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American Journal of  
Life Science and Innovation (AJLSI)

Analysis of  the Temporal Orientation of  the Supervisors of  the Specialization of  Physical 
Education in Baghdad

Mustafa Hameed Hussein1*

Volume 3 Issue 1, Year 2024
ISSN: 2833-1397 (Online)

DOI: https://doi.org/10.54536/ajlsi.v3i1.2508
https://journals.e-palli.com/home/index.php/ajlsi

Article Information ABSTRACT

Received: March 10, 2024

Accepted: April 15, 2024

Published: April 19, 2024

The educational process in any society constitutes an accumulation of  knowledge resulting 
from the succession of  times according to the ideologies of  that society, taking into account 
its cognitive developments and the challenges it faces to defend its values and beliefs, through 
the development of  promising educational programs that keep pace with the development 
of  the present to assume its future status according to its glorious legacy, and to preserve this 
accumulation of  knowledge across generations, the supervision and evaluation apparatus at 
the Iraqi Ministry of  Education constitutes its main task to evaluate the educational process 
and provide appropriate solutions to develop performance in the educational institution and 
for all scientific disciplines, including these specializations (supervisors of  the specialization 
of  Physical Education) who are responsible for The task of  evaluating the sports educational 
process in Iraq at the educational, administrative and technical levels within the educational 
institution. The research problem started from what is the temporal orientation of  the 
supervisors of  the specialization of  physical education in Baghdad so that we can evaluate 
their performance present and future in a way that suits the developments of  society and 
achieve its goals, and the aim of  the current research is to identify the temporal orientation of  
the supervisors of  the specialization of  physical education in Baghdad, so it was necessary to 
build a measure of  temporal orientation in the Iraqi sports education environment first, the 
researcher has tested the significance of  differences between the arithmetic averages of  the 
temporal orientation of  the research sample between (Past, Present and future) and the field 
research data revealed that there are significant differences in favor of  both (past, present 
and Future) Present and future), which indicates the temporal direction of  the examined 
sample towards The researcher recommended that supervisors should be educated on the 
subject of  temporal orientation, and the process of  linking these three eras (past – present – 
future) in constructive interaction with life to develop educational institutions, being directly 
responsible for evaluating the educational process in the field of  sports activities.

Keywords

Analysis, Temporal Orientation, 
Supervisors of  Specialization, 
Physical Education

INTRODUCTION
Philosophers have been interested in time since ancient 
times, and their orbit of  interest revolved around the issue 
of  the existence of  time, whether it is abstract or related 
to human consciousness, there is no concept that casts a 
shadow over all movements and static, as time does in the 
human personality and life in general, and what it does 
have a serious impact, there is an important link between 
the concept of  time and other concepts, including 
movement, place, causality, change and conscious 
action, just as there is a close relationship between the 
psychological, civilized, social and economic features of  
the (Arab) human society, and between the time of  living 
and the type and nature of  its orientation time in general 
represents a new angle of  view that deserves to be viewed 
from the Arab production, it is a new entrance to it, 
characterized by It is known throughout human history 
that any nation, when it overcomes its situation and 
feels the imminent danger to its civilization, yearns for 
its past and heritage, and its originality inspires strength 
and inspires determination in order to awaken souls and 
send strength and solidity in the face of  dangers, it was 
the ambition of  man to determine the relationship of  the 
Arab man with his surroundings and himself  and how he 

deals with the most important composite elements of  his 
existence, namely the Earth, time and movement, and it is 
known throughout human history that any nation always 
owning the corner of  time, despite knowing the danger 
of  this possession, because for a person, every possession 
is an increase in his possessions, except the possession 
of  time.
Each of  us has his own time, which is different from the 
others, it is not subject to measurement, and in order to 
be so, it must flow regularly, and time has different forms, 
first of  all physical or natural time, which is the activity of  
the movement of  the natural or astronomical world, that 
is, the time resulting from the movement of  the planets, 
which is measured by means of  measuring time known as 
hours, months, years, decades and centuries, and this time 
is shared by all people in terms of  their understanding, 
their sense of  it, and their perception of  it, and the 
second is social time, which is the product of  society 
from societies with all its beliefs and political conditions 
intellectual and social, and the third experimental time 
that is subject to human experience in his life, we may see 
it short or long, and we may see Positive and negative, and 
that self-esteem, as we see with insight.                             
Because the educational process in any society is an 

1 Imamaladham University College, Iraq
* Corresponding author’s e-mail: mustafa.hhameed.h@gmail.com 



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accumulation of  knowledge resulting from the succession 
of  times according to the ideologies of  that society, 
taking into account its cognitive developments and the 
challenges it faces to defend its values and beliefs, through 
the development of  promising educational programs that 
keep pace with the development of  the present to assume 
its future status according to its glorious legacy.   
Due to the important role that the supervisors of  the 
sports education specialization play in evaluating the 
sports educational process in Iraq at the educational, 
administrative and technical levels, we found it important 
to build a comprehensive framework about the variables 
of  current research by designing a model that makes 
the educational process cherish its past and correct its 
mistakes at the present time and prepare for a bright 
future that generations can boast of. 
The problem of  the research started from what is the 
chronological orientation of  the supervisors of  the 
specialization of  physical education in Baghdad so that 
we can evaluate their performance present and future in 
a way that suits the developments of  society and achieves 
its goals. 
The current research aimed to identify the temporal 
orientation of  the supervisors of  the specialization of  
physical education in Baghdad, so it was necessary to build 
a measure of  temporal orientation in the environment of  
Iraqi Sports Education First, the researcher identified 
the areas of  his Spatial Research in the directorates 
of  education in Baghdad, and temporal for the period 
from 1/11/2023 to 31/1/2024, as well as the humanity 
represented by some supervisors of  the specialization of  
physical education in Baghdad.

LITERATURE REVIEW
The myth of  Gilgamesh provides a record, one of  the 
oldest creations of  the mind, of  man’s rebellion against 
the power of  time, always victorious, in his painstaking 
search for immortality, and escape from the current of  
time, and there is no doubt that the history of  time – 
in general-is inseparable from the history of  human 
thought, it is the theater of  unlimited progress of  Man, 
and during successive eras man the circumstances and 
events around him, (Walters, 1989). During the thousand 
years, scientists tried to study these periodic phenomena 
and find a relationship between them, because the many 
variables that occur in the manifestations of  things due 
to the movement of  astronomy made man call a universal 
name synonymous with the meaning of  existence, called 
(time), hence many questions arose about the meaning of  
time and its relationship with existence and the creator 
of  the universe, (Dawnd, 2000; Alsomaidaee et al., 2023). 
Perhaps the existence of  man in the world means his 
existence in time. It shows us as a movement emanating 
from the bowels of  the past and passing through the 
present on its way to the future, that our life plans that 
we implement today imply the needs of  tomorrow, as the 
past, present and future as interacting forces with each 
other are imprinted on the existence of  the sense of  

time is not always practiced, of  course, by people, but a 
certain amount of  effort Active activity is necessary for 
the successful integration of  the past, present and future 
(Berkow, 1994).
After the past (the dominance of  the past), events include 
sorrows and delights, because the past is a time that has 
passed away from people’s lives, it does not return on the 
one hand and is prone to forgetting on the other hand, 
the past is associated with goodness, youth and love 
sometimes or vice versa, each present is an extension of  
the past and is a precursor of  the future, and the past 
may dominate the present until it is almost (suffocates), as 
there are people who are subject to the influences of  their 
past and constantly feed their present with memories of  
the past so that it is he who guides them, (Lam, 1976). 
there is no doubt it is through remembering (memory) 
that the individual’s connection with the past remains 
and is not interrupted once it is over, but remains, but 
when it is obvious that the individual cannot face the 
present, he may resort to situations in which he finds the 
fulfillment of  his desires This is precisely a kind of  escape 
towards the past of  the individual, where he can live by 
imagination, in daydreaming as ordinary dreams, that is, 
he gets rid of  the pressure of  the present to satisfy his 
desires through imagination, (Thomas, 1995; Alubadi et 
al., 2020).
As for the dimension of  the present (the dominance of  
the present) means the events that occur in real time and 
the individual lives and interacts with them now, it is the 
bridge of  communication and separation between the 
time dimensions, and the ground of  conflict between 
the constants and variables of  human psychological life, 
and it is the primary material with which we adapt our 
existence, it is people who or the future that threatens his 
safety, (Goldrich, 1967).
Finally, after the future (the dominance of  the future), 
an unknown world and events within the framework of  
the unseen, and therefore many have been motivated to 
speculate about it and access or predict its events and 
results. The awareness of  the future has been accompanied 
by the development of  man, but this development has 
compounded man’s bewilderment and surprise in front 
of  the future, so efforts to see the future began, although 
human ignorance of  it is the most important motivation 
for the continuation of  life (Kasteubam, 1985).
 The outlook on the future is at the core of  the individual’s 
sense of  time, because human nature originally begins to 
look forward to the outskirts of  tomorrow with caution 
and anticipation, foresight and optimism, that is, an 
individual’s life in the present is usually directed towards 
the future, which gives him a goal for his actions, but 
some people who make his orientation mainly towards 
what is to come (the future) may be a desire for change, as 
a result of  dissatisfaction with the present, or as a result of  
feeling that the future carries with it something different 
from the past, and the individual may allow the future to 
control his behavior, exaggerating expectation or failure 
to predict constitute a negative of  adaptation, for their 



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mismatch with reality, which makes some of  these people 
in a constant state of  anxiety And preparing for dangers 
that have not yet arrived, drains from their psychological 
energies a lot, (David, 1996; Alsomaidaee 2020).
From the foregoing, we can say that the temporal 
orientation: (it is a space of  trends and tendencies 
enhanced by the personal experience of  the individual, 
some of  them are occupied by the past and live in it, 
some are occupied by the present and live in it, and some 
are occupied by the future with optimism or pessimism 
for what the following days will be).

MATERIALS AND METHODS
The researcher used the descriptive-analytical method 
to study the significance of  the differences between the 
variables studied by collecting relevant data from the 
individuals of  the research sample and analyzing them.

Sampling and Data Collection
The current research community included the supervisors 
of  the specialization of  physical education in Baghdad, 
and the research sample consisted of  (105) supervisors, 
and Table (1) shows the distribution of  the members of  

Table 1: Shows the distribution of  the sample members covered by the research
S Directorate Survey sample Sample construction Sample application
1 Baghdad/Karkh 2 15 35
2 Baghdad/Rusafa 3 15 35
Total 5 30 70

the sample covered by the research.

Metrics
A research tool is “ the means or method by which a 
researcher can solve a problem, whatever those tools, 
(data or devices),” (Allen, M.J & yen, W.M, 1979). The 
nature of  the current research and its goals require the 
availability of  a tool (scale) for the time orientation of  
the supervisors of  the specialty of  physical education in 
Baghdad, and since the researcher was unable to obtain 
this scale previously prepared by other researchers in the 
field of  sports-as far as he was aware-so the researcher 
built the scale according to the scientific steps:-

First: Defining the Concept of  Time Orientation
Through reviewing some of  the previous literature 
and studies that dealt with this concept, the researcher 
identified the concept, especially in the field of  sports 
education, the temporal orientation is: (it is a space of  
trends and tendencies enhanced by the personal experience 
of  the individual, some of  them are occupied by the past 
and live in it, some are occupied by the present and live in 
it, and some are occupied by the future with optimism or 
pessimism for what the following days will be).

Second: Determining the Dimensions (axes) of  the 
Concept of  Time Orientation
The process of  determining the basic considerations 
of  the questionnaire preparation procedures has a great 
role in contributing to helping the researcher to choose 
the appropriate procedures for preparing the scale, so 
the researcher relied in determining the dimensions 
of  the temporal orientation on studies and literature 
specialized in the temporal orientation about its concept 
and dimensions, and three dimensions of  the temporal 
orientation were chosen that fit the work of  Iraqi 
mathematical education, namely, (Gjesme, 1983):-

Orientation Towards the Past (dominance of  the past)
It is the subordination of  human behavior to the 
experiences of  the past and not leaving them, attachment 
to parents, taking the line of  isolation from society and 
self-closure, leading to the withdrawal of  the individual 
from the present (reality) in favor of  the dominance of  
the past.

Orientation Towards the Present (dominance of  
the present)
Is the subordination of  behavior to the experiences of  
the coming present, manifested through its attachment 
to whims and acting according to its immediate sense, the 
withdrawal of  the individual from the past and the future 
in favor of  the dominance of  the present.

Orientation Towards the Future (dominance of  the 
future)
It is the subordination of  behavior in future prospects, 
determined by his insistence on achieving his ambitions 
and hopes, and the withdrawal of  the individual from the 
past and present in favor of  the dominance of  the future.
To verify the accuracy and correctness of  these axes and 
their representation of  the temporal orientation, the 
researcher presented these axes and the definition of  the 
concept after describing each axis to (5) experts, and the 
researcher asked them to estimate the accuracy of  the 
concept and the accuracy of  its axes and their validity to 
measure the concept, and it was agreed on their validity 
and accuracy by 100% of  the experts.

Third: Preparing the Paragraphs of  the Time 
Orientation Scale
After reviewing some studies and Arabic and foreign 
literature, and in light of  the characterization of  each 
axis, the researcher formulated the paragraphs of  the 
scale between the style of  verbal attitudes and the style 



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of  self-assessment, where the style of  verbal attitudes 
puts the respondent in situations similar to the present 
to real situations, and reduces the likelihood of  random 
testing among the alternatives to the answer, and the 
adoption of  a multiple choice method in the preparation 
of  all paragraphs, as the scale consists of  (21) paragraphs, 
each of  which includes alternatives (A, B, C) so that each 
alternative represents one of  the three time dimensions 
(Past, Present, Future) Respectively, the answer for each 
paragraph is by choosing either (A), (B) or (C), according 
to the application of  the content of  the paragraph 
to the respondent and expresses his answer for his 
time orientation, and with three graded alternatives to 
the answer (large, medium, few) and are given when 
correcting grades (3, 2, 1) respectively.

Logical Analysis of  Paragraphs of  the Time 
Orientation Scale (validity of  paragraphs)
The concept of  validity of  paragraphs refers to the special 
inferences that the degrees of  measurement come out of  
, in terms of  their relevance, meaning and usefulness, 
which is the achievement of  the truthfulness of  the form 
and the meaning of  collecting evidence that supports 
such inferences, (Eble, R. L, 1972).
Based on this basis, after drafting the 21 paragraphs of  
the time orientation scale, the researcher presented them 
to (5) experts from sports management, testing and 
measurement specialists and asked them to study each of  
the paragraphs and give their opinions on their validity, 
and the experts discussed with the researcher about each 
paragraph in terms of  the formulation of  ideas and the 
content of  the paragraphs, the researcher came out the 
scale in its initial form as described in Appendix (1).

Psychometric (standard) Characteristics of  the Time 
Orientation Scale
(Anastasia, 1982) indicates that “ paragraph analysis is the 
study that relies on statistical and empirical logical analysis of  
test units for the purpose of  knowing their characteristics, 

deleting, modifying, replacing, adding, or rearranging these 
paragraphs in order to arrive at a consistent and truthful 
test that is appropriate in length and difficulty “. 
The characteristic (truthfulness) of  a paragraph is one of  
the most important standard characteristics that should 
be ascertained in the construction of  educational and 
psychological scales, since the truthfulness and stability 
of  the scale largely depends on the characteristics of  its 
paragraphs.

The Apparent Truthfulness of  the Time-Orientation 
Scale
It is one of  the most important types of  honesty in 
educational and psychological measures and indicates 
the extent to which the paragraph is related to the 
phenomenon to be measured, and the apparent honesty 
of  the scale was achieved when they were presented in 
their initial form to a group of  experts and a number 
of  (5) experts to judge the validity of  its paragraphs in 
measuring the phenomenon.

Treatment of  Internal Consistency of  Time-
Orientation Scale Paragraphs
For the purpose of  checking the homogeneity of  
paragraphs, the internal consistency coefficient provides 
us with evidence of  this “since the internal consistency 
coefficient is the correlation coefficient between the 
scores of  each paragraph and the total score of  the 
scale”.  (Horton, 1983), and the researcher used the 
simple correlation coefficient law (Pearson) to extract 
the correlation relationship between each paragraph 
and the total score of  the scale using the statistical bag 
(spss), and since all the paragraphs that were retained in 
the scale have their consistency coefficients in statistical 
significance, that is, the calculated values are significant 
below the significance level (0.05) so no paragraph fell, 
it can be said that the scale is homogeneous, and Table 
(2) shows the coefficient of  internal consistency of  the 
paragraphs of  the scale with the scale as a whole.

Table 2: Shows the coefficient of  internal consistency of  the Temporal orientation scale paragraphs
Domination of  the past Dominance of  the present Dominance of  the future
P Pearson Correlation P Pearson Correlation P Pearson Correlation
1 0.577* 1 0.198* 1 0.216*
2 0.170* 2 0.349* 2 0.391*
3 0.673* 3 0.531** 3 0.362*
4 0.605* 4 0.457* 4 0.311*
5 0.894* 5 0.318* 5 0.247*
6 0.878* 6 0.507** 6 0.315*
7 0.877** 7 0.502** 7 0.513**
8 0.162* 8 0.488* 8 0.210*
9 0.622* 9 0.264* 9 0.208*
10 0.433* 10 0.504** 10 0.193*
11 0.935** 11 0.456* 11 0.219*
12 0.583* 12 0.170* 12 0.231*



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Constancy of  the Measure of  the Temporal 
Orientation
Means “ the constancy of  the test to the consistency of  
the scores obtained by the same individuals themselves in 
different atmospheres, (Eble, R. L, 1972).
In order to find out the stability of  the scale and the 
existence of  several methods for calculating it, the 
researcher relied on the use of  the stability analysis 
method with the alpha - Cronbach’s equation because it 
is one of  the most used stability methods, as this method 
measures the internal homogeneity of  the paragraphs of  
the scale, after the researcher unloaded the scores obtained 
from the (construction sample) of  (30) individuals and 
calculated the scores of  paragraphs and the total score 
for each respondent, the alpha - Cronbach’s equation was 
used, so the stability coefficient of  the scale was (0.607), 
which is a stability coefficient good, according to Foran.

Objectivity of  the Measure of  the Temporal 
Orientation
By distributing the scale to the experts to extract 
honesty and consistency, there was no problem or 
misunderstanding of  the questionnaire paragraphs, the 
answers were clear and understandable, which indicates 
their objectivity, because objectivity “is the test that gives 
the same results no matter how different the correctors” 
(Anastasia, 1982).

Applying the Scale to the Main Sample
The researcher proceeded to distribute the questionnaire 
form to the 70 members of  the research sample 
(application sample). after completing the research steps, 
the researcher collected the questionnaire data from all 
the members of  the research sample. two forms were 
excluded for violating the answer conditions and the 
remaining 68 forms were arranged in tables in preparation 
for statistical processing to display and analyze the results.

Statistical Methods
The statistical data was processed using the Social 
Sciences statistical bag (spss).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
To find out the significance of  the difference between 
the average time orientation according to its three 
dimensions and the theoretical (hypothetical) average of  
the scale using the Test (t-test) for one sample, it turns 
out the following:- 
The average time orientation scores of  the research 
sample were greater than the theoretical average of  the 
test, as the average time orientation scores were (47.91), 
while the theoretical average of  this test was (42) with a 
standard deviation (5.479), and the calculated t-value of  
(72.107) was significant in statistical significance at the 
level of  (0.001), as shown in Table (3).

13 0.982** 13 0.177* 13 0.319*
14 0.163* 14 0.237* 14 0.489**
15 0.582* 15 0.599** 15 0.227*
16 0.845* 16 0.672** 16 0.187*
17 0.684* 17 0.230** 17 0.714**
18 0.768* 18 0.244* 18 0.301*
19 0.919** 19 0.205* 19 0.241*
20 0.926** 20 0.201* 20 0.333*
21 0.279* 21 0.207* 21 0.194*

**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
*. Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).

Table 3: Shows the arithmetic mean and standard deviation of  the Temporal orientation  and by its dimensions
S Temporal orientation 

and its dimension
Sample 
size

Mean Std. 
Deviation

Theoretical 
Mean

Calculated 
value (t)

Level of  
significance

1 Temporal orientation 68 47.91 5.479 42 72.107 0.000
2 Domination of  the past 68 10.16 5.900 14 13.666 0.000
3 Dominance of  the present 68 19.43 7.042 14 22.748 0.000
4 Dominance of  the future 68 19.07 6.533 14 2.307 0.05

Table (4) shows the analysis of  the variance, through 
which the calculated value of  (F) (40.944), which is 
significant at the significance level (0.001), means that 
there are significant differences between the orientations 
of  the research sample towards (Past, Present and future), 

which is the first condition of  (LSD test), and (Leven 
statistical) achieved a value (1.709) at a significance level 
(0.184), which is not significant because it is greater than 
(0.05), this means homogeneity variability, which is the 
second condition of  (LSD test).



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Table (5) shows the source of  the discrepancy through the 
results of  the (LSD test) on the studied sample, where the 
difference between (dominance of  the past-dominance 
of  the present) came with a value of  (- 9.268 -*), which is 
significant at the level of  significance (0.001) and in favor 
of  the dominance of  the present, while the difference 
between (dominance of  the past – The dominance of  the 
future (value-8.915 -*), which is significant at the level of  
significance (0.001) and in favor of  the dominance of  the 

future, this means that there are significant differences in 
favor of  both (present and future), which indicates the 
temporal direction of  the studied sample towards the 
present and the future at the expense of  the past, and 
this is confirmed by the difference recorded between 
(dominance of  the present – dominance of  the future) 
at a value (0.353), which is non-significant at the level of  
significance (0.05), which means there are no significant 
differences between them.

Table 4: The variance analysis of  the temporal orientation of  the research sample shows
Source of  variability Sum of  Squares Degrees of  

freedom
Mean Square Test value (F) Level of  

significance
Between groups 3562.805 2 1781.403 40.944 0.000
Within the groups 8527.677 196 43.509
Total 12090.482 198

Table 5: Shows the source of  variation (LSD test) in the research sample
Temporal Orientation Mean Difference Level of  significance
Domination of  the past Dominance of  the present -9.268-* 0.000

Dominance of  the future -8.915-* 0.000
Dominance of  the present Dominance of  the future 0.353 0.755

(*) sentiment is at an indicative level (0.05)

CONCLUSION
The research achieved its first goal by building a time 
orientation scale specific to the Iraqi sports environment, 
as well as getting acquainted with the time orientation 
of  the supervisors of  the sports education specialty 
in Baghdad. It thus achieved its second goal, and the 
field research data revealed the presence of  significant 
differences in favor of  both (present and future), which 
indicates the time orientation of  the sample studied 
towards the present and the future at the expense of  
the past, as it turned out that the majority of  the sample 
members had a time orientation towards the future, and 
their percentage was (39.49%), followed by those in 
the rank who were oriented towards the present. Their 
percentage was (37.67%), while the percentage of  those 
who are oriented towards the past (22.69%). Therefore, 
the supervisors of  physical education specialization can 
be described as heading towards the future in their work 
based on the present to prepare their plans and develop 
the means and tools for their work. 
The researcher recommends that supervisors should be 
educated on the subject of  temporal orientation, the 
process of  linking these three times (past – present – 
future) in constructive interaction with life in educational 
institutions, being directly responsible for the evaluation 
of  the educational process in the field of  sports activities.

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