




































    

 American Journal of Medical and Physical Education 
Vol.6, Issue 1; January-Febuary 2021; 

1252 Columbia Rd NW, Washington DC, United States 

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STRATEGIES FOR INCREASING ACCESS TO PHYSICAL AND SPORT 

ACTIVITIES FOR INDIVIDUALS IN SOCIAL VULNERABILITY 

 

Javianna (Maria) de Morais, Matheus (Ramos) Silva and Ana Rosa (Jaqueira) Coelho 

Universidad Federal de Río Grande Del Sur 

 

Abstract: The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) were a set of eight goals established by the United 

Nations in 2000 to reduce poverty, hunger, disease, illiteracy, environmental degradation, and discrimination 

against women. The MDGs were largely successful in achieving their goals, and they helped to improve the lives 

of millions of people around the world. 

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are a set of 17 goals that were adopted by the United Nations in 

2015 to build on the successes of the MDGs. The SDGs are more ambitious than the MDGs, and they address a 

wider range of issues, including climate change, inequality, and peace and justice. 

This paper discusses the evolution of the MDGs and the SDGs, and it examines the challenges and opportunities 

of achieving the SDGs. 

Keywords: Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), Poverty, Hunger, 

Disease, Illiteracy, Environmental degradation, Discrimination against women, Climate change, Inequality, Peace 

and justice 

 

 

Introduction 

The world concerns about human development, the social inclusion, the poverty eradication and the other 

vulnerable population privacies have been manifested through goals elaborated by the United Nations (UN), that 

created the first document in order to guide the implementation of public policies in the international, national 

and local levels in 2000 - Millennium Development Goals (MDG).During 15 years, the MDG fomented the 

initiatives from countries in the UN to face the challenges of eradicating extreme poverty and hunger in poorer 

countries, universalize basic education; promote gender equality and women's empowerment; reduce child 

mortality; improve maternal health; fight AIDS, malaria and other diseases; ensure environmental sustainability 

and; establish the global partnership for development (Millennium Goals) (Shetty, 2005).   

The efforts to build a society that contributes to poverty reduction and economic and social development continued 

at the Rio Earth Summit (Rio 92), in which representativesfrom the participating countries agreed to promote 

sustainable development with focus on human beings as fundamental and integrated parts of the process of 

protecting the environment (Agenda 21) (DECLARAÇÃO DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 1992).   

At the Rio + 20 Conference, the goals of green economy and poverty eradication were strengthened with the 

establishment of intergovernmental goals for beyond 2015. In 2015, the members of the UN recognized the need 

to eradicate poverty and to promote dignified life for allas an indispensable requirement to achieve the 17 Goals 

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of the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals (SDG), which must be integrated in the economic, social and 

environmental dimensions.    

The SDG advanced in relation to the MDG and focused on poverty and hunger eradication; sustainable 

agriculture; health and well-being; gender equality; potable water and sanitation; affordable and clean energy; 

decent work and economic growth; industry, innovation and infrastructure; reduction of inequalities; sustainable 

cities and communities; responsible consumption and production; action against global climate change; life in 

water; terrestrial life; peace, justice and effective institutions and; partnerships and means of implementation.  

According to specialists in Brazil, the chances of Brazilto achieve the established goals are low, even so, priorities 

should be placed on Quality Education and Poverty Eradication as means to contribute to the improvement of the 

population's Health and Well-Being (Moreira et al., 2019).   

Several areas of knowledge and human production are integrated in the efforts of Nations to achieve the SDG. In 

the field of Physical Education, the regular practice of Physical and Sports Activities may be related to the SDG 

as a factor for human development with regard to health and well-being, gender equality or other goals, in which, 

equality in access to education, health, work, culture, leisure, social protection needs and other interinstitutional 

policies is valued in fomenting friendship and peace between groups, peoples and nations (UNDP, 2017). The 

recognition of Physical and Sports Activities as an important mean of socialization and well-being can be seen in 

the UN‟s initiative to create an inter-agency task force (OMS, ACNUR, PNUD) on Sport for Development and 

Peace (SDP), to encourage the efforts of international agencies that work with sports (Clarke, Jones& Smith, 

2021).  

According to Clarke, Jones and Smith (2021), the use of sport as peacebuilding toolsis growing along with 

movements to achieve global peace. In a review study, the authors identified 30 academic papers in recent decades 

that investigated projects in different parts of the world that used the sport for development and peace in post 

conflict areas.   

In Brazil, the initiatives of private and governmental institutions to promote the right to the access of Physical and 

Sports Activities as a mean to promote individual and collective development and to mitigate social inequalities, 

dates back to the 1980s with the implementation of Social Inclusion Projects by sport (SIP) as a way of 

socialization or social inclusion of children and young people from vulnerable populations, with the aggravation 

of being at physical and psychological risk, imposed by the socialization exercised by drug trafficking and violent 

confrontations between rival groups and between these and the police (Vianna&Lovisolo, 2009, 2011, 2018).  

The increase in the number of Physical and Sports Activities projects and academic production on the subject in 

Brazil motivated Kravchychyn and Oliveira (2015) to prepare a systematic review to identify studies published 

in Brazil between 2004 and 2013 on the phenomenon in question. The authors observed that the investigations 

focused primarily on the management of projects and programs, teaching activities and methodologies, teacher 

training and the intervention of teaching professionals. For Kravchychyn and Oliveira (2015), the effect of SIP 

on beneficiaries and social groups involved, the pedagogical and management methodologies of SIP and the initial 

and continuing training of teachers who work in this context, are aspects that need to be further investigated. 

However, the work of the authors was limited to studies published in Portuguese, which suggest the necessity to 

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expand and deepen this type of research in other centers of knowledge production that disseminate their 

publications in other languages.   

The amplitude of the actions proposed from the SDG, with several nations, private institutions and third sector 

organizations operating internationally and many initiatives crossing cultural borders, is one of the aspects that 

reinforce the need to understand the similarities and differences in scientific production produced in other 

knowledge centers on the phenomenon of Physical and Sports Activities as a way of social inclusion of children, 

adolescents and young people from the most vulnerable layers, which can favor the review of interpretations and 

inconsistencies that might or might not be discovered in research involving only one country.   

As it is a phenomenon that can occur in different cultures and in different countries, this study aimed to carry out 

an integrative review to compare academic data on programs and projects that use the sport as a mean of social 

inclusion of children, adolescents and young people in situation of social vulnerability. This work identifies, 

analyzes and synthesizes the results of studies published in English, Spanish and Portuguese in the period between 

2010 and 2021 contained in the Scopus database. Thus, with the mapping of the study area, it is expected that this 

study will contribute to the theoretical and methodological improvement and encourage more investment in 

researches that aim a greater internationalization of the subject and are based on the following questions: a)   

Why is sport used in sport projects for the social inclusion of children, adolescents and young people in situations 

of social vulnerability? b) What are the main characteristics of the studies? c) What are the effects of Physical and 

Sports Activities on the development of the participants?   

2 Methodology  

In order to provide a synthesis of published knowledge on the subject and incorporate the applicability of 

significant studies, we propose an integrative review whose methodological approach allows the inclusion of 

different methods and admit the use of quantitative and qualitative data. According to Souza, Silva and Carvalho 

(2010), integrative review is broader than meta-analysis and systematic review, as it allows the inclusion of 

experimental and non-experimental studies to fully understand the phenomenon and generate a consistent and 

understandable panorama of the concepts, theories or problems related to the phenomenon studied 

(Whittemore&Knafl, 2005).   

To ensure the methodological rigor in the integrative review, this investigation followed the phases proposed by 

Souza, Silva and Carvalho (2010) for the research: 1st phase - definition of the guiding question, in which the 

studies to be included, the means adopted to the identification of sources and the information collected on each 

selected articlewere determined; 2nd phase –the use of the VOSviewer tool (instrument for construction and 

visualization of bibliometric networks - https://www.vosviewer.com/) to a broad and diversified search in 

electronic databasesbased on a pre-defined criteria of inclusion and exclusion. The program organizes the 

references exported by the databases and identifies the quantitative data referring to an area of knowledge, the 

number of citations, territory of works and number of authors; 3rd phase –data extraction from each article 

regarding the type of study, definition of data and sample size and technique used for data collection; 4th phase - 

critical analysis to consider the rigor and characteristics of the selected studies; 5th phase - preparation of 

inferences from the comparison of the results with the information present in the literature; 6th phase - reduction 

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and comparison of the data in which the studies were divided into subgroups according to the classification 

determined.  

This research selected complete articles in English, Spanish and Portuguese published in peer-reviewed journals 

between 2010 and 2021 indexed in the Scopus database. As a search refinement strategy, the following Terms 

were used: “Social project” OR “Social program” AND “Education” OR “Education” AND “Child” OR 

“Adolescent” OR “Youth” AND “Popular layers” OR “Social risk” OR “Marginalized” OR “Poverty” OR “Not 

met” OR “Vulnerability” AND “Sport” OR “Sports education” OR “Sports project”.  

Inclusion criteria: only empirical articles, published between 2010 and 2021 in peer-reviewed journals were 

selected, in which children, adolescents and young people participating in Physical and Sports Activities targeted 

at a population in a situation of social vulnerability were investigated. Exclusion criteria: Review studies; 

Document analysis research; Works that did not include subjects in the childhood, adolescence and youth age 

groups; Course Completion Papers, Monographs, Dissertations and Theses; Closed access studies; Studies 

published outside the established search period; Articles out of focus and desired scope.   

The analysis of the data obtained was carried out through the ordering, categorization and subsequent summary 

of the results in order to highlight any differences and commonalities of the articles included in the research 

(Whittemore&Knafl, 2005). Descriptive statistics was used as a procedure for the initial treatment of the data. In 

this way, it was possible to observe both the occurrence of publications over the years, as well as the more or less 

recurrent themes. The exhaustive reading of the data allowed the researchers to identify the approaches, the type 

of study, the results and directions of each one of the works.  

The synthesis of the results was carried out in a descriptive way, allowing to observe, count, describe and classify 

the data in order to gather the knowledge produced about Physical and Sports Activities in SIP and to identify, 

analyze and synthesize the results of studies on the subject. The categories that emerged from the data were 

expressed in figures, tables and charts, which facilitated the analysis by comparing the results and identifying 

regularities and differences. 

3 Results 

3.1 Identification of relevant studies  

The compilation of information in articles published in the Scopus database allowed the verification of similarities 

and differences in the selected works based on the inclusion criteria and the established exclusion criteria. The 

studies found in the database were exported to the VOSviewer tool to help to organize, select and describe the 

productions used in the integrative review. Afterwards, the duplicated articles were removed and the title, abstract 

and the full paper of the remaining works were finally read. Figure 1 presents the flowchart of the article selection 

process.  

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Figure 1 – Refinement on search and selection of articles.  

The final selection of articles took place on April 13, 2021. From a total of 257 articles identified from the 

combination of search descriptors, 11 works were analyzed and will be presented in Table 1.  

The increasing academic interest in the area of sports for social inclusion and sports for development and peace 

has motivated the production of books, special editions of magazines, research reports and important articles on 

the subject in several countries (Haudenhuyse et al., 2020). 

Table1 – Selected Articles 

  Authores / Year  Title  Research 

site  

Placeofpublic 

ation  

Magazine  

1  Cortês-Neto et al.  Elaboração de indicadores de 

sucesso  

(2010)  em programas de saúde pública com  

foco sócio-esportivo  

Brazil  Spain  Revista Salud 

Pública  

2  Castro& Souza 

(2011)  

Significados de umprojeto social 

esportivo: Umestudo a partir das 

perspectivas de profissionais, pais, 

crianças e adolescentes.   

Brazil  Brazil  Revista  

Movimento  

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3  Schaillée,  

Theeboom,& Van  

Cauwenberg(2015)  

What makes a difference for 

disadvantaged girls? Investigating the 

interplay between group composition 

and positive youth development in 

sport  

Belgium  Belgium  Social  

Inclusion  

4  Bean et al. (2015)  Putting program evaluation into  

practice: Enhancing the Girls Just 

Wanna Have Fun program  

Canada  Canada  Evaluationand 

ProgramPlanni 

ng  

5  Brauner, 

Valentini& Souza 

(2017)  

Programa de Iniciação Esportiva 

Influencia a CompetênciaPercebida de 

Crianças?  

Brazil  Brazil  Psico-USF  

6  De Martini  

Ugolotti(2017)  

„We are rolling and vaulting tonight‟: 

sport programmes, urban regeneration 

and the politics of parkour in Turin, 

Italy  

Italy  UnitedKingdo 

n  

International  

Journal of Sport 

Policy and Politics  

7  Pike, Page& Vinas 

(2018)  

Playing Out: A Movement for 

Movement?  

UnitedKin 

gdon  

UnitedKingdo 

n  

Frontiers in 

Sociology  

8  Bento et al.(2019)  Prevalenceandfactorsassociatedwithph 

ysicalactivity in  

sociallyvulnerablechildren  

Brazil  Brazil  Revista  

Brasileira de  

Medicina do  

Esporte  

9  Hills, Walker& 

Barry (2019)  

Sport as a vehicleforhealthpromotion: 

A sharedvalueexampleofcorporate  

social responsibility  

UnitedKin 

gdon  

UnitedKingdo 

n  

Sport  

Management  

Review  

  

10  Bhanet al.(2020)  Sport as a vehicle of change for 

livelihoods, social participation and 

marital health for the youth: Findings 

from a prospective cohort in Bihar, 

India  

India  UnitedKingdo 

n  

EClinicalMedicine  

11  Cortês-Neto et 

al.(2020)  

The resilience of adolescent  

participants in social projects for sport   

Brazil  Brazil  Ciência&Saúde 

Coletiva  

Source: Elaborated by the authors.  

  

3.2 Data related to the studies: area of knowledge, research site and place of publication   

In several countries, sport has been used to promote health by public policy makers and been defended by 

researchers due to the its benefits in the participants, that range from psychological, physiological and cultural 

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https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/index
https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/index
https://www.cogitatiopress.com/socialinclusion/index
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/01497189
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/01497189
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/01497189
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/01497189
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/01497189
http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=1413-8271&lng=en&nrm=iso
http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=1413-8271&lng=en&nrm=iso
http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=1517-8692&lng=en&nrm=iso
http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=1517-8692&lng=en&nrm=iso
http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=1517-8692&lng=en&nrm=iso
http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=1517-8692&lng=en&nrm=iso
http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=1517-8692&lng=en&nrm=iso
http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=1413-8123&lng=en&nrm=iso
http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=1413-8123&lng=en&nrm=iso
http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=1413-8123&lng=en&nrm=iso


    

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aspects. More recently, private and governmental organizations related to sports have started to develop and 

implement health promotion projects and programs linked to corporate social responsibility (Hills, Walker& 

Barry, 2019). The bibliometric analysis of the data reveals that most of the selected articles were published in 

Brazil (4) and the United Kingdom (4). The investigated theme was also the object of research that resulted in a 

publication in each of the following countries in the investigated period: Belgium, Canada, Italy and India.   

Studies that focused on Physical and Sports Activities in Brazil were predominant in the selected investigations 

(5), while three selected studies focused on Physical and Sports Activities programs and projects in the United 

Kingdom (Table 1). Although the main focus of the selected studies is on Physical and Sports Activities for 

children, adolescents and young people in situations of social vulnerability, the issue in question was approached 

from the perspective of Health Promotion (1, 8, 9, 10), Public Policy (9, 10), Social Capital (3, 6, 7, 10), 

Psychology (motivation - 5; resilience - 11), Business (9), Gender (3, 4) and Social Representations (2) (it is 

considered that the same article had more than one approach simultaneously). The range of the selected works 

reflects the efforts of researchers to adopt different perspectives to broaden the understanding of the phenomenon 

of socialization and well-being through Physical and Sports Activities of subjects in a situation of social 

vulnerability (Clarke, Jones& Smith, 2021).  

In this integrative review, 5 studies were selected with investigated subjects from the Brazilian population, 5 

works with individuals surveyed in countries considered developed and a survey in the Indian population (as well 

as Brazil, India is considered a developing country) (Table 1) that observed the relationship between sports and 

the vulnerable population, with diversified approaches. The selected sample suggests that the researchers‟ concern 

with social inequality in Brazil may justify the increase in the amount of research on social inclusion of the 

vulnerable population in the country (Kravchychyn& Oliveira, 2015; Vianna&Lovisolo, 2018). Another focus of 

attention in investigations in Brazil may be the low percentage of active Brazilians (30% of the population), which 

mainly affects individuals in a situation of social vulnerability (UNDP, 2017).   

Researches that investigated Physical and Sports Activities and the social inclusion of vulnerable populations in 

other countries suggest that the concerns that resulted in investigations linking Physical and Sports Activities and 

social vulnerability are not unique to the Brazilian reality, and the same occurs in other social contexts, including 

in developed nations. These arguments are supported by the article of Buelens et al. (2015), indicating that there 

is a considerable number of young Europeans who live or are at risk of ending up in situations of social 

vulnerability.   

At the same time, the study of Collins and Haudenhuyse (2015) describes the growth trends of poverty in England 

and identifies the groups who are at risk of social exclusion, and the work of Johns et al. (2014) in Oceania study 

team sports as a mean of combating the violent extremism of young Muslims in Australia.   

The possibility of sport being a mean for social inclusion and for increasing social opportunities for vulnerable 

children, adolescents and young people was the common perspective in the aforementioned works. Therefore, it 

is admitted that the inequality of social opportunities and social exclusion motivate the implementation of projects 

and programs with Physical and Sports Activities to minimize the risks arising from social vulnerability.  

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3.3 Type of study, source (subject definition / sample size), data collection technique and characteristics of 

selected studies   

  

The final sample of this integrative review brought together a wide variety of study types: ethnographic, case, 

descriptive, cross-sectional, longitudinal, comparative, survey and quasi-experimental. In qualitative studies (4 

occurrences - case study, focused investigation, ethnographic, descriptive) (Bean et al., 2015; Castro& Souza, 

2011; De Martini Ugolotti, 2017; Pike, Page& Vinas, 2018) the authors used as technique for data collection the 

document analysis, interviews and field notes to investigate the cases. The quantitative studies identified were 

two quasi-experimental surveys (Cortês-Neto et al., 2010; Hills, Walker& Barry, 2019), two surveys (Bento et 

al., 2019; Cortês-Neto et al., 2010), one correlational study (Schaillée,Theeboom& Van Cauwenberg, 2015), a 

cross-sectional study (Cortês-Neto et al., 2020) and a longitudinal survey (Bhan et al., 2020). As an instrument 

for data collection, document analysis, interviews, scales and structured questionnaires were identified (Table 2).   

Although managers, leaders, parents, teachers and other professionals have been investigated, children and 

adolescents aged from 5 to 24 years were the main object of study in the selected articles, which reinforces the 

tendency of Physical and Sports Activities projects to have its proposals centered on individuals in development, 

who are the most vulnerable subjects in the population. However, there is little evidence to explain why most 

Physical and Sports Activities projects for the vulnerable population do not provide the same breadth of access to 

Physical and Sports Activities so that a greater number of subjects in other age groups, including the elderly, can 

benefit fromthe practice. 

Table 2 – Methodological framework of selected articles.  

  Typeofstudy  Source  Instrument  

1  Survey  1 program  

51 students (8 to 17 years old)  

Documental analysis 

Interviews  

2  Case study  

Qualitative-exploratory  

1 program  

52 students (8 to 15 years old)  

9 parents  

17 professionals   

Semi-structured interviews  

3  Correlational  15 programs  

200 female students (10 to 24 

years old)  

Quiz:Youth Experience Survey 

for  

Sports (YES-S)  

  

4  Focusedevaluation  1 program  

13 female students (11 to 16 

years old) 5 leaders  

Semi-structured interviews  

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5  Longitudinal / 

Developmental and 

comparative of type 

quasiexperimental   

118 students (5 to 9 yearsold)  Self-Perception Scale for 

Children  

Pictorial Scale of Perceived  

Competence   

and Social Acceptance(PSPCSA)  

6  Ethnographic  1 program  

20 participants (16 to 21 years 

old)  

Managers  

Field notes 

Interviews  

7  Descriptive  1 program  

23 adults    

37 students (1,5* to 13 years 

old)  

6 managers (politics)  

  

Semi-structured interviews  

8  Survey  

Descriptive  

Stratified sample in 8 regions 

of  

Brazil  

3066 students  

(7 to 11 yearsold)  

Physical Activity Questionnaire - 

Older Children (PAQ-C)   

Participation Motivation  

Questionnaire (PMQ)   

Anthropometricmeasurements  

9  Multimethods  

Quasi-experimental  

1 program  

272 students (8 to 11 years old)  

Physical Activity Questionnaire 

for  

Children   

Youth Physical Activity 

Questionnaire  

(YAPAQ)  

Focus group interview  

10  Longitudinal / 

Developmental  

Analytical sample in Bihar 

(India)  

2.322 alunos (15 to 19 

yearsold)  

Logisticandmultinomial models  

11  Cross-sectional  3 schools   

134 students (12 to 17 years 

old)  

Interviews  

Resiliencescale  

Source: Elaborated by the author; *Loyal to the original text.  

  

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By considering that the agreement between the institutional proposals and the attention to the beneficiaries wishes, 

derived from the evaluations of their own experiences, is important for the success of SIP, Vianna and Lovisolo 

criticized the elaboration of public sports policies in Brazil aimed at people from the lower classes, as they are 

premised only on the perspectives of the SIP developers and managers and do not consider the participants‟ 

opinions in the elaboration, implementation and conduct of projects and programs – local rationalities (Vianna & 

Lovisolo, 2011, 2018). According to the authors, when they do not realize their concerns, participants tend to 

abandon the SIP, compromising the socialization process. Thus, surveys that observe the expectations of the actors 

in the projects can provide elements for the refinement of institutional proposals and for aligning agreements 

between the parties involved. 

This position is in line with the conclusion of Nols et al. (2017) in their investigation of young people from 

Belgium. They suggest that when designing and evaluating projects, the approach should include the participants‟ 

evaluations, their criticisms and real-life situations. The investigations made by Cortês-Neto et al. (2010), Castro 

and Souza (2011), Schaillée, Theeboom and Van Cauwenberg (2015), Bean et al. (2015), De Martini Ugolotti 

(2017), Hills, Walker and Barry (2019) andBhan et al. (2020) also proposed to give voice to the participants 

(Collison et al., 2017), and thus, they were able to capture the complexity of the processes behind the effects 

generated by the SIP. Brauner et al (2017), Bento et al. (2019) and Cortês-Neto (2020) limited the effects of the 

projects on the psychological and social aspects of the participants.  

One aspect that should also be considered resides in Coalter‟s (2015) arguments, stressing that even if systematic 

and robust evidencesare produced in the studies at the local level showing the relative effectiveness of certain 

types of Physical and Sports Activitiesprograms in SIP, the possibility of erroneously generalizing the effects 

from the micro (social) to the macro (social) level must be regarded.It can be understood that despite the program’s 

rhetoric often claims that it addresses social issues, most programs have an inevitably local perspective.   

We understand that more than representing an antagonism between the two conceptions, local level studies and 

researches with a macro-social focus seem to be complementary, as both provide subsidies for the dialogue 

between the parties involved and for optimization of the preparation, conduction and experimentation of Physical 

and Sports Activities in PIS. 

3.4 Assessment indicators and instruments for data collection  

Despite the prevailing thought that Physical and Sports Activities are beneficial to subjects in vulnerable situations 

and that it can be a mean by which young people increase their chances of improving their social position, there 

is little understanding of the mechanisms by which sports promote the development of the participants 

(Buelens,Theeboom, Vertonghen & De Martelaer, 2015; Super et al., 2017), which implies the need for research 

to evaluate Physical and Sports Activities projects and programs (Corazza & Dyer, 2017;Vianna & Lovisolo, 

2018).  

Considering the analysis of the potential of the investigated projects, we found that the selected studies focused 

on social, biological and psychological aspects of the participants. Highlighting the study by Cortês-Neto et al. 

(2010) who sought to develop indicators for project evaluation, aiming to establish representative aspects of the 

effects of Physical and Sports Activities in the development of individuals in vulnerable situations. The results of 

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the study suggest as indicators for the assessment the school performance, the developed skills, the participation 

in activities, the motivation to participate, and the behaviors and attitudes. Another aspect that can be considered 

in evaluating the impact of Physical and Sports Activities is the adaptation of students to the project as a natural 

process in the implementation and development of the program, which according to Bean et al. (2015), is shown 

as fundamental to understand how this adaptation process can influence the sustainability of the projects.  

As for the approaches, Pike et al. (2018) investigated a community initiative sports project that focused on 

expanding the participants‟ social capital. Bento et al. (2019), in a health promotion approach, used three 

structured instruments (Physical Activity Questionnaire - Older Children - PAQ-C; Participation Motivation 

Questionnaire - PMQ and Anthropometric Measures) to investigate the prevalence of physical activity, weight 

and motivation to practice sports among 3,066 "active" and "moderately active" children of "normal weight", in 

a situation of social vulnerability who participated in social projects that focused on sport, highlighting 

comparatively the results according to age and gender.  

Using structured instruments to verify the effects of Physical and Sports Activities on the psychological aspects 

of the participants, the research made by Brauner et al (2017) stands out. They applied the Pictorial Scale of 

Perceived Competence and Social Acceptance (PSPCSA) to verify the impact of a sport initiation program in the 

self-perception of motor, cognitive and global competence over time. 

From the studies referred to in the previous paragraphs, evidence indicates that the effects of Physical and Sports 

Activities on participants as a mean of evaluating SIP can be verified from different perspectives and with 

diversified instruments, and it is not possible to identify indicators to an agreement or hierarchy of investigated 

variables or instruments used for evaluation. 

3.5 Main evidences in the selected studies  

All selected studies assumed that Physical and Sports Activities are an important tool in the process of social 

inclusion of vulnerable individuals, which reinforces the arguments found in other articles on the subject (Collison 

et al., 2017; Corazza & Dyer, 2017; Super et al., 2017; Vianna & Lovisolo, 2018).   

Most researchers have found promising effects in researches at the local level (Bean et al., 2015; Brauner et al., 

2017; Castro& Souza, 2011; Cortês-Neto et al., 2020; Cortês-Neto et al., 2010; De Martini Ugolotti, 2017; Hills, 

Walker& Barry, 2019; Pike, Page& Vinas, 2018) and in investigations with broader sample representation (Bento 

et al., 2019; Bhan et al., 2020; Schaillée, Theeboom & Van Cauwenberg, 2015).  

In the selected studies - produced in Brazil or other countries -, some critical mention of the value of sports was 

only identified in the article of De Martini Ugoloti (2017). The ambivalent theoretical position of the benefits and 

limitations of the sport for popular classes that can be found in studies in Brazil (Kravchychyn& Oliveira, 2015) 

was questioned by the author when analyzing and discussing the use of public space by young parkour 

practitioners in a community sports project in Turin. The study provides a critical perspective on the practice of 

sports in the urban context as a lens to discover the manifestations of social inequality.  

We agree with the author‟s conclusions that competing values in playing sports depend on how it is used and for 

what purpose. The evidence reinforces the thesis of multiplicity in the dimensions of sports and that there is a 

multiplicity of approaches and of the use made of it, andcasts doubt on the thesis that sport is an evil by itself or 

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that it is the magic formula for solving exclusion problems. The use of Physical and Sports Activities as a tool to 

be adapted to the social context in which the project is inserted seems to be better adjusted. 

As mentioned in this review, the studies under analysis were located in different theoretical approaches to support 

research and verify the effects of Physical and Sports Activities on participants and the social context, highlighting 

the focuses on Health Promotion, Gender, Psychological Aspects, Social Capital and Social Opportunities, for 

which we believe that the results derived from them deserve to be highlighted, which we consider to be relevant 

contributions of knowledge on the theme developed here.  

3.5.1 Health Promotion  

From the perspective of Physical and Sports Activities as a mean of Health Promotion, Bento et al. (2019) found 

subjects with a level of physical activity and body weight within the recommended levels. Pleasure, physical 

fitness, technical competence, general membership, specific membership, and status and emotions were 

considered “very important” reasons for Physical and Sports Activities practice, while the competition was 

considered only “important”.   

When analyzing comparatively the participation of boys and girls in Physical and Sports Activities, the results 

from the study highlighted the girls as "moderately active", "overweight" and "obese", considering technical 

competence as an "important" motivational domain for physical activity.   

3.5.2 Gender  

Votre et al. (2011) identified that the local habitus related to gender can explain the disinvestment of girls in sport, 

which suggests the need of mechanisms to increase permanence. The issue of gender was addressed in the study 

ofSchaillée et al. (2015) with Belgian girls, in which the authors examined the relationship between group 

composition and the positive development in sports of girls from disadvantaged social backgrounds. According 

to the authors, the benefits of the participation of disadvantaged girls in sports depend on the composition of the 

group. When girls join a group of similar peers, girls born to a single mother or separated from their biological 

father will benefit more than those from families where the parents live together in the same house. 

Based on research in Canada, Bean et al. (2015) argue that in making efforts to provide young women with unique 

experiences, offer formal services and informal leadership responsibilities, and expose young people to positive 

aspects of adult livelihoods, the programs based on Physical and Sports Activities can promote positive results in 

the training of participants, thus meeting the results found in the investigation by Medeiros and Vianna (2021). 

Thus, both studies emphasize that the benefits to young women depend on teaching strategies and procedures 

adopted by the SIP.  

3.5.3 Psychological aspects  

Psychology can provide elements to assess attitudes and behavior in sports. Brauner et al. (2017) argue that the 

strategies used in the investigated program were effective in strengthening perceptions of competence, especially 

among the investigated boys. The effects of Physical and Sports Activities seem to be more necessary to raise the 

subjective well-being scores of children who report situations of greater social disadvantage (Viñas et al, 2019). 

The resilience of participants in Physical and Sports Activities projects was analyzed in the study ofCortêsNeto 

et al. (2020), in which the resilience of participants and non-participants in a project was compared, relating their 

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resilience to their socio-demographic profiles. The results revealed that participants of Physical and Sports 

activities had a better level of resilience than non-participants, even in unfavorable situations or with the presence 

of risk factors, which reinforces the data found by Bhan et al (2020). 

3.5.4 Social Capital 

The results of the study by Pike et al. (2018) indicated that the expansion of the Social Capital of the participants 

is the cause and the effect in the project‟s success when social capital is combined with an organized social 

movement to increase outdoor play and to increase the practice of physical activities among young people in the 

neighborhood. By exploring the meanings attributed to the SIP by students, guardians and professionals working 

in the project Castro and Souza (2011),    

It was identified, in the expression of those investigated, that the SIP is a space for learning and socialization 

through games, in which participants are protected from the risks of violence and social deviations. 

Another study that adopted the perspective of expanding the participants' Social Capital was the investigation 

made by Bhan et al. (2020) with young people in India. Based on the assumption that the participation of young 

people in pro-social activities, such as sports, can promote the formation of identity, selfefficacy and social 

support, in a longitudinal study with a macro-social focus, the authors sought to verify the effects of sports 

participation in adolescents in Bihar. The results revealed that sport can increase the social participation and the 

benefits for subsistence of adolescents, in addition to delaying marriage and increasing the use of contraceptive 

among girls. 

According to the authors, sport-based youth engagement programs in India can influence self-efficacy and pro-

social values through bonding with peers and changing unequal gender norms. Different benefits were identified 

for boys and girls. Associated with the boys, the participation of adolescents in sports provides greater chances of 

vocational training, engagement in the social program and a tendency towards political participation. Among 

girls, sport in adolescence was associated with a lower tendency towards child marriage and use of family 

planning, and greater involvement in vocational training. The authors suggest that in India, programs to develop 

opportunities for young people through sports can collaborate to build resilience among participants.   

3.5.5 Social opportunities 

The perspective of professionalization from the development of skills and competences in sport was investigated 

by Hills et al. (2019) with young people in the United Kingdom. The results show that the effects centered on 

business/professionalization were stronger among a group of young beneficiaries than among some variables 

centered on health and well-being. Although,Hermens et al. (2015) have found that in young people from a project 

linked to a club in the Netherlands, the participation in sports is positively related to self-esteem, self-regulation 

skills and social inclusion. These data reinforce the results in the investigations made by Votre et al. (2011) and 

Vianna and Lovisolo (2018) in Brazil, in which the authors also verified in the speech of boys who practice 

Physical and Sports Activities in SIP the aspiration of becoming athletes or sports teachers, as a possibility of 

social mobility.   

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Although in different social and economic contexts, the common aspect is the discontinuity or disinvestment of 

resources in projects, and the absence of partnerships and strategies for participants to progress in sports and 

through sports.   

4 Conclusions   

The results found in this integrative review research can contribute to the updating and comparison of the 

evidences found in research investments in developing countries and in countries with greater economic 

development, which focused on social inclusion of subjects in a situation of social vulnerability through sports.   

The data indicate that the sport has been used in sports projects for the social inclusion of children, adolescents 

and young people in situations of social vulnerability, as it helps in the development of personal and social skills 

and abilities of the participants. There is a common perception that Physical and Sports Activities projects and 

programs provide these subjects with the opportunity to access the benefits arising from the practice.   

Qualitative studies (single case, multiple cases, ethnography), quantitative studies and mixed methods (survey, 

correlational and quasi-experimental)were identified in theoretical matrices based on social sciences, humanities 

and health sciences, which used interviews, questionnaires, field notes, observation and structured instrumentsas 

techniques for data collection. Apparently, this is a reflection of the multidisciplinary nature of this phenomenon. 

Assessing the effects of Physical and Sports Activities on the development of participants in SIP was the mean 

used to assess the impact of the projects. A risk in preparing assessments that focus on the benefits  of Health 

Promotion, Gender Relations, the expansion of Social Capital, the improvement of psychological aspects and 

social opportunities may lie in overvaluing the benefits and minimizing the limitations and restrictions to the 

practice.  

Investigations that verify both positive aspects and unexpected effects can provide evidence to be used by public 

policy makers, project managers and teachers, for the refinement of institutional proposals and improvement of 

the participants' social inclusion process. 

Based on the investigations described in this integrative review, it is recommended new researches that observe 

what are the institutional management strategies and what are the didactic procedures adopted in teaching Physical 

and Sports Activities that further favor the social inclusion of individuals in situations of social vulnerability and 

further expand the social opportunities of the participants.  

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