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American Journal of  Medical 
Science and Innovation (AJMSI) 

Assessment of  Breast Cancer Awareness Among Women of  Reproductive Age 
in Akure South Local Government Area of  Ondo State

Omotayo Lydia Mojisola1*

Volume 2 Issue 1, Year 2023
https://journals.e-palli.com/home/index.php/ajmsi

Article Information ABSTRACT

Received: February 02, 2023

Accepted: March 02, 2023

Published: March 06, 2023

Incidence of  breast cancer is increasing worldwide. Breast cancer is the most commonly 
diagnosed cancer as a major cause of  cancer death among woman according to national 
breast cancer foundation in 2016. The current prevalence of  breast cancer in Nigeria is 
12.5% which implies 1 out of  15 women are living with the disease. This worrisome 
development will continue to attract attentions and actions of  governmentsat all levels, 
NGOs, health institutions and researchers. The study aims to assess breast cancer among 
women of  reproductive age in Akure South Local Government Area of  Ondo State. The 
sample size of  110 women of  child-bearing age were selected randomly across Akure 
south, eleven political wards through multistage sampling technique. The data generated 
from in-depth interviews of  the informants and from secondary sources like government 
journals, medical publications, hospital records, NGOs Articles and internet materials 
were qualitatively analyzed. The study revealed that majority of  the respondents did not 
have adequate breast cancer awareness. The study concluded that the government and 
critical stakeholders should adopt more proactive approaches towards effective advocacy 
programmes that can checkmate the high mortality rate of  the disease as the existing 
information channels have not impacted significantly on breast cancer awareness campaigns. 
Therefore, it is hereby recommended that governments at all levels in collaboration with 
NGOs, health organizations, religious bodies, mass media, traditional institutions and other 
stakeholders should intensify well coordinated efforts to create the needed awareness 
about the scourge among the womenfolk who incidentally have the highest prevalence 
of  the disease.

Keywords
Awareness, Breast Cancer, 
Mortality, Prevalence, 
Screening 

1  Department of  Public Health University of  Cambodia, Cambodia
* Corresponding author’s e-mail: omotayolydiamojisola@gmail.com

INTRODUCTION
Breast cancer is the most common cancer affecting 
25.2% of  women and is also the second leading cause 
of  cancer-related deaths among women according to 
(Okunnuga.N et al. 2021). Almost half  of  breastcancer 
cases and 60% of  breast cancer-related deaths are 
estimated to occur in middle-and –low-income countries. 
Globally, the devastating effects on women diagnosed 
with breast cancer are appalling. Global cancer statistics 
shows increased global cases of  breast cancer and the 
rise is occurring at a faster rate in population of  the 
middle-and-low-income countries which may be due to 
increase in population growth and aging. Breast cancer 
is an aggressive disease affecting women, irrespective of  
their age category. Women are particularly vulnerable and 
susceptible to breast cancer and their risks increase with 
advanced age.
The origin of  breast cancer has not been fully unraveled 
but is attributable to some inter- related factors of  
genetics, hormones, theenvironment, socio-biology and 
physiological factors according to American Cancer 
Society (2013). In the report by Lydia and Mpunga 
(2015), it was indicated that deaths as aresult of  breast 
cancer in Nigeria reached 13,264 or 0.70% and the age 
adjusted deathrate is 28.11 per 100,000 population, 
ranking Nigeria 4th in the world. Adebamowo and Ajayi 
(2021) also stated that the malignant cells are developing 
in the tissue. Breast cancer is the most common cancer in 

Nigeria. In 2005, breast cancer was found to be the most 
common in Nigeria. In the North-West geographical zone 
of  Nigeria, cancer ofthe breast is second to Cervix, while 
the Cancer registry at the University College Hospital 
(UCH) Ibadan revealed that it is the leading malignancy 
among women. Also, in the north-Central, breast cancer 
constitutes 22.41% of  the new cancer cases registered in 
5 years and accounts for 35.41% of  all cancers in women. 
Breast cancer isundoubtedly the most dreaded cancer 
with lots of  psychological impacts and one of  themost 
popular malignancies that affect about one in every nine 
women. 
It is a disease inwhich the malignant cells are developing 
in the tissue of  the breast. Breast cancer is of  two types, 
Lobular cancer which begins in many small sacks in 
the breast that producemilk and ductal cancer which 
develops in the tubes that carry milk from the lobules 
tothe nipple. It is also the type of  cancer having the 
highest prevalence (45.7%) among the female in Nigeria 
and border countries. Common signs and symptoms of  
breast cancer include a change in the way the breast or 
nipple feels, change in how the breast or nipple seems 
and discharge of  the nipple. It is interesting to know 
that as debilitating as breast cancer disease is, majority 
of  Nigerian women have little or no knowledge of  the 
disease and even in situations where they are aware of  
the disease, their attitude towards seeking healthcare is 
negative causing their untimely or preventable death 

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(Tayo, G. et al. 2019). It has been observed that certain 
socio-cultural, religious, genetic and economic factors are 
responsible for this negative attitude.

Statement of  Problem
Breast cancer is currently the most common type of  
cancer worldwide with 2.26 million cases recorded in 
2020 (WHO 2020). It is also the most common cancer 
among women both in developed and developing 
countries and a major cause of  public health concern. 
While it exists around the globe, developed countries 
have ahigher incidence rate and the incidence rate also 
varies by ethnicity and race (Obalase and Adegboro 
2017). Breast cancer was also the 5th leading cause of  
deaths worldwide in 2020 with 685,000 death attributed 
to it (WHO, 2021). In Nigeria breast cancer caseswere 
historically low but are now increasing as a result of  
urbanization and lifestyle changes. It is the leading cause 
of  cancer death currently representing about 23% of  
allcancer cases and approximately 18% of  deaths are 
attributed to it. In Nigerian women, breast cancer seems 
to be diagnosed at an advanced stage and the chance of  
survival are low (Adebamowo and Ajayi 2007).
Women in the country area also more frequently 
diagnosed with triple-negative breast cancer than women 
of  European ancestry (Mccormack, Adebamowo and 
Dos-Santos-Silva 2016). Following late presentation 
of  the disease the only option available are expensive 
treatment procedure which maybe unaffordable.
The prevalence of  breast cancer among women in Ondo 
state, south western partof  Nigeria is on the high side 
from the clinical records of  confirmed breast cancer 
patients, between March 2013 and April 2019 attending 
the oncology outpatient clinic at University of  Medical 
Sciences Teaching Hospital, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria, 
reproductive women younger than 40 years constitutes 
37.5% of  the sample population of  20-89 years while 
those older accounted for 63.5%

General Objective of  the study
This is to assess breast cancer awareness among women 
of  reproductive age in Akure South Local Government 
Area of  Ondo State.

Specific Objectives of  the study
1. To assess the most used channel(s) for breast cancer 

awareness.
2. To evaluate the influence of  culture on breast cancer 

awareness.
3. To determine how often do women of  reproductive 

age in Akure South Local Government conduct self  
breast examination.

4. To determine the level of  breast cancer awareness 
among women of  reproductive age in Akure South Local 
Government

ResearchQuestions
1. What is the most used channel(s) of  information for 

breast cancer awareness?
2. Does culture have influence on breast cancer 

awareness? 
3. How often do women of  reproductive age in 

Akure South Local Government conduct self  breast 
examination?

4. What is the level of  breast cancer awareness among 
women of  reproductive age in Akure South Local 
Government?

Significance
Apart from adding to the body of  knowledge about 
breast cancer disease, this study will be useful to the 
government, policy makers,health institutions, health care 
providers and research centers to improve on their breast 
cancer awareness strategies in order to checkmate the 
high mortality of  the disease among women.

LITERATURE REVIEW
According to American cancer society, there are several 
types of  breast cancer. The commonest type is ductal 
carcinomas. This begins in a milk duct. Another type is 
lobular carcinoma. This begins in a lobule, one of  the tiny 
glands that produce milk.
‘Invasive’ breast cancer involves cancerous cells spreading 
to nearby tissues and other parts of  the body while non-
invasive’ breast cancer remains in place of  origin. The 
cells may eventually became invasive.
Breast cancer occurs where there is a genetic mutation or 
damage to DNA. This can be associated with exposure 
to estrogen, inherited genetic defects or inherited genes 
that can cause cancer such as BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes
It has been argued that a lack of  basic knowledge and 
quality information delivery system for breast cancer is 
a great impediment to the life and well-being of  women. 
Tayo, Tolulope, Emmanuel and Olabode (2019) Opined 
that breast cancer has been a major cause of  death subtly 
killing women-especially thosewith little or no education. 
This is compounded by lack of  timely information 
aboutbreast cancer and poor diagnostics screening 
methods for early detection. As importantas knowledge 
of  breast cancer is, it is not sufficient unless socio-
cultural factor are taken into consideration by the health 
professionals providing direct healthcare. Insufficient 
information concerning breast cancer has also been 
observed among rural and urban dwellers in Nigeria; it is 
responsible for the poor perception of  the ability tocure 
cancer earlier detected and the efficacy of  screening 
tests. Furthermore, the lack ofawareness on the issue 
of  vulnerability and susceptibility associated with breast 
cancerdiscouragemany women from seeking intervention 
early or associate the symptoms they are experiencing 
with other health conditions.
Level of  awareness regarding how to perform simple 
life saving diagnostic breastcancer checks such as self  
breast examination (SBE) further compounds the 
problem of  late detection. Empowerment of  women 
with information on BSE is paramount importance, 

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especially in countries without modern technologies 
for breast cancersscreening. Most of  the Nigerian rural 
communities lacked the required technologicalresources, 
but SBE can contribute greatly if  women are informed 
about the technique,and regular practice would reduce 
late presentation. According to American Cancer Society, 
Breast Self  Examination (BSE) is a screening method that 
is being used to defect early breast cancer. This involves a 
woman examining her own breasts to feel the breasts for 
possible lumps, swelling or distortion.
Mammography screening may also be done to detect breast 
cancer in asymptomatic women. In spite of  its limitation 
in LMCs due to challenge of  poor infrastructure, poverty, 
and inadequate human resources, it has been seen as the 
method of  choice for screening and diagnosis which can 
significantly reduce breast cancer morbidity and mortality. 
Certain socio-cultural factors also contribute to breast 
cancer prevalence in Nigeria. As opined by Akhigbe and 
Akhigbe (2012), health beliefs vary across culture, and 
the fatalistic consequence ofcancer may discourage many 
from participating in health –promoting behaviors. This 
isbecause illnesses or catastrophic eventsinthispart of  
the worldare attributedto ahigher power (such as God), 
or they are meant to happen and cannot be avoided; as 
aresult, fatalism become part of  the person’s world view. 
Chronic conditions in many African societies are often 
associated with witchcraft and evil spirits.
Cultural values and ethnic diversity have an impact on 
health beliefs, which may influence how rural women 
interact with the western medication, especially conditions 
such as breast cancer. According to Molute and Molute 
(2015). Some women delay seeking treatment because of  
fear or stigma concerning their daughters as it is believed 
that they also might be affected by breastcancer and might 
not be considered for a good marriage. Furthermore, 
it is believed thatcancer is a death sentence from God. 
All these have continued to be crucial factors thatmay 
account for breast cancer prevalence in Nigeria and other 
sub-Sahara Africancountries. This study seeks to ascertain 
the level of  breast cancer awareness among women of  
reproductive age in Akure South local government area 
of  Ondo State.

Theoretical Framework
This study is anchored on health belief  theory. 
According to (Rosenstock & Becker, 1994), health belief  
theory is a social psychological health behavior change 
modeldeveloped to help explain and predict health 
related behavior with respect to acceptanceof  health 
intervention. This implies that individual’ beliefs about 
health conditions will go a long way in predicting their 
health related behavior towards the health condition.
Therefore, the relevance of  this theory to this work rests 
on the fact that women ofreproductive age acceptance of  
breast cancer interventions well largely depend on their 
perceived causes of  breast cancer and the hope of  getting 
the needed treatment from any available interventions.

METHODOLOGY
This involves qualitative research by reviewing literature, 
medical publications, hospital records, government 
journals, NGO’s articles and internet materials. They are 
also corroborated by face to face interviews purposively 
conducted in eleven (11) political wards in Akure 
South Local Government area among 110 women of  
reproductive age.
The eleven political wards are: Aponmu, Gbogi / Isinkan 
1, Gbogi / Isinkan 2, Ijomu
/Obanla, Ilisa, Oda, Odopetu, Oke-Aro, Uro,Isolo/
Oshodi, Owode/imuagan.
The sample size of  110 informants were allocated 
appropriately among communities selected through 
multi- stage sampling techniques within these eleven 
political wards.
The data elicited from both primary and secondary sources 
were analyzed and presented as this research report.
Socio- demographic profile of  the informants revealed 
that the informants are with in the child-bearing age 
bracket of  15–49 years. Majority of  the maregraduates 
and married. They are also working and their consents 
were sought and obtained before the interview.

Research Question 1
What is the most used channel of  information about 
breastcancer awareness among women of  reproductive 
age in Akure south localgovernmentarea?
From the analysis of  the opinions of  110 respondents, 
44(40%) respondents chose hospital as the most used 
channel of  information aboutbreast cancer among women 
reproductive age in Akure south local government.: 
31(28.2%) respondents chose mass media which consists 
of  television. Radio, Newspapersand the internet : 
23(20.2%) respondents chose friends through group 
discussions andsharing of  information while : 12(10.9%) 
respondent chose market places. This showsthat hospital 
is the most used channel where information about 
breast cancer disease isdisseminated to create the needed 
information among women of  reproductive age in Akure 
South Local Government Area.
 
Research Question 2
Does culture have influence on breast cancer awareness 
among women of  reproductiveagein Akure south?
From the analysis of  the opinions of  110 respondents : 
67(60%) agreed that culture hasinfluence on the breast 
cancer awareness: 30(27%) is agreed while: 13(11.8%) 
were undivided. This shows that culture has influence on 
breast cancer awareness among women of  reproductive 
agein Akuresouth localgovernment area.

Research Question 3
How often do reproductive women in Akure South 
Local Government conduct self-breast examination 
and breast screen examination?
From the analysis of the opinions of 110 respondents: 

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72(66.5%) respondents conducted self  breast examination 
once in a while. 17(15.5%) respondents conducted self-
breastexamination monthly while 21(19%) respondent 
conducted self-breast examination regularly. This results 
show that women of  child bearing age in Akure South 
Local Government Area had poor attitude towards the 
practice of  breast cancer screening.

Research Question 4
What is the level of  awareness of  breast cancer 
among woman of  reproductive age in Akure South 
Local Government Area?

Symptoms of  breast cancer
From the analysis of  opinions of  110 respondents: 
78(71%) respondents did not have adequate information 
about symptoms of  breast cancer disease while 32 (29%) 
respondents had.

Risk factors of  breast cancer
From the analysis of  opinions of  110 respondents
83(75%) respondents did not have adequate information 
about the risks factor of  breast cancer disease while 
27(24.5%) respondents had.

Causes of  breast cancer
From the analysis of  opinions of  110 respondents, 
87(79%) respondents did not have adequate information 
while 23 (21%) respondentshad.

Treatment of  breast cancer
From the analysis of  opinion 110 respondents: 92(84%) 
respondents did not have adequate information while 
18(16%) respondents had.
From the results, it shows that women of  reproductive 
age in Akure south did not have adequate awareness 
about breast cancer.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The purpose of  this study is to assess breast cancer 
awareness among women of  reproductive age in Akure 
south local government Area of  Ondo state. The study 
revealed that majority of  child bearing women had 
inadequate awareness about breast cancer which was 
a result of  in effective communication channels and 
programmes by the government and stakeholders and 
strong influence of  cultural belief  of  the inhabitants on 
illnesses and catastrophic events.
It also revealed that majority of  these women did not carry 
out self-breast examination which could have aided early 
detection of  the disease and reduced eventual fatality.
However, the findings of  the study provided more insight 
into the understanding of  the breast cancer, this encompasses 
the causes and prevention of  breast cancer, the risk factors 
and types of  breast cancer and symptoms and treatment of  
breast cancer and the recommendations that will increase 
the present tempo of  the disease awareness among women 
of  reproductive age in Akure south local government area.

 CONCLUSSION
Breast Cancer is a fatal disease that has affected 
significant number of  child bearing women in Akure 
South Local Government Area. It could be concluded 
that inter-related factors such as age, education, family 
history , culture, individual attitude, and socio – economic 
factors have influence on the disposition of  this women 
towards the awareness of  the diseases and its control.
Also, the study concluded that the existing efforts of  
the government and stakeholders cannot stem the rising 
tide of  breast cancer incidence. Hence, there should be 
more collaborative efforts of  the stakeholders and more 
vigorous awareness campaigns in Akure South Local 
Government Area.It is concluded that poor breast cancer 
awareness and poor attitude to breast self  examination 
(BSE) practices are predominant among women of  
reproductive age in Akure South Local Government 
Area and are responsible for the high prevalence and 
presentation of  the disease that had caused premature but 
preventable deaths of  many notable personalities within 
the community. The finding of  this study are similar to 
previous studies conducted by (Okunnuga, N. et al. 2021) 
on Prevalence, Stage and Sociodemographic Pattern 
of  Breast Cancer in a Tertiary Institutions, South West, 
Nigeria, Obalase, S.B., and Adegboro, J.S. (2017) on Breast 
cancer screaming practices among women in Akure south 
Local government Area of  Ondo State (Olowokere, A.E. 
et al. 2012) on breast cancer knowledge and screaming 
practices among selected rural communities of  Nigeria 
and (Omotara, B. et al. 2012) on awareness, attitude 
and practice of  rural women regarding breast cancer in 
Northeast Nigeria.
The future research should dwell on the interpretation 
of  religious beliefs of  women on their level of  awareness 
about breast cancer disease. The following measures are, 
therefore, recommended after juxtaposing this study with 
the positions of  previous scholars..

RECOMMENDATIONS
1. There should be greater involvement of  mass media 

in breast cancer awareness campaigns by the governments 
at all levels.

2. Breast cancer screening should be made accessible to 
women at little or no cost.

3. Health educators should involve religious bodies 
and traditional institutions in the awareness campaign to 
dissuade negative religious and cultural beliefs and myths 
that surround the disease.

4. Women of  reproductive age should be taught on 
how to carry out self  breast cancer which will assist in 
early detection of  the disease.

5. Government should support the humanitarian 
interventions of  some Non-Governmental organizations 
like Breast Cancer Association of  Nigeria (BRECAN)
Society for Family Health, Medical Women Association 
of  Nigeria (MWAN) and National Association of  Women 
Journalists(NAWOJ) in their advocacy programmes on 
breast cancer.

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