Pa ge 1 Am. J. Life Sci. Innov. 1(1), 2022 The American Journal of Life Science and Innovation (AJLSI) is an international, open access, and blind peer-reviewed Journal that publishes research articles emphasizing life sciences and innovations. The Journal comprises techniques suitable for promoting the dissemination of research findings that are expected to benefit the basic needs of health, agriculture, biotechnology, pharmaceutical, and food industries. AJLSI also publishes life science articles on evidence- based practices, thus improving the quality of life. AJLSI accepts manuscripts throughout the year; all submitted manuscripts are rigorously reviewed, and publish articles online first. Frequency: 3 issues per year Area of publication: Life science and technologies, innovations in life sciences and development of living orgasms, and related fields. Editorial Team Professor Dr. Nirmal Chandra Roy Sylhet Agricultural University, Bangladesh Dr. Sejuti Mondal Texas State University, USA Dr. Sandra Milena Camargo Silva Materials Engineering, Pedagogical and Technological University of Colombia, Colombia Dr. Myint Thuzar Professor, Yezin Agricultural University (YAU) Myanmar Dr. Md. Morshedur Rahman Professor, Department of Dairy and Poultry Science Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Bangladesh Dr. Omar Faruk Miazi Professor, Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (CVASU) Chattogram, Bangladesh Dr. Yulianna Puspitasari Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga Surabaya, Indonesia Dr. Md Robiul Karim Associate professor, Department of Medicine Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University Gazipur, Bangladesh Dr. Mst. Rubia Banu Assistant Professor, Department of Fisheries Management Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University Gazipur, Bangladesh Dr. Tilak Chandra Nath Associate professor, Department of Parasitology Sylhet Agricultural University, Bangladesh Professor Dr. Mrityunjoy Kunda Dean, Faculty of Fisheries Sylhet Agricultural University, Bangladesh Contact: American Journal of Life Science and Innovation (AJLSI) E-Palli LLC Address: 2055 Limestone Rd Ste 200C, Zip Code: 19808, Wilmington, Delaware, USA Email: ajlsi@e-palli.com Phone: +1 3024070506 URL: https://journals.e-palli.com/home/index.php/ajlsi http://mailtoajmri@e-palli.com Pa ge 1 American Journal of Life Science and Innovation (AJLSI) Performance of Wheat Genotypes Under Different Dates of Sowing in Southern Part of Kailali District, Nepal J. R. Joshi1*, S. Dhakal1, S. Kafle2 Volume 1 Issue 1, Year 2022 ISSN: 2833-1397 (Online) DOI: https://doi.org/10.54536/ajlsi.v1i1.212 https://journals.e-palli.com/home/index.php/ajlsi Article Information ABSTRACT Received: March 22, 2022 Accepted: March 13, 2022 Published: April 18, 2022 An experiment was conducted at Kailali district to study the performance of wheat geno- types under different sowing from December, 2017 to April, 2018. The field experiment was conducted in Randomized Complete Block Design with a total of 18 treatments consisting of 2 dates of sowing (November 4 and November 20 ) and 9 wheat genotypes(WH1105, HD2733, HD2824, HD2967, Borlaug100, HD3086, PBW550, NL971 and PBW373). Grain yield (5.802 ton/ha),spike length(17.94 cm) and biomass yield(13.16 ton/ha) of NL 971 was highest. HD 2733 had highest number of effective tillers (519.1/ m2) while number of grains per spike(59.80) was highest in HD 2967. PBW 373 had lowest grain yield (4.551 ton/ha), Borlaug 100 was the variety with minimum number of tillers per m2 area (401.3), minimum spike length(15.14 cm) was observed in HD 2733 ,HD 3086 had lowest no. of grains per spike(42.12). Grain yield(5.328 ton/ha) , effective tillers per m2(475.5) , spike length(16.95 cm), number of grains per spike (53.12), biomass yield(11.45 ton/ha) was recorded maximum in wheat sown on 20th Nov. Grain yield (4.893 ton/ha),effective til- lers(435.1), spike length(15.66 cm), grains per spike(49.59) and biomass yield(10.49 ton/ ha) was recorded minimum in wheat sown on 4th Nov. Maximum test wt. (50.83 g ) was found in HD 2733 of 20th Nov. and the lowest test wt. (40.47 g) was found in PBW 550 of 20th Nov. Keywords Biomass, Spike, Tiller, Yield 1 Agriculture and Forestry University,Rampur,Chitwan,Nepal 2 Cimmyt, Braced/Anukulan Project, Nepal * Corresponding author’s e-mail: jayrajjoshi20728@gmail.com INTRODUCTION Background Nepal is an agro based country. It is geographically distinguished into three major regions, Terai region, hilly region and himalayan region out of which only terai and small portion of hilly and himalayan region is suitable for cultivation. Agriculture is a important sector in the Nepalese economy contributing about third of its GDP and engaging about two thirds of its population(MOAD, 2016a).Wheat (Triticum aestivum) or gahun belonging to the family poaceae is the world most widely cultivated cereal crop. As a winter season crop wheat is still playing vital role in establishing the food grain production in the country. Wheat contains more protein [8-15% (grain) and 8-13% (flour) than other cereals(Mathur, Suman, Meena, & Anuradha, 2017). Wheat proteins are of special significance. Besides their significance in nutrition, these are mainly concerned with providing the characteristic substance ‘gluten’, which is very essential for bakers (Macritchie, 1984) There are many factors which are responsible for low average yield of wheat. Therefore some efforts have been made to increase the yield by introduction of high yielding varieties, balanced fertilizer application and efficient use of irrigation facilities. But still there are some factors upon which attention have not been made to increase the overall yield. One of the limiting factors is date of sowing. Sowing time significantly influence the yield and other yield attributing characteristics. There are still many factors which are responsible for low average yield. One of such environmental factors is untimely planting and it affects yield of wheat crop considerably (Saini, Dhadwal, & Nanda, 1988; Ikeh & Ndaeyo, 2021). For supplying food to the increasing population timely sowing of seed along with timely application of fertilizers are crucial. The problem of post anthesis heat stress is highly responsible for low wheat yield. Therefore efforts should be made to minimize the effect of temperature variation caused due to changed sowing date by choosing appropriate sowing date. The ongoing scenario of the country shows that because of the increasing rate of population growth, 1.35% in country and 1.86% in Kailali district (Statistics, 2017), the area occupied by (MOAD, 2016b)(MOAD, 2016b) overall agricultural commodity goes on rapid way of decreasing because of increased use of land for human settlement. Area under the wheat cultivation in Nepal is 762373 ha(2071/72) and this area under the wheat cultivation decreased by 1.2% and falls to 753470 ha in 2072/73(AICC, 2074). Hypothesis H1: wheat varieties sown at different dates have variation in their performances. Objectives General objective To assess production performance of different wheat genotypes sown at different dates Specific objectives • To find out performance of each wheat genotype at each sowing date in terms of yield and yield attributes. • To compare the performance of each wheat genotype at both sowing date. • To find out best genotype at each sowing date https://doi.org/10.54536/ajlsi.v1i1.212 https://journals.e-palli.com/home/index.php/ajlsi mailto:jayrajjoshi20728%40gmail.com%20?subject= Pa ge 2 https://journals.e-palli.com/home/index.php/ajlsi Am. J. Life Sci. Innov. 1(1) 1-5, 2022 MATERIALS AND METHODS Location: This research is carried out at Kailari rural municipality and Dhangadhi submetropolitan Physic-chemical properties of the soil at the experimentation site The soil sample from the research plot was taken and the pH content of the soil was found to be and it is suitable for wheat .The nitrogen, phosphorus and potash content of the research field was found to be high as per the soil report.The land was ploughed and leveled once at 30th Oct. for 4th Nov. sowing and again at 15th Nov. for 20th Nov. sowing. 300 kg FYM was applied in the research plot on 4th Nov. and 20th Nov. for the two sowing dates and the field was ploughed, made fine and pulverized. The whole field was divided into 36 small plots each with 16 m2 at each sowing dates 4th Nov. and 20th Nov. respectively. Each small plot was separated with rope in each side. Treated seed was sown at each sowing dates with the seed rate of 120 kg/ha.The seeds were sown continuously in the rows spaced at 20 cm. The sowing was done manually on 4th Nov. for early sowing and 20th Nov. for normal sowing with the seed rate of 120kg/ ha.1st irrigation was done at 17 days of seeding date and 2nd irrigation at 66 days of seeding date in case of both seeding date. The crop was fertilized with 100:50:50 kg NPK/ha,.through urea, diammonium phosphate and muriate of potash respectively. 1/3rd N and full dose of phosphorous and potash was given at the time of at sowing and remaining 2/3rd nitrogen was top dressed at 40 and 75 days after sowing respectively. Yield and yield attributing characters No. of Effective tillers, Average of spike length, No. of total grains in 5 spikes, TAGB in NHA, Grain yield in NHA, Thousand grain wt.and Grain moisture. The obtained data was systematically arranged, tabulated in Microsoft excel program and graph and figure was drawn. Various analytical software such as Genstat and M-stat was utilized for the analysis of the data obtained. Duncan test was carried out at 5% level of significance. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Highest value of number of effective tillers was seen in HD 2733 (519.1) which were at par with HD 3086 (518.8) while lowest number of tillers was seen in Borlaug 100 (401.3). Highest value of effective tillers was seen in wheat sown in 20th November (475.5) and lowest value in case of wheat sown in 4th Nov. (435.1) Effect of varieties on biomass yield was seen highly significant .Highest value for biomass yield was seen in NL 971 (13.16) and lowest was seen in HD 2824 (10.12) which was at par with WH 1105 (10.47),HD 2967 (10.19),Borlaug 100 (10.18),PBW 550 (10.30) and PBW 373 (11.22).Similarly effect of date of sowing on biomass yield was also seen significant. More biomass yield was seen in wheat sown in 20th Nov. (11.45) and less in case of wheat sown in 4th Nov.(10.49). Effect of varieties on grain yield was seen significant. Highest value for grain yield was seen in NL 971 (5.802) which was at par with WH 1105 (5.684) and lowest value for grain yield was seen in PBW 373 (4.551) which was at par with HD 2824 (4.752) and HD 2733 (4.814).More grain yield was seen in wheat sown in 20th Nov. (5.328) and less grain yield in case of wheat sown in 4th Nov. (4.893). Effect of varieties on test weight was seen highly significant. Highest value for test wt. was seen in HD 2733 (48.73) and lowest in PBW 550 (43.14). Highest value for test wt. was seen in 20th Nov. sowing (59.9) and lowest test wt. was seen in 4th Nov. sowing (44.6). . Highest value for spike length was seen in NL 971 (17.94) and lowest value in HD 2733 (15.14). More spike length was seen in wheat sown in 20th Nov. (16.95) and less spike length in case of wheat sown in 4th Nov.(15.66). PBW 550 (10.4, 10.5 cm) produced the highest spike length which was significantly higher than PBW 621 (9.9, 9.3 cm) and HD 2967 (9.1, 8.8 cm) Highest value for no. of grains per spike was seen in HD 2967 (59.80) and lowest value in HD 3086 (42.12) which was at par with HD 2733 (43.23). Highest value for no. of grains per spike was seen in HD 2967 (59.80) and lowest value in HD 3086 (42.12) which was at par with HD 2733 (43.23). Table 1: Effects of Varieties and Date of sowing on No. of effective tillers, Spike length and No. of grains per spike at Kailali district in 2017/18. Treatment No. of effective tillers Spike length No. of grains per spike Variety WH 1105 407.9bc 15.66cd 56.53ab HD 2733 519.1a 15.14d 43.23e HD 2824 429.6bc 17.38ab 50.23d HD 2967 408.3bc 16.30bcd 59.80a Borlaug 100 401.3c 16.21bcd 54.95bc HD 3086 518.8a 15.36cd 42.12e PBW 550 492.5ab 16.26bcd 51.70cd NL 971 464.4abc 17.94a 48.58d PBW 373 455.9abc 16.52bc 55.10bc SEm(±) 26.77 0.422 1.543 LSD(0.05) 75.99** 1.199*** 4.379*** Date of Sowing 4 November 435.1b 15.66b 49.59b 20 November 475.5a 16.95a 53.12a SEm(±) 12.62 0.199 0.727 LSD(0.05) 35.82** 1.696*** 2.064*** CV(%) 16.6 7.3 8.5 Grand Mean 455.3 16.31 51.36 Means in the column followed by same letter(s) in each treatment do not differ significantly at(p=0.05) by DMRT. DAS=Days After Sowing, SEm= Standard Error of Mean,- LSD=Least Significant Difference and CV= Coefficient of Variance. https://journals.e-palli.com/home/index.php/ajlsi Pa ge 3 https://journals.e-palli.com/home/index.php/ajlsi Am. J. Life Sci. Innov. 1(1) 1-5, 2022 Table 2: Effects of Varieties and Date of sowing on Biomass yield, grain yield and thousand grain wt. at Kailali district in 2017/18. Treatment Biomass yield Grain yield Test wt. Variety WH 1105 10.47b 5.684a 44.73cd HD 2733 11.48ab 4.814b 48.73a HD 2824 10.12b 4.752b 46.67abc HD 2967 10.19b 5.164ab 45.94bc Borlaug 100 10.18b 5.031ab 46.76abc HD 3086 11.65ab 5.171ab 47.83ab PBW 550 10.30b 5.025ab 43.14d NL 971 13.16a 5.802a 45.56bcd PBW 373 11.22b 4.551b 45.57bcd SEm(±) 0.579 0.2475 0.814 LSD(0.05) 1.644** 0.7027* 2.312*** Date of Sowing 4 November 10.49b 4.893b 44.6b 20 November 11.45a 5.328a 59.9a SEm(±) 0.273 0.1167 0.384 LSD(0.05) 0.775* 0.3313* 1.090*** CV(%) 14.9 13.7 5 Grand Mean 10.97 5.111 46.10 Means in the column followed by same letter(s) in each treatment do not differ significantly at (p=0.05) by DMRT. DAS=Days After Sowing, SEm= Standard Error of Mean, LSD=Least Significant Difference and CV= Coefficient of Variance. Means in the column followed by same letter(s) in each treatment do not differ significantly at (p=0.05) by DMRT. DAS=Days After Sowing, SEm= Standard Error of Mean, LSD=Least Significant Difference and CV= Coefficient of Variance. Means in the column followed by same letter(s) in each treatment do not differ significantly at (p=0.05) by DMRT. DAS=Days After Sowing, SEm= Standard Error of Mean, LSD=Least Significant Difference and CV= Coefficient of Variance. Table 3: Interaction effect of Date of sowing and Varieties on heading DAS at Kailali district in 2017/18 Heading DAS Treatments Varieties DOS WH 1105 HD 2733 HD 2824 HD 2967 Borlaug 100 HD 3086 PBW 550 NL 971 PBW 373 4 Nov. 75.25f 92a 92.25a 92a 76.75f 69g 65.50g 82cde 82cde 20 Nov. 79def 89.25ab 92a 94a 78.75def 77ef 74.75f 85.25bc 83.75cd SEm(±) 1.594 LSD 4.524* Table 4: Interaction effect of Date of sowing and Varieties on Test wt. at Kailali district in 2017/18. Test Weight Treatments Varieties DOS WH 1105 HD 2733 HD 2824 HD 2967 Borlaug 100 HD 3086 PBW 550 NL 971 PBW 373 4 Nov. 41.22hi 46.64bc def 45.97cde fg 42.39g hi 44.70ef gh 45.61d efg 45.81cd efg 45.12d efg 43.75fghi 20 Nov. 48.23ab cde 50.83a 47.38abc def 49.49a bc 48.82ab cd 50.04a b 40.47i 46cdefg 47.40abc def SEm(±) 1.152 LSD 3.269*** https://journals.e-palli.com/home/index.php/ajlsi Pa ge 4 https://journals.e-palli.com/home/index.php/ajlsi Am. J. Life Sci. Innov. 1(1) 1-5, 2022 Table 5: Interaction effect of Date of sowing and Varieties on Maturity DAS at Kailali district in 2017/18. Maturity DAS Treatments Varieties DOS WH 1105 HD 2733 HD 2824 HD 2967 Borlaug 100 HD 3086 PBW 550 NL 971 PBW 373 4 Nov. 139.3cd 141ab 139.5cd 142.3a 142a 139cd 140bc 139.3cd 141ab 20 Nov. 127g 129f 131.5e 138.3d 127.3g 129f 129.3f 129.5f 130.3ef SEm(±) 0.468 LSD 1.328*** Means in the column followed by same letter(s) in each treatment do not differ significantly at (p=0.05) by DMRT. DAS=Days After Sowing, SEm= Standard Error of Mean, LSD=Least Significant Difference and CV= Coefficient of Variance. Interaction effect of date of sowing and varieties on days to heading was found significant. Early heading was found in PBW 550 of 4th Nov. sowing.(65.50),which was at par with HD 3086 of 4th Nov. sowing.(69) and delay heading was found in HD 2967 variety of 20th Nov. sowing (94),which was at par with HtD 2733 sowing of 4th Nov. (92).,HD 2824 sowing at 4th Nov (92.25).,HD 2967 sowing at 4th Nov (92) and HD 2824 sowing at 20th Nov.(92) Interaction effect of Date of sowing and Varieties on days to maturity was found highly significant. Early maturity was found in WH 1105 at 20th Nov. sowing (127) whereas HD 2967 in 4th Nov. matured later. (142.3) which was at par with Borlaug 100 at 4th Nov. sowing (142). Interaction effect of Date of sowing and Varieties on Test wt was found highly significant. Highest test wt. was found in HD 2733 sowing of 20th Nov. sowing.(50.83) and lowest test wt. was found in PBW 550 sowing of 20th Nov. sowing (40.47). CONCLUSIONS The effect of sowing dates and varieties on yield and concerned yield attributes of wheat was successfully conducted in the farmer’s field. There was no significant effect of sowing date on greenness value of the different wheat varieties. Significant variations were observed in the different parameters in response to the different varieties and sowing dates. Highest grain yield was found in the wheat variety NL 971followed by WH 1105 and lowest in PBW 373.Simillarly 20th Nov. sowing had more grain yield than 4th Nov. sowing. REFERENCES AICC. (2074). Krishi Diary. Retrieved from http://www. aicc.gov.np/files/download/krishi diary_2074.pdf Ali, A., Nadeem, M. A., & Khalid, F. (2009). Effect of different sowing dates on growth and yield of wheat ( Triticum aestivum L .) varieties in district Jhang , Pakistan . 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