




































    

 American Journal of Medical and Physical Education 
Vol.7, Issue 4; July-August 2022; 

1252 Columbia Rd NW, Washington DC, United States 

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PERCEPTION OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY IN SPORTS 

FACILITIES AND ITS IMPACT ON INDOOR AIR QUALITY 

 
1Giuseppe Mario Rossi, 2Luca Andrea Bianchi and 3Maria Teresa Verdi 
1Department of Technological Innovations and Safety of Plants, Products and Anthropic Settlements, Rome, Italy 
2Public Health Unit, University of Rome “ForoItalico”, Rome, Italy 
3Department of Technological Innovations and Safety of Plants, Products and Anthropic Settlements, Rome, Italy 

 

Abstract: The individual perception of an indoor environment is a useful tool for assessing the livability and 

usability of sports facilities. Different approaches have been developed to investigate the individual wellbeing, 

such as collecting data by questionnaires or monitoring techniques. These approaches can be used to assess the 

reciprocal impact of microclimate, environmental conditions, and clothing on physical activity. 

Keywords: Individual perception, Indoor environment, Sports facilities, Livability, Usability, Wellbeing.  

 

 

Introduction   

The individual perception of an indoor environment represents a useful tool for assessing livability and usability 

of sports facilities and for developing strategies for their improvement. Different approaches have been developed 

to investigate the individual wellbeing such as collecting data by questionnaires or monitoring techniques, in order 

to assess the reciprocal impact of microclimate, environmental conditions and clothing on physical activity 

(Nathan, 2013; Leemrijse, 2015).   

Other methods include interviews, use of maps and blog focus groups to evaluate the perception of indoor 

buildings quality, including schools or sport facilities (Kirby, 2013; Moran, 2014). As modern societies spend 

most of their time in buildings, the indoor air quality, thermal comfort, edifice maintenance, play a relevant role. 

These parameters assume a particular interest in sport facilities not only because physical activity challenges 

microclimate perception, but also for the higher expectancies for a healthy environment to practice sport. 

Indoor air quality (IAQ) assumes a special meaning in these workplaces, influencing human health and athletic 

performance (Romano Spica V, 2015). This is an emerging issue for sport hygiene involving a growing number 

of people and workers in the field of sport. A survey commissioned by the European Commission's Directorate 

General for Education and Culture (DGEAC) on a sample of 26,788 European citizens, indicated that the people 

of the Nordic countries are the most physically active in the EU (70% Sweden, 68% Denmark, 66% Finland, 58% 

Netherlands, 54% Luxemburg), while the residents of the Mediterranean countries, including Bulgaria (78%), 

Malta (75%), Portugal (64%), Romania (60%) and even Italy (60%) are among those play sporting activities less 

than once a week (EC, 2014).  

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Nevertheless, in Italy, this sport industry counts 4.500.327 athletes and 1.016.598 operator, belonging to 64.829 

clubs (Coni, 2014). Sports facilities are complex and heterogeneous buildings and they are unique in their kind, 

for energy consumption, used materials, comfort requirements (Revel, 2014). Moreover, performing sport in 

healthy environments strengthens motivation in addition to other factors such as age, sex, socio-economic 

conditions, school, food habits, plant accessibility (Sani, 2012; Eime, 2013; Chen, 2013; Reimers, 2014; Coledam, 

2014; Adlakha, 2015; Laxer, 2013).  

Athletes can develop respiratory and allergic diseases not only due to the exposure to inhaled pollutants but also 

to the increased ventilation rate (Sugiyama, 2008). The increase of air flow, with the fact that most of the air is 

inhaled through the mouth thus avoiding the normal nasal mechanisms for the filtration of soluble particles, allows 

the pollutants to proceed deeper into respiratory tract (Carlisle, 2001). The most common pollutants detected in 

these environments include VOCs (Volatile Organic Compounds), fungi/molds, bacteria (Gedikoglu, 2012; 

Alves, 2013).   

Swimming facilities pose an additional problem related to management of water, requiring surveillance on 

disinfection, humidity and environmental maintenance (WHO, 2006). The present paper reports local and 

international regulations on IAQ in sport facilities and data from an original pilot study performed in two sport 

environments.   

2. Materials and Methods  

The review of regulations and monitoring parameters was performed using online database and search engines. 

A local pilot study was conducted in two sports facilities in Rome, to apply and test in field environmental 

indicators. Several samplings points were identified to assess microbiological air quality through active sampler, 

and microclimate investigations by a data logger with different probes. In addition, in both sites were distributed 

questionnaires to users and workers, to ascertain the individual perception of the plants quality. Analyses of the 

water safety and quality were tested in a swimming pool.  

2.1. Study area  

The first plant (Site I) is a polyvalent sports center, which is the space of sport activity with related grandstands, 

support services such as dressing rooms, a store, a gym, all gathered in one building in front of an outdoor 

playground. The second plant (Site II) includes a gym, two fitness rooms, two tanks, a big pool, 25 m length (max 

depth 3.60 m) and a small pool, 10 m length (maximum depth 0.60 m), where are carried out baby and neonatal 

swimming lessons. 

2.2. Sampling procedure  

In Site I six air samplings were conducted at the following points: the secretariat offices, the gym, 3 dressing 

rooms, and the store. In Site II three air samplings were performed: the big pool, the small pool and dressing 

room. The studies were carried out between January and May 2015.   

2.2.1. Microclim ate. The instrument used is the HD32.3 data logger (Delta Ohm LTD, Italy) which has three 

probes, thermo hygrometric (temperature and relative humidity), anemometer (air velocity) and globe 

thermometer (radiant temperature). To determine the individual wellness, the instrument calculate the discomfort 

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indices PMV (Predicted Mean Vote) and PPD (Percentage of Persons Dissatisfied), comparing the environmental 

data with metabolic and clothing parameters. The PMV is a mathematical function which gives as result a 

numerical value in the range -3 (feeling too cold) to +3 (feeling too hot), where 0 represents the thermal comfort. 

The PPD expresses the percentage of dissatisfied people in a particular environment. The tool has been positioned 

in the sites center, for 15 minutes, with 15 seconds intervals in measurement at the worker’s chest height. To 

evaluate the thermal comfort we referred to standards ISO 7730, 7726, 27243, 7933, 11079, 8996 (Table 1).  

PMV  PPD%  EVALUATION OF THERMAL 

COMFORT  

3  100  Very hot  

2  75.7  Hot  

1  26.4  Slightly hot  

0.85  20  Thermal environment within acceptable  

 -

0.5<PMV<0.5  

<10  Thermal comfort  

-0.85  20  Thermal environment within acceptable  

-1  26.8  Slightly cold  

-2  76.4  Cold  

-3  100  Very cold  

 

Table 1: Reference values of thermal comfort according to ISO 7730, 7726, 27243, 7933, 11079, 8996.   

2.2.2. Microbiological air sampling. The microbiological air samplingwas performed by SAS (Surface Air 

System, VWR International, LLC, and Radnor, USA), a plate impact active sampler, type slot, using Petri dishes 

Ø 55mm. The air aspiration volume was 180 L (for 60s) for each sampling.   

We used two culture media types: TSA agar medium for bacteria (Tryptic Soy  

Agar - Oxoid, Germany), SDA agar medium (Sabouraud Dextrose Agar - Oxoid, Germany) supplemented with 

Chloramphenicol (Oxoid, Germany) for fungi/molds. The TSA and SDA plates were incubated both at 37°C (for 

48 hours) and at 22°C (for 72 hours). For each plate, the calculation of the CFU/m3 was obtained as follows: 

CFU/m3 = (MPN/plate x 1000) / air volume (L).MPN/plate was obtained by comparing the CFU of each plate 

with the conversion table, in attachment to the device manual.   

2.2.3. Analysis of water quality in the pools. The water of the two swimming pools was sampled using two glass 

bottles (1L for each sampling) containing Sodium thiosulfate (20 mg/l), necessary to block the action of 

disinfectants. Following the Italian regulation (Italy, 2003), we have been investigated the following indicators: 

Escherichia coli (ISO 9308-2:2012), Enterococci (Enterolert, Quanti-Tray™ test), Pseudomonas aeruginosa 

(Pseudalert, Quanti-Tray™ test), Staphylococcus aureus (ISO 6888-3:2003) and was performed the counts at 

22°C and 36°C hours. Moreover, were monitored temperature, pH, free and combined chlorine data of the water. 

The chlorine was analyzed by colorimetric method (Orto-tolidine molecule) for free active chlorine and by DPD 

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method (diethyl-p-phenylenediamine) for free and combined chlorine. Global Index of Microbiological 

Contamination (IGCM) values have been also computed.  

2.2.4. Questionnaire. Starting from a previous template developed byan Environment and Consumers Protection 

Association (Adiconsum Toscana), a specific  questionnaire was prepared in order to assess and quantify the level 

of satisfaction of the Site I visitors, in relation to hygiene and safety of the facility. It was subjected to 44 persons, 

14 - 33 year aged. The questionnaire was characterized by two different sections: a structural assessment of the 

assembly (e.g. maintenance, safety, usability, condition of the equipment) and hygiene assessment (e.g. 

cleanliness, temperature, humidity). For each question was asked to express an opinion as "dissatisfied", "not very 

satisfied", "satisfied", "very satisfied". In Site II the questionnaire was proposed to 18 people, selected among the 

current members of the facility, and it asked the issues should be improved about the suitability of the structure, 

safety, hygiene, dressing rooms and personal notes. Data collected and analyzed by Excel.    

3. Results  

In this study, we report an overview of hygiene-related regulations from different countries and tested some 

indicators and instruments, samplings two sports facilities of Rome. Microclimate parameters, microbiological 

air quality, swimming pool water quality and the perception of indoor environments by users and employees were 

considered. 

3.1. IAQ regulations in sports facilities.  

Several laws and regulations on construction and maintenance of sports facilities are available and relate to safety 

and public health.  The following summary shows several institutions and regulations, involved in IAQ 

management in sports facilities, in Europe and other countries. 

3.1.1. Sport facilities. The legislation about sports facilities is very heterogeneous and depends on several 

factors, such as the State organization and the intended use of the facilities. Sports facilities are often 

polyfunctional buildings, where different type of sport can be carried out, but that can be used also for other 

purposes such as recreational or leisure activities. Different countries have different approaches. For example, the 

majorities of sporting facilities in Australia are operated and maintained by local governments, schools (both 

public and private) and private sector business institutions which include sporting organizations or various 

commercial operators.  

In this nation there is not a unique authority with responsibility for IAQ in indoor buildings and the guidelines 

are developed by several institutions, such as the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC), the 

National Occupational  

Health and Safety Commission (NHMRC) and Standard Australia (SA). To assess  

IAQ, Australia refers to the guidelines drawn up by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial 

Hygienists (ACGIH, 1995) and by the Commission of the European Communities (CEC, 1993; Australia, 1997).  

In the United States of America (USA), several states have regulations on exposure to indoor pollutants for non-

industrial environments. Recommended methods for prevention and remediation have been issued by the Center 

for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Occupational Safety and Health Administration  

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(OSHA), the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the American Industrial Hygiene Association (AIHA) and 

the New York City Department of Health and  

Mental Hygiene (DOHMH). Guidelines on IAQ are provided by the EPA-supported American Society of 

Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-conditioning Engineers, ASHRAE (USA, 2012). Health Canada is the 

administrative authority which decides the sanitary standards for indoor environments in Canada.  

In particular, several laws, like the Hazardous Products Act and provincial occupational health and safety acts, 

are related to the management of biological risk in non-industrial buildings. The legislative framework for IAQ 

indicated that there is no specific mention of most contaminants present in residential settings. The regulations 

suggest or require the adherence to the advice of cognizant authorities, including Committee on Environmental 

and Occupational Health (CEOH), the American  

Society of Heating Air-Conditioning & Refrigerating Engineers (ASHRAE-Standard 62), and the ACGIH 

Threshold Limit Values (TLVs), as well as determinations or policies of provincial and territorial labor and health 

departments (Canada, 2004).  

In China, the Ministry of Construction and the China State Quality Supervision-Inspection-Quarantine 

Administration (SQSIQA) promulgated the “Code for Indoor Environmental Pollution Control of Civil Building 

Engineering” (GB 50325-2001) where comprehensive standards for IAQ are enunciated. In addition, the China 

Ministry of Health also issued the directive entitled “Hygienic Norm for Indoor Air Quality”, which sets the 

standards and sanitary requirements for IAQ and the sanitary requirements for air ventilation and purification and 

useful standard methods (China, 2002).  

Moreover, in 2006 was promulgated “A new national design code for indoor air environment of sports buildings", 

that provided guidelines for indoor airflow of sports buildings in China, including the parameters of indoor air 

environment in gym and pools, such as air velocity, temperature, humidity and fresh air volume replenishing 

(China, 2006).   

In the Russian Federation, the quality of indoor air in occupational premises is determined by the statute 

“Occupational Safety Requirements for Working Zone Air”, dated 1989. This law establishes the general 

requirements of the microclimate and sets out the Maximum Allowable Concentration (MAC) of pollutants in the 

working zone air. The laws on air quality are part of the Russian Federation legal system and are secured in the 

Constitution. The air quality must be controlled by the ’Goscomgidromet’ and the ’Sunepidnadzor’ of Russia 

(Russia, 1997).  

Moreover, the attention on the issues regarding indoor environments has led some international scientific 

organizations, including the World Health Organization (WHO), to provide guidelines for IAQ (WHO, 2010). In 

South Africa, there is no specific law about IAQ and moreover, in the several acts of the parliament regarding 

health matters, IAQ does not feature prominently. The Health Act n. 63 of 1977 provides for measures for the 

promotion of the health of the inhabitants of the republic, hinting of indoor settings, over-crowding and poorly 

ventilated design as a source of dangers to health (South Africa, 2002).  

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In Europe, the activities of the Commission of the European Union (UE) have been characterized, over the past 

twenty-five years, by a growing attention to indoor pollution. The different studies financed in this context have 

tried to increase the knowledge framework and set priorities or objectives to be achieved (Settimo, 2012). In this 

context, the member states operate by drawing up national guidelines in coherence to the EU Standards. So, in 

Finland, guidelines on indoor air control are drawn up in the National Building Code of Finland, where are 

explained all the regulations about indoor climate and ventilation (Finland, 2010). In the Netherlands, the 

guideline values are established as values for the IAQ in homes, but also offices, schools, recreational 

environments can be involved. The recommended values are based on the Maximum Permissible Risk, MTR 

(Netherlands, 2007). In France, the government established in 2001 the Observatory for Indoor Air Quality 

(OQAI), which aims to draw up an inventory of indoor air pollutants and their determinants. In addition, French 

Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), an administrative public 

establishment which provides assessment for veterinary medicinal products, pesticides, biocides and chemicals, 

in 2004 has developed IAQ guideline values (IAGVs), based on health criteria (France, 2011). 

In different countries, additional indications may be available for each sport, even if the International Olympic 

Committee and the Sport Federations represent a main source of information at least for athlete’s official 

competitions. However, the diffusion of sport and movement activity as a WHO priority for prevention in 

populations of different ages and health conditions poses the question of quality standards in gym, pools and other 

environments dedicated to physical activity. In Italy, the reference standards for safety of sport facilities have 

been established by the Ministry of internal affairs, by CONI (Italian National Olympic Committee) and by the 

Welfare and Occupation Ministry. 

The Decree of the Ministry of Internal Affairs 18/03/1996, supplemented by Ministerial Decree of 06/06/2005 

(Italy, 2005), considers different aspects to ensure a good security level, determining for example, the 

characteristics of the emergency space, ways out, seating, changing rooms, electrical system, structures and 

furniture, fire regulations and other standards. Relating to sports facilities buildings, was enacted directive CONI 

n. 1379 of 25 June 2008 (CONI, 2008), which provides specific references to air quality, aspect not taken into 

account by previous decrees. For example, it gives recommended values as regards the microclimatic parameters 

(ventilation, temperature, relative humidity). Regarding the occupational aspects, the decree n°81 of 2008 (Italy, 

2008) encloses all the rules relating to health and safety at work and all the rules for the safe construction and 

maintenance of the workplaces.  

3.1.2. Natatorium facilities. The legislation at international level regarding swimming pools is very varied and 

heterogeneous. The difference is closely linked to the different approaches of individual health authorities which 

are related to the different social, economic and cultural needs of each country. In the USA there are not federal 

health standards, but the requirement of design, construction and management of the pools must be authorized by 

the municipal authorities. Among the relevant social principles is included easy access to a swim structure for all 

kind of population groups (e.g. elderly, disables).  

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US health authorities entrust to the managers and professionals involved in the management of pools the 

responsibility to apply the principles of HACCP (CDC, 2003). In Canada, hygienic issues are regulated by 

legislation drawn up in 2007, establishing the water quality criteria and obligations for managers of indoor and 

outdoor swimming pools used for swimming, sport or relaxation (Canada, 2006).   

Similarly in Australia, the legislation on swimming pools, dated 1990 (Australia, 1990) and revised by the Act of 

1992, legislates in different fields of application, including even thermal pools, basins or similar environments 

(Australia, 1992). In Egypt, the principal legislation relating the control of swimming pool is the “Egyptian 

standards no. 418/1995”, which establishes the microbial indicators and the physical–chemical parameters for 

water control (El-Salam, 2012). Within the European Union Countries, the situation is very diverse and 

heterogeneous. The directive 2006/7/EC (Council of Europe, 2006), concerning the quality of bathing waters, has 

been historically a great social impact on Member States and has greatly influenced the approach to the regulation 

on matter pools, such as establishing the basic parameters for the evaluation of quality of bathing and recreational 

water and setting the necessary organization and nature of official controls on water.  

In the transposition of the directive into their national legal systems of the Member States, a number of situations 

have occurred. Some countries (e.g. Belgium, Finland, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Luxembourg, Portugal, United 

Kingdom) have included in the same standard on bathing waters, all measures deemed necessary for public toilets, 

thermal baths and pools, specifying the nature of the controls needed for such places. In France, the current 

legislative framework on swimming pools is based on the Public Health Code. Moreover, the National 

AgencyforHealth Food Environment and Labor (ANSES) in 2010 published a document on health risks in pools 

(France, 2006). In United Kingdom, the Health and Safety Executive (HSE) is the authority competent concerning 

the pools matter in connection with local authorities and schools.  

This institution in 2008, with the Health Protection Agency (HPA), has published guidelines on the control of the 

risk of infection in pools. These protocols are designed to improve the understanding of microbiological hazards 

and give advice on risk management (UK, 2006). Similarly, since 2005 in Ireland, pools must be managed in 

accordance with "Safety, Health and Welfare at Work Act" (Ireland, 2005). In addition, specific guidelines, with 

criteria and more detailed information, have been outlined to help managers in the task (Ireland, 2010). In 

Germany, technical requirements for the management of the pools are summarized in DIN19643, which ensures 

the hygiene safety standards in the pools, saunas, hot tubs and spas (Germany, 1997). In Italy, the current reference 

point about construction, maintenance and sanitary surveillance of pools is the Agreement of 16 January 2003 

(Italy, 2003), between the Minister of Health and the Regions.   

The text provides the requirements for the water control, in particular those related to temperature and pH, the 

use of disinfectants (Cl2, ozone), the microbiological values and standard control. However this agreement has no 

legislative value, but it is only a political manifestation of intent, and all Italian regions have to join and adapt it 

to local needs and hygiene objectives within a public health perspective (Italy, 2007; Liguori, 2013; Giampaoli, 

2012). 

3.2. Microclimate, microbiological air sampling and IAQ evaluation.  

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Table 2 shows the results obtained in the two sites respect microclimate and microbiological air quality. The 

standard methods reported in different local or international regulations or previous studies revealed effective and 

informative.  In particular, data on temperature, air velocity, relative humidity and PMV, PPD and IGCM values 

are reported. In Site I the temperature was around 16°C. The PMV values are negative in all environments, except 

the Gym (4.9) and the Store (0.6). The PPD values are similar in the Gym (100%), Dressing Room 2 (99%) and 

Dressing Room 3 (93%). In Site II, the temperature is around 27°C. The PMV values range from 1 (Dressing 

Room) and 1.3 (Big and Small pool); PPD is similar in the three environments, with a mean of 35%. We referred 

to the guidelines of “American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists” of 1995 (ACGIH, 1995) for 

the evaluation of IGCM index (Table 2).  

In the Secretary and in the Dressing Room 1 of Site I the IGCM is intermediate; the Dressing Room 2 has the 

highest index of contamination; in others environments is low. In Site II, Big pool and Dressing Room have both 

an intermediate pollution degree; the small pool low one. In Table 3 is shown the IAQ evaluation in the two sites 

referring to the guidelines drawn up by "European Collaborative Action" of 1993 (CEC, 1993), which established 

the guidance ranges of air contamination for non-industrial indoor environments. In Site I, air quality shows 

bacterial pollution degrees rather heterogeneous in the various sampled environments: very low values at 22°C in 

the Dressing Room 3 and Store; high values at 37°C in the Secretary and Gym; very high at 37°C in the Dressing 

rooms 1 and 2. The fungal growth had a more constant trend, in fact all the environments show intermediate 

values. In Site II, bacterial pollution at 22°C is intermediate in the Big and Small pool, while high in Dressing 

Room; at 37°C it is low in the small pool, while intermediate in the other two environments; fungal growth is 

intermediate for all environments.   

MICROCLIMATE       IGCM/m³ (ACGIH, 1995)    

   Sampling 

point  

TA  

(°C)  

VA  

(m/s)  

RH  

(%)  

PMV  PPD  

(%)  

Very 

low 

<500  

Low 

<1000  

Intermediate 

>1000  

High 

>5000  

Very 

high 

>10,000  

Site 

I  

Secretary  19.5  0  45.5  -0.3  7      √      

Gymnasium  16.5  0.2  58.6  4.9  100    √        

Dressing 

Room 1  

20.5  0  50  -1.6  56      √      

Dressing 

Room 2  

17.8  0  57.3  -2.7  93        √    

Dressing 

Room 3  

15.9  0.01  69.6  -3  99    √        

Store  22  0.02  50  0.6  13     √           

Site 

II  

Small pool  27.6  0.03  52.7  1.3  39      √      

Big pool  27.8  0.01  58  1.3  43    √        

Dressing  26.4  0.03  59.8  1  26        √        

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Room  

  

Table 2: Evaluation of microbial conditions in Site I and Site II 

3.3. Water Analysis   

Microbiological analysis confirmed the absence of any of the tested microorganisms. Table 4 shows the results 

of temperature values, the free and combined chlorine levelandpH. The temperature values were 27°C in both 

pools. The active free chlorine in Small pool, respectively for the first and second method, was 0.94 and 1 g/l; for 

the larger pool 1.23 and 1.40 mg/l. The combined chlorine in Small pool was 0.30 mg/l and in the Big pool 0.26 

mg / l. The pH in the Small pool is  

7.32 and 7.09 in the Big pool. 

Indicators  Big pool   Small pool   Range of 

values   

Temperature (°C)  27°C   27°C   24°C - 30°C  

              

Free active chlorine 

(mg/l)  

Orto-

tolidine  

DPD  Orto-

tolidine  

DPD     

1,23  1,4  0,94  1  0,7-1,5 mg/l  

        

Combined chlorine 

(mg/l)  

0,26   0,3   ≤ 0,4 mg/l  

pH  7,32   7,09   6,5-7,5  

  

Table 3: Results of temperature, free/combined chlorine and pH in the pools of Site II. Range of values 

(Italy, 2003). 

3.4. Questionnaire  

In Site I, hygiene-structural questionnaires were distributed to users. As for structural assessment (Figure 1a), 

71% were satisfied respect quality of the plant, 70% were satisfied respect service, 64% respect safety. The 

percentages of non-satisfied are below 10% for both questions. The not very satisfied percentages are slightly 

higher, between 14% and 18%. Figure 1b shows the results regarding the cleaning assessment. The general 

perception of the plant status is considered satisfactory. The percentages of satisfied ranging from a minimum of 

41% (room temperature and showers cleaning) to a maximum of 68% (dressing rooms cleaning); the highest 

percentage of very satisfied people has been found for dressing rooms cleaning (21%); the percentages of not 

very satisfied are around or below 30%; the unsatisfied are 0% respect temperature and a maximum of 18% 

respect cleaning.  

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Finally, the survey distributed in Site II, asked the issues should be improved about the suitability of the structure, 

safety, hygiene issues, dressing rooms, personal notes. For 45% of subjects the organization and structure of the 

dressing rooms should be improved; the 44% would not improve anything.  

 
Figure 1a: Histogram on the structural section of the survey distributed in Site I.  

  

   
Figure 1b: Histogram on the hygiene section of the survey distributed in Site I.  

4. Discussion  

  

  
  

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The quality and safety of sports facilities are key elements in the practice of physical activities, especially for 

those most vulnerable people, including elderly, children, and people with disabilities. The role that physical 

activity, adapted or not, is well known and established, not only in preventing diseases but also in the promotion 

of health and psycho-physical well-being of the person as well as in the care and rehabilitation (Romano Spica, 

2015; Romano Spica, 2015). The quality of a structure dedicated to such activities is determined by multiple 

factors: topographical features, structural maintenance, the presence of pollutants, crowding of environments.  

Air quality, however, can be affected by different substances resulting by the building materials, by interior 

materials (e.g. furniture) and by human activities. Some parameters are quantifiable with technical procedures 

(e.g. micro-climatic control units, air samplers, chemical test), others with custom tools, such as questionnaires 

(Alves, 2013). In a perspective of occupational prevention and health promotion, the approach presented in this 

study was aimed to integrate both objective parameters related to IAQ assessment and subjective perception of 

the environmental quality and safety. Previous studies investigated sport facilities focusing on single issues such 

as only questionnaires, or microclimate (Soares, 2015), personal information (Eime, 2013; Chen, 2013; Reimers, 

2014), aptitude playing sport (Coledam, 2014; Laxer, 2013). Here we considered an integrated approach, to 

evaluate a possible multiple strategy to assess environmental quality in sport environments.  

In the environments where sport was carried out and in the dressing room the PMV values were negative and the 

percentage of dissatisfied people (PPD) was equal or next to 100%. In Site II the microclimate is resulted slightly 

better, but non optimal. When comparing these results with the questionnaires distributed in Site I, we saw how 

the perception of the environmental quality can deviate considerably from the data obtained through the 

monitoring techniques. If room temperature and the humidity were evaluated satisfactory, by contrast, in the 

environments where was carried out sport activity and in the dressing room the temperature was considered cold 

and the relative humidity high. 

Even for air exchange rate, there are discordant results: the mean air velocity recorded was around zero, while in 

the questionnaire it was evaluated satisfactory. The reason for this discrepancy may be sought in the fact that 

probably this survey presents questions in too subjective point of view and therefore should be reviewed. The 

hygiene perception was satisfactory and this is also confirmed by the microbial contamination index, which does 

not show worrisome values (in fact only the dressing room 2 of Site I shows high IGCM). 

The questionnaires distributed in Site II show that generally most clients consider the hygiene and safety do not 

require improvements. It is not so regard dressing rooms: this is in line with our results, in fact relative humidity 

and temperature data were not acceptable. However, for both kinds of surveys, should be desirable to increase the 

number of the respondents. Our result are in line with another study: the cleanliness is considered the major 

weakness of this industry and it also has a significant impact on shaping customers' perception and classifying 

different levels of overall service quality. By contrast, accessibility is the main strength due to its high satisfaction 

level and low service quality gap (Liu, 2009).  

The total fungal count results different in the two plants. The odds can be probably attributed to the different type 

of these facilities: a swimming environment, which is Site II, may further promote the fungi/mold growth. The 

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microbiological investigations have confirmed the total mesophilic count (37°C) is the main contributor to 

contamination in Site I, while the psychrophilic count (22°C) is the main one in Site II. This situation is not in 

line with microclimate data, as in the Site I there were low temperatures but high relative humidity, in the second 

site there were high temperatures and humidity. The IAQ in both sites complies to the standards of non-industrial 

premises, but, is desirable for both plants the improvement of the ventilation system and air exchange, especially 

in the dressing areas, where the pollution, especially by bacteria, were intermediate/high. Finally, water quality 

data in the pools show accordance with Italian guidelines (Italy, 2003), both to microbiological indicators as to 

the physical and chemical requirements.   

5. Conclusions  

The characterization of a sports facility in terms of overall quality and safety is considered by several national 

and international regulations. It cannot be exhausted by using only a single type of monitoring technique.   

A wider approach can take advantage from the combined determination of microclimatic parameters, 

microbiological air analysis, as well as evaluation of individual perceptions by customized ad hoc questionnaires 

(Dacarro, 2003).   

Variables significantly affecting indoor microbiological contamination, such as structural features, microclimatic 

and seasonal variations, should be investigated within an integrated approach to get a global view (Valeriani, 

2015). The data obtained in this study did not reveal critical situations for human health and safety, but evidenced 

a role for environmental quality. Surveillance on quality parameters can implement safety assurance with an 

impact on human health both for users and workers. 

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