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Am. J. Life Sci. Innov. 1(1), 2022

The American Journal of  Life Science and Innovation (AJLSI) is an international, open access, and blind peer-reviewed 
Journal that publishes research articles emphasizing life sciences and innovations. The Journal comprises techniques 
suitable for promoting the dissemination of  research findings that are expected to benefit the basic needs of  health, 
agriculture, biotechnology, pharmaceutical, and food industries. AJLSI also publishes life science articles on evidence-
based practices, thus improving the quality of  life. AJLSI accepts manuscripts throughout the year; all submitted 
manuscripts are rigorously reviewed, and publish articles online first.
Frequency: 3 issues per year 
Area of  publication: Life science and technologies, innovations in life sciences and development of  living orgasms, 
and related fields.

Editorial Team

Professor Dr. Nirmal Chandra Roy
Sylhet Agricultural University, Bangladesh
Dr. Sejuti Mondal
Texas State University, USA
Dr. Sandra Milena Camargo Silva
Materials Engineering, Pedagogical and Technological University of  Colombia,
Colombia
Dr. Myint Thuzar
Professor, Yezin Agricultural University (YAU)
Myanmar
Dr. Md. Morshedur Rahman
Professor, Department of  Dairy and Poultry Science
Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Bangladesh
Dr. Omar Faruk Miazi
Professor, Department of  Genetics and Animal Breeding
Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (CVASU)
Chattogram, Bangladesh
Dr. Yulianna Puspitasari
Faculty of  Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga
Surabaya, Indonesia
Dr. Md Robiul Karim
Associate professor, Department of  Medicine
Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University
Gazipur, Bangladesh
Dr. Mst. Rubia Banu
Assistant Professor, Department of  Fisheries Management
Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University
Gazipur, Bangladesh
Dr. Tilak Chandra Nath
Associate professor, Department of  Parasitology
Sylhet Agricultural University, Bangladesh
Professor Dr. Mrityunjoy Kunda
Dean, Faculty of  Fisheries
Sylhet Agricultural University, Bangladesh

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American Journal of  Life Science and 
Innovation (AJLSI)

Performance of  Wheat Genotypes Under Different Dates of  
Sowing in Southern Part of  Kailali District, Nepal 

J. R. Joshi1*, S. Dhakal1, S. Kafle2

Volume 1 Issue 1, Year 2022
ISSN: 2833-1397 (Online)

DOI: https://doi.org/10.54536/ajlsi.v1i1.212
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Article Information ABSTRACT

Received: March 22, 2022

Accepted: March 13, 2022

Published: April 18, 2022

An experiment was conducted at Kailali district to study the performance of  wheat geno-
types under different sowing from December, 2017 to April, 2018. The field experiment was 
conducted in Randomized Complete Block Design with a total of  18 treatments consisting 
of  2 dates of  sowing (November 4 and November 20 ) and 9 wheat genotypes(WH1105, 
HD2733, HD2824, HD2967, Borlaug100, HD3086, PBW550, NL971 and PBW373). Grain 
yield  (5.802 ton/ha),spike length(17.94 cm) and biomass yield(13.16 ton/ha) of  NL 971 
was highest. HD 2733 had highest number of  effective tillers (519.1/ m2) while number 
of  grains per spike(59.80) was highest in HD 2967. PBW 373 had lowest grain yield (4.551 
ton/ha), Borlaug 100 was the variety with minimum number of  tillers per m2 area (401.3), 
minimum spike length(15.14 cm)  was observed in HD 2733 ,HD 3086 had lowest no. of  
grains per spike(42.12). Grain yield(5.328 ton/ha) , effective tillers per m2(475.5) , spike 
length(16.95 cm), number of  grains per spike (53.12), biomass yield(11.45 ton/ha)    was 
recorded maximum in wheat sown on 20th Nov. Grain yield (4.893 ton/ha),effective til-
lers(435.1), spike length(15.66 cm), grains per spike(49.59) and biomass yield(10.49 ton/
ha) was recorded minimum in wheat  sown on 4th Nov. Maximum test wt. (50.83 g ) was 
found in HD 2733  of  20th Nov. and the lowest test wt. (40.47 g) was found in PBW 550 
of  20th Nov. 

Keywords
Biomass, Spike, Tiller, Yield

1 Agriculture and Forestry University,Rampur,Chitwan,Nepal
2 Cimmyt, Braced/Anukulan Project, Nepal
* Corresponding author’s e-mail: jayrajjoshi20728@gmail.com 

INTRODUCTION 
Background
Nepal is an agro based country. It is geographically 
distinguished into three major regions, Terai region, hilly 
region and himalayan region out of  which only terai and 
small portion of  hilly and himalayan region is suitable 
for cultivation. Agriculture is a important sector in the 
Nepalese economy contributing about third of  its GDP 
and engaging about two thirds of  its population(MOAD, 
2016a).Wheat (Triticum aestivum) or gahun belonging 
to the family poaceae is the world most widely cultivated 
cereal crop. As a winter season crop wheat is still playing 
vital role in establishing the food grain production in the 
country. Wheat contains more protein [8-15% (grain) 
and 8-13% (flour) than other cereals(Mathur, Suman, 
Meena, & Anuradha, 2017). Wheat proteins are of  special 
significance. Besides their significance in nutrition, these 
are mainly concerned with providing the characteristic 
substance ‘gluten’, which is very essential for bakers 
(Macritchie, 1984) 
There are many factors which are responsible for low 
average yield of  wheat. Therefore some efforts have 
been made to increase the yield by introduction of  high 
yielding varieties, balanced fertilizer application and 
efficient use of  irrigation facilities. But still there are 
some factors upon which attention have not been made 
to increase the overall yield. One of  the limiting factors 
is date of  sowing. Sowing time significantly influence the 
yield and other yield attributing characteristics. There are 
still many factors which are responsible for low average 
yield. One of  such environmental factors is untimely 
planting and it affects yield of  wheat crop considerably 

(Saini, Dhadwal, & Nanda, 1988; Ikeh & Ndaeyo, 2021). 
For supplying food to the increasing population timely 
sowing of  seed along with timely application of  fertilizers 
are crucial. The problem of  post anthesis heat stress is 
highly responsible for low wheat yield. Therefore efforts 
should be made to minimize the effect of  temperature 
variation caused due to changed sowing date by choosing 
appropriate sowing date.
The ongoing scenario of  the country shows that because 
of  the increasing rate of  population growth, 1.35% in 
country and 1.86% in Kailali district (Statistics, 2017), 
the area occupied by (MOAD, 2016b)(MOAD, 2016b) 
overall agricultural commodity goes on rapid way of  
decreasing because of  increased use of  land for human 
settlement. Area under the wheat cultivation in Nepal 
is 762373 ha(2071/72) and this area under the wheat 
cultivation decreased by 1.2% and falls to 753470 ha in 
2072/73(AICC, 2074).
Hypothesis
H1: wheat varieties sown at different dates have variation 
in their performances.
Objectives
General objective
To assess production performance of  different wheat 
genotypes sown at different dates
Specific objectives

• To find out performance of  each wheat genotype at 
each sowing date in terms of  yield and yield attributes.

• To compare the performance of  each wheat genotype 
at both sowing date.

• To find out best genotype at each sowing date

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Am. J. Life Sci. Innov. 1(1) 1-5, 2022

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Location:
This research is carried out at Kailari rural municipality 
and Dhangadhi submetropolitan
Physic-chemical properties of  the soil at the 
experimentation site
The soil sample from the research plot was taken and the 
pH content of  the soil was found to be and it is suitable 
for wheat .The nitrogen, phosphorus and potash content 
of  the research field was found to be high as per the soil 
report.The land was ploughed and leveled once at 30th 
Oct. for 4th Nov. sowing and again at 15th Nov. for 20th 
Nov. sowing. 300 kg FYM was applied in the research 
plot on 4th Nov. and 20th Nov. for the two sowing dates 
and the field was ploughed, made fine and pulverized. 
The whole field was divided into 36 small plots each 
with 16 m2 at each sowing dates 4th Nov. and 20th Nov. 
respectively. Each small plot was separated with rope in 
each side. Treated seed was sown at each sowing dates 
with the seed rate of  120 kg/ha.The seeds were sown 
continuously in the rows spaced at 20 cm. The sowing 
was done manually on 4th Nov. for early sowing and 20th 
Nov. for normal sowing with the seed rate of  120kg/
ha.1st irrigation was done at 17 days of  seeding date and 
2nd irrigation at 66 days of  seeding date in case of  both 
seeding date. The crop was fertilized with 100:50:50 kg 
NPK/ha,.through urea, diammonium phosphate and 
muriate of  potash respectively. 1/3rd N and full dose 
of  phosphorous and potash was given at the time of  at 
sowing and remaining  2/3rd  nitrogen was top dressed at 
40 and 75 days after sowing respectively. 
Yield and yield attributing characters
No. of  Effective tillers, Average of  spike length, No. of  
total grains in 5 spikes, TAGB in NHA, Grain yield in 
NHA, Thousand grain wt.and Grain moisture.
The obtained data was systematically arranged, tabulated 
in Microsoft excel program and graph and figure was 
drawn. Various analytical software such as Genstat and 
M-stat was utilized for the analysis of  the data obtained. 
Duncan test was carried out at 5% level of  significance.
 
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 
Highest value of  number of  effective tillers was seen in 
HD 2733 (519.1) which were at par with HD 3086 (518.8) 
while lowest number of  tillers was seen in Borlaug 100 
(401.3). Highest value of  effective tillers was seen in 
wheat sown in 20th November (475.5) and lowest value 
in case of  wheat sown in 4th Nov. (435.1)
Effect of  varieties on biomass yield was seen highly 
significant .Highest value for biomass yield was seen 
in NL 971 (13.16) and lowest was seen in HD 2824 
(10.12) which was at par with WH 1105 (10.47),HD 2967 
(10.19),Borlaug 100 (10.18),PBW 550 (10.30) and PBW 
373 (11.22).Similarly effect of  date of  sowing on biomass 
yield was also seen significant. More biomass yield was 
seen in wheat sown in 20th Nov. (11.45) and less in case 
of  wheat sown in 4th Nov.(10.49).
 Effect of  varieties on grain yield was seen significant. 

Highest value for grain yield was seen in NL 971 (5.802) 
which was at par with WH 1105 (5.684) and lowest value 
for grain yield was seen in PBW 373 (4.551) which was 
at par with HD 2824 (4.752) and HD 2733 (4.814).More 
grain yield was seen in wheat sown in 20th Nov. (5.328) 
and less grain yield in case of  wheat sown in 4th Nov.  
(4.893). Effect of  varieties on test weight was seen highly 
significant. Highest value for test wt. was seen in HD 2733 
(48.73) and lowest in PBW 550 (43.14). Highest value for 
test wt. was seen in 20th Nov. sowing (59.9) and lowest 
test wt. was seen in 4th Nov. sowing (44.6). . Highest value 
for spike length was seen in NL 971 (17.94) and lowest 
value in HD 2733 (15.14). More spike length was seen in 
wheat sown in 20th  Nov. (16.95) and less spike length in 
case of  wheat sown in 4th Nov.(15.66). PBW 550 (10.4, 
10.5 cm) produced the highest spike length which was 
significantly higher than PBW 621 (9.9, 9.3 cm) and HD 
2967 (9.1, 8.8 cm) Highest value for no. of  grains per 
spike was seen in HD 2967 (59.80) and lowest value in 
HD 3086 (42.12) which was at par with HD 2733 (43.23). 
Highest value for no. of  grains per spike was seen in HD 
2967 (59.80) and lowest value in HD 3086 (42.12) which 
was at par with HD 2733 (43.23).

Table 1: Effects of  Varieties and Date of  sowing on No. 
of  effective tillers, Spike length and No. of  grains per 
spike at Kailali district in 2017/18.
Treatment No. of  

effective 
tillers

Spike length No. of  
grains per 
spike

Variety
WH 1105 407.9bc 15.66cd 56.53ab

HD 2733 519.1a 15.14d 43.23e

HD 2824 429.6bc 17.38ab 50.23d

HD 2967 408.3bc 16.30bcd 59.80a

Borlaug 100 401.3c 16.21bcd 54.95bc

HD 3086 518.8a 15.36cd 42.12e

PBW 550 492.5ab 16.26bcd 51.70cd

NL 971 464.4abc 17.94a 48.58d

PBW 373 455.9abc 16.52bc 55.10bc

SEm(±) 26.77 0.422 1.543
LSD(0.05) 75.99** 1.199*** 4.379***

Date of  Sowing
4 November 435.1b 15.66b 49.59b

20 November 475.5a 16.95a 53.12a

SEm(±) 12.62 0.199 0.727
LSD(0.05) 35.82** 1.696*** 2.064***

CV(%) 16.6 7.3 8.5
Grand Mean 455.3 16.31 51.36

Means in the column followed by same letter(s) in 
each treatment do not differ significantly at(p=0.05) by 
DMRT. DAS=Days After Sowing, SEm= Standard Error 
of  Mean,- LSD=Least Significant Difference and CV= 
Coefficient of  Variance.

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Table 2: Effects of  Varieties and Date of  sowing on Biomass yield, grain yield and thousand grain wt. at Kailali 
district in 2017/18. 
Treatment Biomass yield Grain yield Test wt.
Variety
WH 1105 10.47b 5.684a 44.73cd

HD 2733 11.48ab 4.814b 48.73a

HD 2824 10.12b 4.752b 46.67abc

HD 2967 10.19b 5.164ab 45.94bc

Borlaug 100 10.18b 5.031ab 46.76abc

HD 3086 11.65ab 5.171ab 47.83ab

PBW 550 10.30b 5.025ab 43.14d

NL 971 13.16a 5.802a 45.56bcd

PBW 373 11.22b 4.551b 45.57bcd

SEm(±) 0.579 0.2475 0.814
LSD(0.05) 1.644** 0.7027* 2.312***

Date of  Sowing
4 November 10.49b 4.893b 44.6b

20 November 11.45a 5.328a 59.9a

SEm(±) 0.273 0.1167 0.384
LSD(0.05) 0.775* 0.3313* 1.090***

CV(%) 14.9 13.7 5
 Grand Mean 10.97 5.111 46.10

Means in the column followed by same letter(s) in each treatment do not differ significantly at (p=0.05) by DMRT. 
DAS=Days After Sowing, SEm= Standard Error of  Mean, LSD=Least Significant Difference and CV= Coefficient 
of  Variance.

Means in the column followed by same letter(s) in each treatment do not differ significantly at (p=0.05) by DMRT. 
DAS=Days After Sowing, SEm= Standard Error of  Mean, LSD=Least Significant Difference and CV= Coefficient 
of  Variance.

Means in the column followed by same letter(s) in each treatment do not differ significantly at (p=0.05) by DMRT. 
DAS=Days After Sowing, SEm= Standard Error of  Mean, LSD=Least Significant Difference and CV= Coefficient 
of  Variance.

Table 3: Interaction effect of  Date of  sowing and Varieties on heading DAS at Kailali district in 2017/18
Heading DAS

Treatments                                 Varieties
DOS WH 

1105
HD 
2733

HD 
2824

HD 
2967

Borlaug
 100

HD 
3086

PBW 
550

NL 
971

PBW 
373

4 Nov. 75.25f 92a 92.25a 92a 76.75f 69g 65.50g 82cde 82cde

20 Nov. 79def 89.25ab 92a 94a 78.75def 77ef 74.75f 85.25bc 83.75cd

SEm(±)                                                            1.594
LSD    4.524*

Table 4: Interaction effect of  Date of  sowing and Varieties on Test wt. at Kailali district in 2017/18.
Test Weight

Treatments Varieties
DOS WH 

1105
HD 
2733

HD 
2824

HD
2967

Borlaug
100

HD 
3086

PBW 
550

NL 
971

PBW 
373

4 Nov. 41.22hi 46.64bc

def
45.97cde

fg
42.39g

hi
44.70ef

gh
45.61d

efg
45.81cd

efg
45.12d

efg
43.75fghi

20 Nov. 48.23ab

cde
50.83a 47.38abc

def
49.49a

bc
48.82ab

cd
50.04a

b
40.47i 46cdefg 47.40abc

def

SEm(±)                                                            1.152
LSD    3.269***

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Am. J. Life Sci. Innov. 1(1) 1-5, 2022

Table 5: Interaction effect of  Date of  sowing and Varieties on Maturity DAS at Kailali district in 2017/18.
Maturity DAS

Treatments Varieties
DOS WH 

1105
HD 
2733

HD 
2824

HD 
2967

Borlaug 
100

HD
3086

PBW 
550

NL 
971

PBW 
373

4 Nov. 139.3cd 141ab 139.5cd 142.3a 142a 139cd 140bc 139.3cd 141ab

20 Nov. 127g 129f 131.5e 138.3d 127.3g 129f 129.3f 129.5f 130.3ef

SEm(±)                                                            0.468
LSD    1.328***  
Means in the column followed by same letter(s) in each 
treatment do not differ significantly at (p=0.05) by 
DMRT. DAS=Days After Sowing, SEm= Standard Error 
of  Mean, LSD=Least Significant Difference and CV= 
Coefficient of  Variance.
Interaction effect of  date of  sowing and varieties on 
days to heading was found significant. Early heading was 
found in PBW 550 of  4th Nov. sowing.(65.50),which was 
at par with HD 3086 of  4th Nov. sowing.(69) and delay 
heading  was found in HD 2967 variety  of  20th Nov. 
sowing (94),which was at par with HtD 2733 sowing of  
4th Nov. (92).,HD 2824 sowing at 4th Nov (92.25).,HD 
2967 sowing at 4th Nov (92) and HD 2824 sowing at 20th 
Nov.(92)
Interaction effect of  Date of  sowing and Varieties on 
days to maturity was found highly significant. Early 
maturity was found in WH 1105 at 20th Nov. sowing 
(127) whereas HD 2967 in 4th Nov. matured later. (142.3) 
which was at par with Borlaug 100 at 4th Nov. sowing 
(142).
Interaction effect of  Date of  sowing and Varieties on 
Test wt was found highly significant. Highest test wt. was 
found in HD 2733 sowing of  20th Nov. sowing.(50.83) 
and lowest test wt. was found in PBW 550 sowing of  20th 
Nov. sowing (40.47).

CONCLUSIONS
The effect of  sowing dates and varieties on yield and 
concerned yield attributes of  wheat was successfully 
conducted in the farmer’s field. There was no significant 
effect of  sowing date on greenness value of  the different 
wheat varieties. Significant variations were observed 
in the different parameters in response to the different 
varieties and sowing dates. Highest grain yield was found 
in the wheat variety NL 971followed by WH 1105 and 
lowest in PBW 373.Simillarly 20th Nov. sowing had more 
grain yield than 4th Nov. sowing.

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