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American Journal Of Philological Sciences   
(ISSN – 2771-2273) 
VOLUME 02 ISSUE 11  Pages: 29-35 

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ABSTRACT 

The article supports the idea that Lodge’s campus novels can be decoded as an argument for tolerance (expressed in 

a humorous and playful manner, but utterly serious in its message) towards all the aspects which make people 

different from each other, starting from the familial background and the education and reaching profession, social 

status, culture and religious beliefs which shape people’s views on life. 

 

KEYWORDS 

Contextualization, culture and religious beliefs, intertextual component, intertextuality and interculturality. 

  

INTRODUCTION

The intertextual component of the novels always 

brings the readers closer to literary texts. On one hand, 

if the intertextual reference hints at texts which are 

known to the readers, they feel somehow flattered by 

the discovery, even proud that their previous 

knowledge helped them to understand the reference, 

and they always search for more. On the other hand, if 

the intertextual reference is overt enough for the 

  Research Article 

 

THE INTERTEXTUAL AND INTERCULTURAL REFERENCES IN LODGE’S 

CAMPUS NOVELS 
 

Submission Date: November 01, 2022, Accepted Date:  November 10, 2022,  

Published Date: November 18, 2022  

Crossref doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/ajps/Volume02Issue11-05 

 

 

Aziza Mirzaeva Shavkatovna 
BSMI, Teacher Of English Language Department, Uzbekistan 

  

 

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Copyright: Original 

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American Journal Of Philological Sciences   
(ISSN – 2771-2273) 
VOLUME 02 ISSUE 11  Pages: 29-35 

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OCLC – 1121105677    METADATA IF – 5.963 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
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readers to realize which the text in question is, even 

though they do not know it, then they become curious 

what that text is about, and maybe look for it. 

Intertextuality also marks a highly significant aspect, 

namely that all texts are connected, which means that 

the mentalities which shape them are based on the 

same structures. This idea emphasizes the connection 

between intertextuality and interculturality.  

The contemporary world needs more openness and 

tolerance, and these are achieved through enhancing 

one’s horizons with the help of education and of 

experience. Thus, intercultural exchanges help people 

to discover new cultures and to respect their diversity. 

The intercultural references included in literary works 

encourage openness and acceptance. Moreover, in the 

novels, the inherent discrepancies between different 

cultures can be easily presented through the means of 

devices like irony and humor, thus making it much 

easier to overcome the cultural differences and to 

restrain from transforming them into insurmountable 

obstacles. The main primary sources will be only the 

novels which form The Campus Trilogy, but the article 

will also incorporate relevant aspects from other works 

by David Lodge, focusing on the novels which are 

thematically related to the topic of research, as well as 

on the theoretical volumes which are significant for the 

ideas analyzed. Last but not least, there are always 

difficulties in guessing and analyzing the trends in 

literature as they are emerging. Maybe this is the 

reason for which there are very few critical sources 

regarding Lodge’s novels written after 1990. Most of 

the critics focus on the two biographical novels he 

wrote after this year and not so many critics discussed 

aspects of his other works.  

The names Lodge chose for the characters are highly 

significant from this perspective, as well as the 

rhetorical devices he employed. His theoretical works 

are very helpful in this endeavour, as Lodge includes in 

them examples and explanations based on his personal 

experience in novel writing. The next level analyzed in 

the second section consists of the structure of the 

novels where intertextuality takes the form of pastiche 

or parody. The roles of the narrative structures in the 

three novels are presented in turns, shifting from one 

novel to another, emphasizing the way in which other 

novels are parodied or mirrored through the narrative 

structures. The irony and the humorous effect are not 

omitted as they play a significant part in attracting the 

public towards the world of academia. The feminist 

component existent in all three novels, on the 

explanations of the critical theories embraced by one 

character or another, especially as the developments 

and notably the rivalries in the field of literary theory 

represent one of the themes in the second novel of the 

Campus Trilogy. It does not disregard the general 

manner in which literary theory is presented 

throughout the trilogy, consistent with Lodge’s own 

ideas exposed in his critical works. Finally, the fourth 

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American Journal Of Philological Sciences   
(ISSN – 2771-2273) 
VOLUME 02 ISSUE 11  Pages: 29-35 

SJIF IMPACT FACTOR  (2022: 5. 445)  
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chapter focuses on the role of academia in the context 

of interculturality and globalization. This article firstly 

analyzes the manner in which characters from Britain 

and America interact with characters from various 

European countries and perceive their culture. Then it 

proceeds to presenting the complex mechanisms 

through which the activity of storytelling is culturally 

bound, focusing on the importance of storytelling in 

shaping the Self, according to Jerome Bruner, and 

analyzing the particular instance when characters from 

Britain and Turkey interact. Religious beliefs represent 

an important element in the complex constellation of 

one person’s cultural background, as well as one of the 

most prominent themes of Lodge’s novels. Religion is 

rather a marginal theme in The Campus Trilogy, 

however it is present enough to mark interesting 

parallels between characters in different novels by 

Lodge and to emphasize the significance it has in 

shaping the choices and decisions taken by the 

characters in the trilogy. Eventually, the intercultural 

relations are considered from a wider perspective, 

exemplified through interactions between people who 

share the same nationality but belong to different 

cultural categories like socio-professional, economical, 

educational and so on. The British literature published 

in the second half of the twentieth century is marked 

by the co-existence of modernist and postmodernist 

characteristics which confer it considerable complexity 

in terms of both the form and the themes. As the first 

novel written by David Lodge was published in the 

1960, the British author born in 1935 is among the 

writers who successfully combine features of both 

literary tendencies in order to shape new and 

attractive literary worlds. Lodge published fourteen 

novels, one collection of stories, three plays (one of 

them was based on his eleventh novel and another was 

turned into a novella), twelve works of literary theory 

and criticism. The author’s most recent volume is his 

autobiography and it was published in January 2015, 

marking his eightieth birthday. Lodge’s campus novels 

represent the main object of analysis for this work 

which will present the intertextual references and the 

intercultural aspects the author included in this 

particular type of novels. Elements of Lodge’s 

biography are essential in order to better understand 

his choice of topics for the works of fiction he 

published. The author obtained a permanent job in 

1960 as a lecturer at the University of Birmingham and 

sixteen years after, he became Professor of English 

Literature at the same university. His academic 

trajectory included the University of California, 

Berkeley, where he was an Associate Professor in 1969. 

In 1987, Lodge chose to retire from his academic career 

and to go on with his novel writing. Thus, in his campus 

novels, he pictures worlds he is thoroughly acquainted 

with and his familiarity with the academic context 

makes the novels highly enjoyable. Besides academia, 

religion is a theme favoured by Lodge in his novels as 

his Catholic education strongly influenced him during 

his younger years. Changing Places: A Tale of Two 

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American Journal Of Philological Sciences   
(ISSN – 2771-2273) 
VOLUME 02 ISSUE 11  Pages: 29-35 

SJIF IMPACT FACTOR  (2022: 5. 445)  
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Campuses, published in 1975, is the first volume of the 

Campus Trilogy making the object of analysis for this 

work. The main theme of the novel is academia, as 

Lodge contrasts the American and the British 

universities and ultimately societies. He presents two 

university professors, the American Morris Zapp from 

Euphoric State, sometimes known as Euphoria, and the 

British Philip Swallow from Rummidge, who are both 

part of an exchange scheme, each taking the others’ 

place for one semester. Lodge builds his novel on 

binary oppositions, as he alternately presents each 

professor’s experiences in the foreign cultural context. 

He points out the strong influence that each society 

has upon the visiting professors through alternating 

narrative structures. Such structures used are the 

traditional narrative, epistolary narrative, pieces of 

newspaper articles and flyers, and film script. Just like 

the narrative structures evolved chronologically, the 

characters’ lives and ideas gradually change when they 

encounter different mentalities in a foreign society. If 

the human life follows a traditional narrative pattern, 

then choosing the film script for the final part of the 

novel suggests that the characters’ lives were 

thoroughly changed by the visiting scheme. The 

visiting professors find themselves thrown in 

humorous and unexpected situations when trying to 

adapt to the foreign cultures. In his second book of the 

Campus Trilogy, Small World: An Academic Romance, 

published in 1984, Lodge transposes the myth of the 

Holy Grail into the contemporary world which is 

moving inexorably towards globalization. Lodge 

describes all the details of the academic world, as he is 

very well acquainted with them. The readers meet 

again Zapp, Swallow and their wives, as well as other 

professors; the characters have affairs with their 

colleagues and problems with their partners; they try 

hard to write something good, and struggle with each 

other for a favorable review. Everything happens while 

travelling from one conference to another or while 

lecturing in various countries, as the global campus 

implies mobility and openness. The novel contains 

typical humorous contexts: characters facing 

unexpected situations, coincidences, and sudden turns 

in the development of the plot. As Lodge is thoroughly 

acquainted with English literature, he employs plenty 

of intertextual references and borrows various 

elements from the romance genre, as well as from the 

narrative structure of the grail quest. The romance 

patterns are transposed onto the “real life” of the 

contemporary times, which gives them an old-

fashioned air and thus creates several humorous 

situations. The universal symbol of the grail becomes 

an allegory which represents the personal quest 

pursued by each character striving to fulfill his or her 

wishes and at the same time playing a certain narrative 

role in the quests of the other characters. In 1988 the 

final volume of the trilogy was published; it is the last 

novel which features Morris Zapp and Philip Swallow. 

In Nice Work, Lodge introduces Robyn Penrose, a 

young academic, and Victor Wilcox, the managing 

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American Journal Of Philological Sciences   
(ISSN – 2771-2273) 
VOLUME 02 ISSUE 11  Pages: 29-35 

SJIF IMPACT FACTOR  (2022: 5. 445)  
OCLC – 1121105677    METADATA IF – 5.963 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
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director of an engineering company. Through the 

relationships between them, the author presents the 

decreasing importance of academia in the 

contemporary world. Being an academic himself, it 

must be hard for Lodge to draw a picture of the sad 

situation in which ordinary people living in a world 

dominated by mass production and making money, 

consider the work of academics’ as having no value 

whatsoever. However, he manages to preserve the 

humoristic tone throughout his last novel of the 

Campus Trilogy. Lodge contrasts academia with the life 

of businessmen; while on the level of narrative 

structure, he chooses to use a pastiche of the Victorian 

industrial novel. The irony triggered by the obvious 

contrasts between academia and company 

management create the humorous effect in the novel. 

One of the secondary objectives reached by this thesis 

is to prove that humour and irony can always bring a 

topic closer to the public through their effect of 

annihilating any tensions, either overt or latent. These 

millennium-old devices acquire a significant role in the 

contemporary context of globalization, as they pave 

the way towards openness and tolerance. Any kinds of 

cultural gaps can be overcome through benevolence 

and humour, embracing the differences and accepting 

every person’s cultural background. From this 

perspective, the thesis supports the idea that Lodge’s 

campus novels can be decoded as an argument for 

tolerance (expressed in a humorous and playful 

manner, but utterly serious in its message) towards all 

the aspects which make people different from each 

other, starting from the familial background and the 

education and reaching profession, social status, 

culture and religious beliefs which shape people’s 

views on life. Moreover, the fact that Lodge employed 

devices like humour and irony in his campus novels 

serves the purpose of bringing the academia closer to 

the public and of discouraging the malevolent 

stereotyping which presents the academics as 

detached from the world, hidden in their ivory tower, 

without any connection to the realities outside 

academia. However biased, this image is unfortunately 

widespread, as presented in Lodge’s Nice Work, and 

the thesis proves that playful irony and humour 

employed by the author in these novels turn them into 

a plea for tolerance and a means for reasserting, 

through questioning, the importance of academia in 

the contemporary world. As a powerful institution of 

education, academia plays a crucial part due to its 

ability to preach respect and tolerance for anything 

which is different, as well as to its role in enhancing the 

students’ views and opening new horizons for them. 

Therefore, in the contemporary globalized world, 

academia is fundamental for educating more and more 

generations to be tolerant and to embrace cultural 

diversity. The relation between intertextual references 

and intercultural aspects represents one of the main 

personal contributions, as it brings a new perspective 

of analysis in the field, drawing significant connections 

between literature and the domain of cultural studies, 

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(ISSN – 2771-2273) 
VOLUME 02 ISSUE 11  Pages: 29-35 

SJIF IMPACT FACTOR  (2022: 5. 445)  
OCLC – 1121105677    METADATA IF – 5.963 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
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and at the same time emphasizing the importance of 

education in the world of globalization. The distinction 

between the layers of intertextuality presented in the 

third chapter and shaped on the mechanisms of 

analysis proper to the novels in question is among 

other personal contributions included in this thesis, as 

well as the choice of relevant and interesting examples 

(taken mainly from English literature, but not 

exclusively) employed in order to illustrate the 

different types of irony. Other personal contributions 

worth mentioning here are the connection between 

storytelling and culture and the manner in which 

storytelling is anchored in the cultural context. Other 

directions for future research projects include the role 

of the theme of religion in Lodge’s novels, a 

comparison between the two biographic novels Lodge 

wrote, the gradual manner in which the theme of 

getting old became more and more present in his 

novels, and an analysis of the father-son relationships 

as they are presented throughout several of Lodge’s 

novels. Hopefully, at least some of these various 

possible topics will be turned into ample research 

projects achieving successful results, as they are both 

relevant for the literary world and pleasant to follow 

and to work on. These possible research topics would 

fill several gaps in the field of literary studies, and so did 

the present thesis which compared, contrasted and 

connected various aspects which had not yet been 

associated among them.  

REFERENCES 

1. Lodge, David. "Adapting Nice Work for 

Television.” Novel Images: Literature in 

Performance. Ed. Peter Reynolds. London: 

Routledge, 1993.  

2. Lodge, David.  After Bakhtin: Essays on Fiction 

and Criticism. London: Routledge, 1990. 

3. Lodge, David.  Changing Places: A Tale of Two 

Campuses. 1975. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 

1985. 

4. Lodge, David.  Foreword. 20th Century Literary 

Criticism: A Reader. Ed. David Lodge. London: 

Longman, 1972.  

5. Lodge, David.  Language of Fiction: Essays in 

Criticism and Verbal Analysis of the English 

Novel. London: Routledge, 1966. 

6. Shavkatovna, M. A. . (2022). Interrextuality in 

Rick Riordan’s Work. American Journal of 

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185. Retrieved from 

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7. Shavkatovna, M. A. (2022). ENLIGHTENMENT-

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OF MODERN CREATORS. 

8. Mirzaeva, A. S. (2022). THEORY IN 

INTERTEXTUALITY AND THREE SEAMLESS 

INTERTEXTS: M. BUTTERFLV BY DAVID H. 

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Volume 02 Issue 11-2022 35 

                 

 
 

   
  
 

American Journal Of Philological Sciences   
(ISSN – 2771-2273) 
VOLUME 02 ISSUE 11  Pages: 29-35 

SJIF IMPACT FACTOR  (2022: 5. 445)  
OCLC – 1121105677    METADATA IF – 5.963 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
Publisher: Oscar Publishing Services 

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EXECUTION OF JUSTICE BY EMILY MANN. 

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