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American Journal Of Philological Sciences   
(ISSN – 2771-2273) 
VOLUME 02 ISSUE 11 PAGES: 107-114 

SJIF IMPACT FACTOR  (2022: 5. 445)  
OCLC – 1121105677    METADATA IF – 5.963 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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ABSTRACT 

This article discusses the semantic method of term formation in Medical Terminology. English medical terminology, 

like any other terminological system, is replenished in various ways, one of which is the semantic method of term 

formation. It includes the transition of terms from other sciences, the borrowing of terms from other languages, the 

terminology of the common meaning of a word, metaphorical and metonymic transfers. 

 

KEYWORDS 

English terminology, linguistic, historical and social reasons, semantic methods, ‘docere’, extreme”, “most remote”, 

“highest”. 

INTRODUCTION

The most noticeable in the language are lexical and 

semantic changes. Semantic changes can occur due to 

linguistic, historical and social reasons. After all, 

semantic changes can be caused by the influence of 

other languages and dialects. One of the types of 

semantic changes is the generalization or expansion of 

  Research Article 

 

FEATURES OF LEXICAL-SEMANTIC ANALYSIS OF MEDICAL TERMS IN 

ENGLISH AND UZBEK LANGUAGES 
 

Submission Date: November 05, 2022, Accepted Date:  November 15, 2022,  

Published Date: November 30, 2022  

Crossref doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/ajps/Volume02Issue11-15 

 

 

Oysulton N. Turaqulova 
Lecturer, Denau Institute Of Entrepreneurship And Pedagogy, Surkhandarya Region Denau City, Sh. Rashidov 

Street, Denov District, 360, Uzbekistan 

  

 

Journal Website: 

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Copyright: Original 

content from this work 

may be used under the 

terms of the creative 

commons attributes 

4.0 licence. 

 

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American Journal Of Philological Sciences   
(ISSN – 2771-2273) 
VOLUME 02 ISSUE 11 PAGES: 107-114 

SJIF IMPACT FACTOR  (2022: 5. 445)  
OCLC – 1121105677    METADATA IF – 5.963 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Publisher: Oscar Publishing Services 

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the meaning of a word, which is understood in the 

work as an increase in the semantic volume of a word 

in the process of historical development. Often, the 

expansion of the meaning is carried out as a result of 

the transfer of the name according to the function that 

two objects perform. For example, doctor meant 

teacher, from lat. ‘docere’ – to teach. At present, the 

use of this word in the medical sense is the norm, but 

in this sense it gradually came into use due to the fact 

that people associated a doctor with an educated 

person. The opposite process is essentially the 

narrowing of the meaning of the term. Under the 

narrowing (concretization) of the meaning, in this 

work, following D.E. Rozental and M.A. Telenkova, is 

understood as a decrease in the semantic volume of a 

concept in the process of its historical development or 

in the context of speech use. The following 

classification of semantic narrowings can be given 

(Slozhenikina, Pavlova, 2017): 

The Main Findings and Results 

1. Localization 

For example, acrodysplasia (acrodysplasia) - 

craniodysplasia (craniodysplasia). Both terms are 

synonymous and the second part of the word 

‘dysplasia’ means “developmental anomaly”. The term 

acrodysplasia names the location of the defect 

according to the “top-bottom” principle: ‘acro-’ from 

the Greek. Akros “extreme”, “most remote”, 

“highest” (OED), in medical terms, this is an integral 

part of the composites means: 1) “relating to the limbs, 

to the distal parts of organs, parts of the body”; 2) 

“pertaining to the top”, “upper”. Obviously, the term 

does not correspond in any way with a specific 

anatomical nomenclature, it is not included in any 

subject area. And vice versa, the term element - ‘cranio-

’ - from the Greek, kranion, lat. cranium “skull”, 

Craniodysplasia is the common name for anomalies in 

the development of the skull. 

2. Clarification of time. 

         For example, Parrot’s atrophy (Parrot’ atrophy) – 

Parrot’s atrophy of newborn, Parro atrophy of the 

newborn - disproportionate dwarfism with fetal 

chondrodystrophy, In this case, we are talking about a 

pathology that arose during the prenatal period of 

fetal development.  

3. Refinement of quality. 

         For example, pemphigus (pemphigus) - 

pemphigus vulgaris (common pemphigus). Pemphigus 

is a severe skin disease associated with the formation 

of blisters on the skin and mucous membranes, which 

open with the formation of painful erosions. 

4. Specification of quantity. 

        For example, bilirubinemia - hyperbilirubinemia. 

The Greek term element ‘hyper-’ indicates the 

semantics of exceeding the norm. 

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Volume 02 Issue 11-2022 109 

                 

 
 

   
  
 

American Journal Of Philological Sciences   
(ISSN – 2771-2273) 
VOLUME 02 ISSUE 11 PAGES: 107-114 

SJIF IMPACT FACTOR  (2022: 5. 445)  
OCLC – 1121105677    METADATA IF – 5.963 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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5. Process refinement. 

        For example, bacteriology - clinical bacteriology 

(BARMS, 2005: 134). Medical (clinical) bacteriology 

studies the biology of pathogenic bacteria, methods 

for their isolation and determination, the phenomena 

of immunity to them, and develops specific means for 

the prevention and treatment of human infectious 

diseases. 

6. Refinement of the object. 

         For example, medical record (outpatient card of 

the patient) - in military medical terminology, the term 

individual medical record (individual card of a medical 

patient) is found. Outpatient - treated on an outpatient 

basis (from Latin ambulare – “to walk”). This is a type 

of treatment carried out at home or when the patients 

themselves visit a medical institution. In the first term, 

the concretizing word has a spatial seme. In the second 

term, this semantic part was supplemented with an 

objective part - the patient. 

7. Refinement of the subject. 

        For example, albuminometer – Esbach’s 

albuminometer. A special test tube device intended for 

the quantitative determination of protein in the urine - 

in the form of a term, the concretizing seme of the 

author of the invention G.Kh. Esbach (1843-1890), 

French physician. 

        A fairly productive semantic method that serves to 

form terms in the system of medical terminology is the 

metaphorical transfer of meaning. Metaphor means 

the transfer of meaning by the similarity of external or 

internal features, as well as functions. The main 

function of terms formed by metaphorical transfer is 

the function of naming new objects, processes, 

phenomena, i.e. nominative function. 

For example, 

• Bowel wall; 

• Interlobular; 

• Digestive disturbance; 

• Pyramid of medulla oblongata; 

• Hairy tongue; 

• Heart murmur; 

• Tail of the pancreas; 

• Strawberry tongue; 

• Taste bud - taste bud; 

• Butterfly vertebra - a split vertebra (usually has the 

shape of a butterfly); 

• Barrel chest - barrel-shaped chest; 

• Wallet stomach - bag-shaped stomach (BARMS). 

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American Journal Of Philological Sciences   
(ISSN – 2771-2273) 
VOLUME 02 ISSUE 11 PAGES: 107-114 

SJIF IMPACT FACTOR  (2022: 5. 445)  
OCLC – 1121105677    METADATA IF – 5.963 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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         If metaphorization is based on the comparison or 

analogy of any objects, phenomena, properties (the 

principle of similarity), which are not related to each 

other and independent of each other, then metonymy 

is based on transfer by adjacency. At the same time, 

attention is focused on a part of something that can 

denote or replace something whole. Metonymic 

transfer is carried out on a real connection, on a real 

relationship between objects or phenomena. In 

metonymy, terms are created as a result of a shift in 

meaning based on the spatial, temporal, or causal 

contiguity of concepts. It is believed that 

metaphorization is more productive in the field of 

concrete vocabulary, and metonymic transfer 

associated with the narrowing of meaning is more 

common in abstract vocabulary. Metonymization in 

English medical terminology is less productive than 

metaphorization. 

For example, 

• Brandy nose - rhinophyma, “wine nose”; 

• Butter teeth - two upper middle incisors; 

• Hay fever - hay fever; 

• Hospital fever - typhus; 

• Swamp itch – hookworm of the skin; 

• Flood typhus - Japanese river fever; 

• War dropsy - alimentary dystrophy, hungry edema. 

       Semantic term formation is a source of 

replenishment of the medical term system, this is 

especially evident in the material of the metaphorical 

transfer of meaning, however, in general, semantic 

methods of term formation cannot be considered 

prevailing in the formation of terms in English medical 

terminology. This is due to the productivity of 

morphological methods of term formation in English, 

which will be discussed in the next paragraph. 

        Affixing terms include single-word terms, the stem 

of which contains the root and affixes: 

        discomfort, deterioration, abnormality, implant, 

incision, coefficient, resorption, resuscitation, 

intrabronchial, messenger, rubber, saponification, 

widening, wetting, revaccination, poisoning, rotator, 

reproducibility, malingerer, marantic, fetid, 

sensibilization; complex terms include single-word 

terms that include at least two root morphemes: aid-

man, airproof, bedfast, biodegradation, bloodstream, 

bottle-fed, brainstem, cardiography, cardiovascular, 

deadborn, deadmute, fiberscope, radiogenetics, 

lymphoblast, lysine- cystinuria, magnetocardiography, 

plethysmography, self-analysis, 

hysterocolposcopeagar-tube, gallstone (BARMS). 

         S. V. Grinev-Grinevich offers the following 

methods of term formation: morphological, syntactic, 

composition. 

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American Journal Of Philological Sciences   
(ISSN – 2771-2273) 
VOLUME 02 ISSUE 11 PAGES: 107-114 

SJIF IMPACT FACTOR  (2022: 5. 445)  
OCLC – 1121105677    METADATA IF – 5.963 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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         The earliest method of morphological term 

formation is conversion,        which is actively used in 

English term formation. 

         This method generates terms such as 

          abort, abuse, bandage, colic, drug, transplant, 

gag, graft, ichor, healing, help, hook, hurt (BARMS). 

         The most common way of morphological term 

formation is suffixation.         Productive models in 

modern medical terminology are models with suffixes 

-ing, -tion (-sion), -er (-or), -ist, -ic. 

         The suffixes -ing and -tion (-sion) can be used to 

form the names of processes, actions: 

          aging, feeding, healing, teething, mapping, 

sweating, opening, peeling, impregnation, 

immunization, maceration, liquefaction, variolation, 

radioimmunodiffusion, fission, hypertension, 

implantation, malabsorption, malformation (BARMS). 

      The suffixes -ist, -er (-or) can express the meaning 

of “doer”: 

      alienist, anatomist, bacteriologist, oculist, 

neurologist, oncologist, urologist, trichologist, 

proctologist, hematologist, psychiatrist, 

pulmonologist, messenger, adviser, practitioner 

(BARMS) 

The suffixes -er, -or can also be used to denote 

equipment names. 

activator, adapter, mediator, retainer, receptor, 

needleholder, suppressor, stretcher, sterilizer, 

scarificator, oxygenator, neurotransmitter, 

microshaker (БАРМС). 

The suffix -ic can indicate belonging to a particular 

subject area 

galactogenic, fluoric, icteric, immunogenic, lipotropic, 

chlorhydric, cholecystic, dactylic, nontoxic, nosogenic, 

obstetric, subpheric, sporogenic, nonpathogenic 

(БАРМС). 

With the help of prefixation, a significantly smaller 

number of terms are formed, and there is a significant 

tendency to use borrowed prefixes (re-, de-poly-, sub-, 

neo-, etc.), most of which are taken from the Latin 

language (Danilenko 1977: 121 ). 

For example: readmission, recuperation, 

reamputation, recidivating, re-examination, 

regeneration, reinfection, regression, replanting, 

revascularization; degeneration, denervation, 

desalting, desensitization, decomposition, defatting, 

delactation, depopulation, derangement, desiccation, 

desorbtion, depuration, denutrition, depigmentation; 

polyarthritis, polycythemia, polyclinic, polykaryocyte, 

polyneuritis, polydactyly, polypeptide, polyposis, 

polynuclear, polymyalgia; subaxillary, subcortical, 

subdiaphragmatic, sublingual, subliminal, subscription, 

subserous, subscapular, subpleural, subluxation, 

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American Journal Of Philological Sciences   
(ISSN – 2771-2273) 
VOLUME 02 ISSUE 11 PAGES: 107-114 

SJIF IMPACT FACTOR  (2022: 5. 445)  
OCLC – 1121105677    METADATA IF – 5.963 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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subinternship, subclinical, subvalvular, subvitaminosis 

(BARMS). 

The syntactic method of term formation is the most 

productive means of replenishing terminology. This 

method consists in converting ordinary free phrases 

into complex “word equivalents” (Grinev-Grinevich 

2008: 135) The simplest and at the same time the most 

common type of compound terms in English 

terminology is a two-component attributive phrase 

consisting of a nuclear element - a noun in the 

nominative case and an attributive defining element. 

Common types of two-component terms in the English 

medical vocabulary are: 

1. Attributive phrases with an adjective in the function 

of the prepositive definition AN: 

microfocal radiography, metabolic rate, infrared rays, 

ultimate recovery, open reduction, multiple sclerosis, 

gastric secretion, nasal septum, antitetanic serum, 

supraventricular tachycardia, soft abdomen, cold 

abscess, salycilic acid, aural calculus, occult cancer, 

determinal factor, postvaccinal immunity (BARMS). 

2. The following in terms of prevalence are attributive 

phrases with a noun in the function of the prepositive 

definition NN: 

microbiology laboratory, elbow joint, life history, blood 

serum, hepatitis virus, leg ulcer, motor nerve, lupus 

nephritis, scrub nurse, duct orifice, food passage, bile 

peritonitis, head physician, finger plethysmography, 

drug poisoning, action potential, water pox , skin rash, 

heart rate, infection rate, addition reaction (BARMS). 

         3. A significant number of medical terms (mainly 

the names of diseases) are formed according to the 

N’sN model, the first component of which denotes a 

proper name, the carrier of which is usually the creator 

of this term: 

Alanson’s amputation, Alzheimer’s disease, Down’s 

syndrome, Robson’s point, Kocher’s forceps, Sutter’s 

blood, Burkitt’s lymphoma, Bell’s mania, Gram’s 

(staining) method, Coffey’s operation, Erb-Charcot’s 

paralysis, Trendelenburg’s position, Friedman's 

reaction, Freyer’s operation, Nelaton’s catheter ( 

BARMS). 

        A review of the types of English two-component 

terminological phrases allows us to conclude that the 

most typical are phrases formed by defining the 

original term, in which adjectives and nouns act as an 

attributive term. 

         Compounding is a combination in one word of two 

or more root morphemes: 

         framework, frostbite, gamma-chamber, 

gastroduodenoscopy, gastrointestinal, heatstroke, 

hemochromatosis, high-toxic, hysterosalpinograpy, 

juxta-articular, kidney-shaped, knock-knees, 

ipochondrodystrophy, lysine-cystinuria, 

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Volume 02 Issue 11-2022 113 

                 

 
 

   
  
 

American Journal Of Philological Sciences   
(ISSN – 2771-2273) 
VOLUME 02 ISSUE 11 PAGES: 107-114 

SJIF IMPACT FACTOR  (2022: 5. 445)  
OCLC – 1121105677    METADATA IF – 5.963 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Publisher: Oscar Publishing Services 

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macroglobulinemia, microspherocytosis, 

monoaminoxydase, morphogenesis, 

mucopolysaccharide, nephrocystosis (BRMS). 

Thus, the most productive ways of term formation in 

modern English is morphological, syntactic and 

composition. 

CONCLUSION 

English medical terminology is dominated by words 

with Greek word-forming elements, many of them are 

included in nomenclature medical Latin, but they also 

contain a reference to the Greek language. In the 

medical terminology of the English language, a 

sufficient number of terms were formed using Latin 

and Greek elements. 

English medical terminology is replenished in various 

ways, including through the semantic method of term 

formation. It includes the transition of terms from 

other sciences, the borrowing of terms from other 

languages, the terminology of the commonly used 

meaning of a word, metaphorical and metonymic 

transfers. Metaphorical transfers are more 

characteristic of English medical terminology than 

metonymic ones. However, in general, semantic 

methods of term formation cannot be considered 

prevailing in the formation of terms in English medical 

terminology. 

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American Journal Of Philological Sciences   
(ISSN – 2771-2273) 
VOLUME 02 ISSUE 11 PAGES: 107-114 

SJIF IMPACT FACTOR  (2022: 5. 445)  
OCLC – 1121105677    METADATA IF – 5.963 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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