in 
hepatic and peripheral tissues, especially muscle tissue 
and adipocytes. A post receptor defect is also present 
causing resistance to the stimulatory effect of  insulin 
deficiency develops, unlike the absolute deficiency founds 
in patients with type-1 diabetes mellitus (Stride et al. 
2002). The specific etiologic factors are not known but 
genetic input is much stronger in type-2 diabetes mellitus 
than in the type-1 form. In a state of  health, normal 
glycaemia is maintained by fine hormonal regulation 
of  peripheral glucose uptake and hepatic production. 
Impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) is a transitional state 
from normal glycaemia to frank diabetes but patient with 
Impaired Glucose Tolerance (IGT) exhibit considerable 
heterogeneity. Type- 2 diabetes or glucose intolerance 
is part of  a dysmetabolic syndrome (Syndrome X) that 
includes insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, obesity, 
hypertension and dyslipidemia (Davies et al. 2018). 
Current knowledge suggests that the development 
of  glucose intolerance or diabetes is initiated by 
insulin resistance and worsened by the compensatory 
hyperinsulinemia. Insulin resistance is not only predictive 
for type-2 diabetes and associated with myriad metabolic 
derangements in fasting conditions but also non-
diabetic insulin resistant individuals are subjected to a 
similar adverse postprandial metabolic setting are cardio 
metabolic risk as those with type-2 diabetes mellitus 
(Mitrofanova et al. 2019). In addition, the prevalence 
of  hypertension rises with exacerbation of  stages of  
impaired glucose metabolism. However, only in the early 
stages of  impaired insulin metabolism do hyperglycemia 
and hyperinsulinemia appear to be significant contributors 
to the presence of  hypertension (Welsh et al. 2010) Signs 
and symptoms of  type-2 diabetes often develop slowly. 
In fact, anyone can be living with type-2 diabetes for 
years and not knowing it.  It includes- Increased Thirst, 
Frequent Urination, Increased Hunger, Fatigue, Blurred 
Vision, Slow Healing Sores, Frequent Infections (Gums/ 
Skin/ Vaginal), Numbers or Tingling in the Hands or 
Feet, Areas of  darkened skin, usually in the armpits and 
neck, Presence of  Ketones in Urine. And complications 
such as Cardiovascular disease (Heart and Blood vessel 
disease), Nerve Damage (Neuropathy) in limbs, Kidney 
disease (Neuropathy), Eye damage, Skin infection, Foot 
damage, Hearing impairment, Slow healing, Sleep apnea, 
Dementia (Alzheimer’s Disease) (Mitrofanova et al. 2019).

METHODOLOGY
It was a cross-sectional study. It was a descriptive research 
that was mainly based on observation and data collection. 
The study conducted in Bangladesh Institute of  Health 
Science (BIHS) and Bangladesh University of  Health 
Sciences (BUHS). 100 Patients between the ages of  20 to 
85 were approached to participate in the research. Sampling 
technique was purposive sampling. All data were collected 
in 26th December, 2020 to 4th March, 2021.

Laboratory Tests
In this study, some hematological and biochemical 

tests results were done to determine if  there are any 
differences in the results between type-1 and type-2 
diabetic patients. Normal values vary depending on age 
and type of  diabetes. Different parameters measure the 
update health condition of  a patient. In the laboratory, 
different amount of  blood is needed for different kind 
of  tests. The test was evaluated using a centrifuge which 
caused the contents of  blood to separate anticoagulant 
was added to keep blood from clotting. Urine samples 
were also collected for tests. All tests were analyzed by 
an automated biochemistry analyzer machine for analysis

Sample Collection 
A lab technologist had drawn blood from a vein, typically 
from the onside of  patients elbow or from the back of  
hand. The technician cleaned the surface of  the skin with 
an antiseptic and place an elastic or tourniquet around 
upper arm to help the vein swell with blood. Then inserted 
a needle in the vein and collect blood sample in one or 
more vials. The technologist removed the elastic band 
and cover the area with a bandage to stop the bleeding. 
Urine sample were collected in a vial. A container amount 
of  urine was collected. 

Statistical Analysis
Statistical analysis was done on an MS windows-based 
PC computer. The data were first keyed into a MS Excel 
spreadsheet and then analyzed by statistical package for 
the social sciences (SPSS). 

Inclusion Criteria
Both men and women between 20 to 85 of  age who 
are affected with type-1 and type-2 diabetes mellitus 
and are willing to participate voluntary and comply with 
the instruction of  the study e.g. overnight fasting was 
considered eligible for the study. 

Exclusion Criteria
People who are not qualified by inclusion criteria were 
excluded from study. Hey are given below-

• Pregnant women.
• Mentally disabled people.
• Physically disabled people

Figure 1: Distribution of  Type-1 DM and Type-2 DM 
study subjects



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RESULTS
Among 100 patients 20% patient was type-1 Diabetic 
patient and 80% patient was type-2 Diabetic patient. 
According to total sample pie chart are given below-
In This study sample was taken among 20-85 years old 
patient. This graphical presentation represents that, Type-
1 diabetes mellitus is higher in younger peoples and Type-
2 diabetes mellitus is higher in older peoples.
Among 100 patients 20% patient was type-1 Diabetic 

patient and 80% patient was type-2 Diabetic patient. 
Among those, Male patient is 62% and Female patient is 
38%. This figure shows that male is more affected than 
female. In this study, Males are affected 62% and females 
are 38%. So, the ratio between male and female is 3:2.
Figure shows that age group distribution of  type-1 and type-
2 diabetes mellitus. Among 20-30 age group type-1 was 8 
subjects and type-2 was 0 subjects. Accordingly, 30-40 age 
group type-1 was 10 subjects and type-2 was 7 subjects; 

Figure 2: Percentage of  type-1 and type-2 DM Male and Female subjects

Figure 3: Age group distribution chart of  Type 1 and Type 2 DM study subjects

Table 1: Mean value of  different parameters among Type-1 and Type-2 diabetic subjects
Variable Type-1 DM (n=20) Type-2 DM (n=80)
Fasting Plasma Glucose 9.8 mmol/L 8.8 mmol/L
2 Hour ABF Plasma Glucose 11.2 mmol/L 10.2 mmol/L
Creatinine 1.7 mg/dL 2.3 mg/dL
HbA1c 6.7% 9.8%
TSH 2.75 mIU/L 5.28 mIU/L
Total Cholesterol (TC) 210 mg/dL 240 mg/dL
Triglycerides (TG) 132 mg/dL 169 mg/dL
HDL 42 mg/dL 65 mg/dL
LDL 155 mg/dL 190 mg/dL



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Figure 4: Comparison of  different glucose parameters between type-1 and type-2 diabetic subjects

Figure 5: Comparison of  creatinine & TSH parameters between type-1 and type-2 diabetic subjects

Figure 6: Comparison of  lipid profile between type-1 and type-2 diabetic subjects

40-50 age group type-1 was 2 subjects and type-2 was 18 
subjects; 50-60 age group type-2 was 30 subjects; 60-70 age 
group type-2 was 13 subjects; 70-80 age group type-2 was 7 
subjects and 80-90 age group type-2 was 5 subjects.

Among 100 patients, 20% patients were Type-1 and 80% 
patients were Type-2 diabetic patients. In comparison 
between Type-1 and Type-2 diabetic patient showing 
that, Fasting plasma glucose is little bit higher in type-1 



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diabetic patient than type-2 diabetic patient. Creatinine 
range is lower in type-1 diabetic patient than in type-2 
diabetic patient. HbA1c level is un type-2 diabetic patient 
than in type-1 diabetic patient.  TSH level is significantly 
high in type-2 diabetic patient than in type-1 diabetic 
patient. Lipid profile is (TC, TG, HDL and LDL) high 
in type-2 diabetic patient than in type-1 diabetic patients.

DISCUSSION
Type-1 diabetes was previously called insulin dependent 
diabetes or juvenile onset diabetes. This is immune 
mediated diabetes. Type-1 diabetes mellitus results from 
an absolute deficiency of  insulin due to autoimmune 
destruction of  the insulin producing pancreatic beta cell 
(Khowaja et al. 2007). This type of  diabetes can affect 
generally in early stage of  life and insulin is required for 
survival. It has multiple genetic predispositions and has 
also been said to be related to environmental factors, 
though still poorly defined. This type of  diabetes accounts 
for 5-10% of  those with diabetes (Wang et al 2009). Type-
2 diabetes mellitus is the commonest form of  diabetes. It 
is also called non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus or 
adult-onset diabetes. This type of  diabetes is characterized 
by insulin resistance or abnormal insulin secretion (Krop 
et al. 1998). Type-2 diabetes mellitus is a disorder entirely 
separate from type-1 diabetes mellitus. Relative beta cell 
insufficiency is by definition, present in all individuals 
with type-2 diabetes mellitus (Chaikledkaew et al. 2008). 
In most cases, this disorder is also characterized by insulin 
resistance detected at the level of  skeletal muscle, adipose 
tissue and the liver. Insulin resistance at the former site 
results in decreased peripheral glucose disposal, while 
the latter in increased hepatic glucose production. In 
many individuals, the natural history of  type-2 diabetes 
mellitus begins with a period of  insulin resistance with 
preserved, indeed augmented pancreatic insulin secretion 
as the insensitivity to insulin action in peripheral tissues 
is overcome by hyper-insulinemia (Vanderlee et al. 2016). 
As a result, plasma glucose level remains relatively 
normal. As the disease progress, however pancreatic islet 
cell function falters and it is no longer able to meet the 
peripheral demand. As a result, insulin levels fail to keep 
up with requirement and hyperglycemia ensues. Type-2 
diabetes mellitus accounts for approximately 90-95% of  
those with diabetes (Welsh et al. 2010).
One study suggests that HbA1c has a relations with 
serum lipid profile, blood glucose level, serum creatinine 
and SGPT in diabetic patients (Roy et al. 2016). A 
significant correlation among HbA1c, FBG and PPG 
is in agreement with earlier reports. We also observed 
significant correlations between HbA1c and cholesterol, 
triglycerides, HDL and LDL in type 2 diabetic (Rosediani 
et al. 2006). Several investigators have reported significant 
correlations between HbA1c and lipid profiles and 
suggested the importance of  glycemic control. It has 
also been reported that clinical significance of  various 
lipid parameters including total cholesterol, triglycerides 
HDL and LDL in predisposing diabetic patients leads to 

cardiovascular complications (Islam et al. 2022).
The study was done to estimate the different clinical 
parameter states in 100 Diabetes Mellitus (DM) patients 
in which 20 patients were Type-1 and 80 patients were 
Type-2 DM affected. Among them were 62% male 
and 38% female patients. Observation made in several 
categories. According to age distribution chart, it was 
found that younger people are more affected by type-1 
DM and on the other side, older people are more affected 
by type-2 DM. Fasting plasma Glucose (FPG) and 2 
Hour ABF Plasma Glucose level are higher in type-1 
DM subjects than type-2 DM subjects. Creatinine range 
is lower in type-1 DM than type-2 DM patient. Similarly, 
HbA1C, TSH level and lipid profile is increased in type-2 
DM patient than type-1 DM subjects.

CONCLUSION
In recent years, Diabetes Mellitus (DM) has appeared to be 
a global health problem. It is one of  the leading causes of  
death, disability, and economic loss. Diabetes affects persons 
of  all ages and races. This disease reduces both a person’s 
quality of  life and life expectancy and imposes a large 
economic burden on the healthcare system and on families. 

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