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American Journal Of Philological Sciences   
(ISSN – 2771-2273) 
VOLUME 03 ISSUE 01  Pages: 05-08 

SJIF IMPACT FACTOR  (2022: 5. 445)  
OCLC – 1121105677  

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
Publisher: Oscar Publishing Services 

Servi 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

ABSTRACT 

The article presents the investigation of adverbs, its characteristics in English language. In addition to this, the article 

depicts syntagmatic and paradigmatic pecularities of adverbs. 

 

KEYWORDS 

Adverb, characteristics, paradigmatic pecularity, syntagmatic pecularity, difference, morphology, syntax. 

INTRODUCTION

The adverb is usually defined as a word expressing 

either property of an action, or property of another 

property, or circumstances in which an action occurs 

[4.146]. From this definition it is difficult to define 

adverbs as a class, because they comprise a most 

heterogeneous group of words, and there is 

considerable overlap between the class and other 

word classes. They have many kinds of form, meaning 

and function. 

  Research Article 

 

SYNTAGMATIC AND PARADIGMATIC PECULARITIES OF ADVERBS IN 

ENGLISH 
 

Submission Date: January 06, 2023, Accepted Date:  January 11, 2023,  

Published Date: January 14, 2023  

Crossref doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/ajps/Volume03Issue01-02 

 

 

Khabibullaeva Guljakhan Kenesbay Kizi 
A 2nd Year Master Student Of Karsu, Uzbekistan 

 

Seytjanov Jetkerbay Yelubaevich 
A Scientific Advisor, Phd Of Karsu, Uzbekistan 

  

 

Journal Website: 

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Copyright: Original 

content from this work 

may be used under the 

terms of the creative 

commons attributes 

4.0 licence. 

 

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Volume 03 Issue 01-2023 6 

                 

 
 

   
  
 

American Journal Of Philological Sciences   
(ISSN – 2771-2273) 
VOLUME 03 ISSUE 01  Pages: 05-08 

SJIF IMPACT FACTOR  (2022: 5. 445)  
OCLC – 1121105677  

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
Publisher: Oscar Publishing Services 

Servi 

M. Y. Blokh defines the adverb as a notional word 

expressing a non-substantive property, that is, a 

property of a non-substantive referent [1.221]. This 

formula immediately shows the actual correlation 

between the adverb and the adjective, since the 

adjective is a word expressing a substantive property. 

Properties may be of a more particular, "organic" order 

and, a more general and detached, "inorganic" order 

[1.221]. Of the organic properties, the adverb denotes 

those characterising processes and other properties. 

Of the inorganic properties, the adverb denotes 

various circumstantial characteristics of processes or 

whole situations built around processes. 

The above definition, approaching the adverb as a 

word of the secondary qualifying order, presents the 

entire class of adverbial words as the least self-

dependent of all the four notional parts of speech. 

Indeed, the truly complete nominative value is inherent 

only in the noun, which is the name of substances [2]. 

The verb comes next in its self-dependent nominative 

force, expressing processes as dynamic relations of 

substances, i.e. their dynamic relational properties in 

the broad sense. After that follow qualifying parts of 

speech — first the adjective denoting qualifications of 

substances, and then the adverb denoting 

qualifications of non-substantive phenomena which 

find themselves within the range of notional 

signification. 

The adverb is characterised by its own, specific 

nominative value, providing for its inalienable status in 

the system of the parts of speech. Hence, the 

complaints of some linguists that the adverb is not 

rigorously defined and in fact presents something like 

a "dump" for those words which have been rejected by 

other parts of speech can hardly be taken as fully 

justified [1.221]. On the other hand, since the adverb 

does denote qualifications of the second order, not of 

the first one like the adjective, it includes a great 

number of semantically weakened words which are in 

fact intermediate between notional and functional 

lexemes by their status and often display features of 

pronominal nature. 

A word as a part of the language system is considered 

on two levels: 

the syntagmatic level; 

the paradigmatic level. 

On the paradigmatic level it is the relationship with 

other words in the vocabulary system. On the 

syntagmatic level the semantic structure of a word is 

analyzed in its linear relationships with neighbouring 

words. 

The differentiation between paradigmatics and 

syntagmatics is based on recognition of the linguistic 

planes: 1 – the plane of language; 2 – the plane of 

speech. Language is a system of means of expression 

https://doi.org/10.37547/ajps/Volume03Issue01-02
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Volume 03 Issue 01-2023 7 

                 

 
 

   
  
 

American Journal Of Philological Sciences   
(ISSN – 2771-2273) 
VOLUME 03 ISSUE 01  Pages: 05-08 

SJIF IMPACT FACTOR  (2022: 5. 445)  
OCLC – 1121105677  

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
Publisher: Oscar Publishing Services 

Servi 

while speech should be understood as the 

manifestation of the system of language in the process 

of communication. Language planes are structured 

paradigmatically, speech planes – syntagmatically. 

Paradigmatic relations are relations of contrast. They 

exist only in the potential and never in an instance. 

From the viewpoint of the text analyst, they express a 

contrast between the meaning (and so the form) that 

was chosen for use in the text and the one or more 

meanings (and so forms) that might have been chosen 

(but were not). In other words, paradigmatic relations 

exist only in the language that is used to produce a 

text-sentence and not in the sentence itself [5. 134]. 

Syntagmatic relations are based on the linear character 

of speech. They enable language to function as a 

means of communication. When they are brought into 

play, linguistic elements combine to form information-

carrying utterances. They are therefore the functional 

relations of language [6, 60]. 

Adverbs may perform different functions, modifying 

different types of words, phrases, sentences. Some 

adverbs are restricted in their combinability whereas 

others may modify different words, for instance 

enough, which may be used in to work enough, not 

quickly enough, quick enough. The most typical 

function of the adverb is that of adverbial modifier [2]. 

Adverbs may function as adverbial modifiers of 

manner, place, time, degree to a finite or non-finite 

form of the verb: 

He started his career in St Petersburg - or Leningrad as 

it then was.(time) 

The south should remain dry, but everywhere else will 

have heavy rain.(place) 

Adam obviously adored his wife. (manner) 

I rather suspect we’re making a mistake. (degree) 

The adverb in English undergoes two paradigmatically 

relevant classifications: 

semantic; 

lexico-grammatical. 

Semantic classification is based on the meaning of 

adverbs. According to their meaning, adverbs fall into 

the following groups [3.393]: 

Adverbs of time: afterwards, already, at once, 

eventually, 

immediately, lately, now, presently, soon, suddenly, 

then, when, yesterday, yet, etc.: 

Our class is going to London tomorrow. 

It’s been two weeks now since she called home. 

https://doi.org/10.37547/ajps/Volume03Issue01-02
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Volume 03 Issue 01-2023 8 

                 

 
 

   
  
 

American Journal Of Philological Sciences   
(ISSN – 2771-2273) 
VOLUME 03 ISSUE 01  Pages: 05-08 

SJIF IMPACT FACTOR  (2022: 5. 445)  
OCLC – 1121105677  

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
Publisher: Oscar Publishing Services 

Servi 

Adverbs of frequency: always, constantly, hardly ever, 

never, occasionally, often, seldom, sometimes, three 

times, twice, etc.: 

There is always somebody at home in the evenings. 

They sometimes stay up all night. 

Adverbs of place or direction: abroad, ashore, 

backwards, below, downstairs, everywhere, far, here, 

inside, outside, seaward(s), there, to and fro, where, 

etc.: 

We’ll have to eat here – everywhere else is full. 

He was famous, both at home and abroad. 

A dog began to bark somewhere inside. 

I was now far behind the others and I knew I couldn’t 

catch up. 

CONCLUSION 

Taking into account the above-mentioned data, it can 

be concluded that adverbs are considered as important 

part of speech this is due to the fact that they function 

as adverbial modifiers of manner, place, time, degree 

to a finite or non-finite form of the verb. Therefore, the 

article presented some valuable data concerning the 

characteristics of adverbs, as well as its paradigmatic 

and syntagmatic pecularities with examples. 

REFERENCES 

1. Blokh M.Y. A Course in Theoretical English 

Grammar. – Moskow, 1983. 

2. Bybee J. Morphology. – Amsterdam: John 

Benjamins, 1985. 

3. Gordon E.M., Krylova I.P. A Grammar of Present-

Day English (Parts of Speech). – Moscow, 1980. 

4. Ilyish B. The Structure of Modern English. – 

Moscow, 1965. 

5. Kellner L. Historical outlines of English Syntax, 

1999. 

6. Solntsev V.M. Language: a System and a Structure. 

– Moscow: Nauka Publishing House, 1983. 

 

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