Volume 02 Issue 11-2022 107 American Journal Of Philological Sciences (ISSN – 2771-2273) VOLUME 02 ISSUE 11 PAGES: 107-114 SJIF IMPACT FACTOR (2022: 5. 445) OCLC – 1121105677 METADATA IF – 5.963 Publisher: Oscar Publishing Services Servi ABSTRACT This article discusses the semantic method of term formation in Medical Terminology. English medical terminology, like any other terminological system, is replenished in various ways, one of which is the semantic method of term formation. It includes the transition of terms from other sciences, the borrowing of terms from other languages, the terminology of the common meaning of a word, metaphorical and metonymic transfers. KEYWORDS English terminology, linguistic, historical and social reasons, semantic methods, ‘docere’, extreme”, “most remote”, “highest”. INTRODUCTION The most noticeable in the language are lexical and semantic changes. Semantic changes can occur due to linguistic, historical and social reasons. After all, semantic changes can be caused by the influence of other languages and dialects. One of the types of semantic changes is the generalization or expansion of Research Article FEATURES OF LEXICAL-SEMANTIC ANALYSIS OF MEDICAL TERMS IN ENGLISH AND UZBEK LANGUAGES Submission Date: November 05, 2022, Accepted Date: November 15, 2022, Published Date: November 30, 2022 Crossref doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/ajps/Volume02Issue11-15 Oysulton N. Turaqulova Lecturer, Denau Institute Of Entrepreneurship And Pedagogy, Surkhandarya Region Denau City, Sh. Rashidov Street, Denov District, 360, Uzbekistan Journal Website: https://theusajournals. com/index.php/ajps Copyright: Original content from this work may be used under the terms of the creative commons attributes 4.0 licence. https://doi.org/10.37547/ajps/Volume02Issue11-15 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=FEATURES%20OF%20LEXICAL-SEMANTIC%20ANALYSIS%20OF%20MEDICAL%20TERMS%20IN%20ENGLISH%20AND%20UZBEK%20LANGUAGES https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query= https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajps https://theusajournals.com https://doi.org/10.37547/ajps/Volume02Issue11-15 https://doi.org/10.37547/ajps/Volume02Issue11-15 Volume 02 Issue 11-2022 108 American Journal Of Philological Sciences (ISSN – 2771-2273) VOLUME 02 ISSUE 11 PAGES: 107-114 SJIF IMPACT FACTOR (2022: 5. 445) OCLC – 1121105677 METADATA IF – 5.963 Publisher: Oscar Publishing Services Servi the meaning of a word, which is understood in the work as an increase in the semantic volume of a word in the process of historical development. Often, the expansion of the meaning is carried out as a result of the transfer of the name according to the function that two objects perform. For example, doctor meant teacher, from lat. ‘docere’ – to teach. At present, the use of this word in the medical sense is the norm, but in this sense it gradually came into use due to the fact that people associated a doctor with an educated person. The opposite process is essentially the narrowing of the meaning of the term. Under the narrowing (concretization) of the meaning, in this work, following D.E. Rozental and M.A. Telenkova, is understood as a decrease in the semantic volume of a concept in the process of its historical development or in the context of speech use. The following classification of semantic narrowings can be given (Slozhenikina, Pavlova, 2017): The Main Findings and Results 1. Localization For example, acrodysplasia (acrodysplasia) - craniodysplasia (craniodysplasia). Both terms are synonymous and the second part of the word ‘dysplasia’ means “developmental anomaly”. The term acrodysplasia names the location of the defect according to the “top-bottom” principle: ‘acro-’ from the Greek. Akros “extreme”, “most remote”, “highest” (OED), in medical terms, this is an integral part of the composites means: 1) “relating to the limbs, to the distal parts of organs, parts of the body”; 2) “pertaining to the top”, “upper”. Obviously, the term does not correspond in any way with a specific anatomical nomenclature, it is not included in any subject area. And vice versa, the term element - ‘cranio- ’ - from the Greek, kranion, lat. cranium “skull”, Craniodysplasia is the common name for anomalies in the development of the skull. 2. Clarification of time. For example, Parrot’s atrophy (Parrot’ atrophy) – Parrot’s atrophy of newborn, Parro atrophy of the newborn - disproportionate dwarfism with fetal chondrodystrophy, In this case, we are talking about a pathology that arose during the prenatal period of fetal development. 3. Refinement of quality. For example, pemphigus (pemphigus) - pemphigus vulgaris (common pemphigus). Pemphigus is a severe skin disease associated with the formation of blisters on the skin and mucous membranes, which open with the formation of painful erosions. 4. Specification of quantity. For example, bilirubinemia - hyperbilirubinemia. The Greek term element ‘hyper-’ indicates the semantics of exceeding the norm. https://doi.org/10.37547/ajps/Volume02Issue11-15 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=FEATURES%20OF%20LEXICAL-SEMANTIC%20ANALYSIS%20OF%20MEDICAL%20TERMS%20IN%20ENGLISH%20AND%20UZBEK%20LANGUAGES https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query= https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajps Volume 02 Issue 11-2022 109 American Journal Of Philological Sciences (ISSN – 2771-2273) VOLUME 02 ISSUE 11 PAGES: 107-114 SJIF IMPACT FACTOR (2022: 5. 445) OCLC – 1121105677 METADATA IF – 5.963 Publisher: Oscar Publishing Services Servi 5. Process refinement. For example, bacteriology - clinical bacteriology (BARMS, 2005: 134). Medical (clinical) bacteriology studies the biology of pathogenic bacteria, methods for their isolation and determination, the phenomena of immunity to them, and develops specific means for the prevention and treatment of human infectious diseases. 6. Refinement of the object. For example, medical record (outpatient card of the patient) - in military medical terminology, the term individual medical record (individual card of a medical patient) is found. Outpatient - treated on an outpatient basis (from Latin ambulare – “to walk”). This is a type of treatment carried out at home or when the patients themselves visit a medical institution. In the first term, the concretizing word has a spatial seme. In the second term, this semantic part was supplemented with an objective part - the patient. 7. Refinement of the subject. For example, albuminometer – Esbach’s albuminometer. A special test tube device intended for the quantitative determination of protein in the urine - in the form of a term, the concretizing seme of the author of the invention G.Kh. Esbach (1843-1890), French physician. A fairly productive semantic method that serves to form terms in the system of medical terminology is the metaphorical transfer of meaning. Metaphor means the transfer of meaning by the similarity of external or internal features, as well as functions. The main function of terms formed by metaphorical transfer is the function of naming new objects, processes, phenomena, i.e. nominative function. For example, • Bowel wall; • Interlobular; • Digestive disturbance; • Pyramid of medulla oblongata; • Hairy tongue; • Heart murmur; • Tail of the pancreas; • Strawberry tongue; • Taste bud - taste bud; • Butterfly vertebra - a split vertebra (usually has the shape of a butterfly); • Barrel chest - barrel-shaped chest; • Wallet stomach - bag-shaped stomach (BARMS). https://doi.org/10.37547/ajps/Volume02Issue11-15 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=FEATURES%20OF%20LEXICAL-SEMANTIC%20ANALYSIS%20OF%20MEDICAL%20TERMS%20IN%20ENGLISH%20AND%20UZBEK%20LANGUAGES https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query= https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajps Volume 02 Issue 11-2022 110 American Journal Of Philological Sciences (ISSN – 2771-2273) VOLUME 02 ISSUE 11 PAGES: 107-114 SJIF IMPACT FACTOR (2022: 5. 445) OCLC – 1121105677 METADATA IF – 5.963 Publisher: Oscar Publishing Services Servi If metaphorization is based on the comparison or analogy of any objects, phenomena, properties (the principle of similarity), which are not related to each other and independent of each other, then metonymy is based on transfer by adjacency. At the same time, attention is focused on a part of something that can denote or replace something whole. Metonymic transfer is carried out on a real connection, on a real relationship between objects or phenomena. In metonymy, terms are created as a result of a shift in meaning based on the spatial, temporal, or causal contiguity of concepts. It is believed that metaphorization is more productive in the field of concrete vocabulary, and metonymic transfer associated with the narrowing of meaning is more common in abstract vocabulary. Metonymization in English medical terminology is less productive than metaphorization. For example, • Brandy nose - rhinophyma, “wine nose”; • Butter teeth - two upper middle incisors; • Hay fever - hay fever; • Hospital fever - typhus; • Swamp itch – hookworm of the skin; • Flood typhus - Japanese river fever; • War dropsy - alimentary dystrophy, hungry edema. Semantic term formation is a source of replenishment of the medical term system, this is especially evident in the material of the metaphorical transfer of meaning, however, in general, semantic methods of term formation cannot be considered prevailing in the formation of terms in English medical terminology. This is due to the productivity of morphological methods of term formation in English, which will be discussed in the next paragraph. Affixing terms include single-word terms, the stem of which contains the root and affixes: discomfort, deterioration, abnormality, implant, incision, coefficient, resorption, resuscitation, intrabronchial, messenger, rubber, saponification, widening, wetting, revaccination, poisoning, rotator, reproducibility, malingerer, marantic, fetid, sensibilization; complex terms include single-word terms that include at least two root morphemes: aid- man, airproof, bedfast, biodegradation, bloodstream, bottle-fed, brainstem, cardiography, cardiovascular, deadborn, deadmute, fiberscope, radiogenetics, lymphoblast, lysine- cystinuria, magnetocardiography, plethysmography, self-analysis, hysterocolposcopeagar-tube, gallstone (BARMS). S. V. Grinev-Grinevich offers the following methods of term formation: morphological, syntactic, composition. https://doi.org/10.37547/ajps/Volume02Issue11-15 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=FEATURES%20OF%20LEXICAL-SEMANTIC%20ANALYSIS%20OF%20MEDICAL%20TERMS%20IN%20ENGLISH%20AND%20UZBEK%20LANGUAGES https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query= https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajps Volume 02 Issue 11-2022 111 American Journal Of Philological Sciences (ISSN – 2771-2273) VOLUME 02 ISSUE 11 PAGES: 107-114 SJIF IMPACT FACTOR (2022: 5. 445) OCLC – 1121105677 METADATA IF – 5.963 Publisher: Oscar Publishing Services Servi The earliest method of morphological term formation is conversion, which is actively used in English term formation. This method generates terms such as abort, abuse, bandage, colic, drug, transplant, gag, graft, ichor, healing, help, hook, hurt (BARMS). The most common way of morphological term formation is suffixation. Productive models in modern medical terminology are models with suffixes -ing, -tion (-sion), -er (-or), -ist, -ic. The suffixes -ing and -tion (-sion) can be used to form the names of processes, actions: aging, feeding, healing, teething, mapping, sweating, opening, peeling, impregnation, immunization, maceration, liquefaction, variolation, radioimmunodiffusion, fission, hypertension, implantation, malabsorption, malformation (BARMS). The suffixes -ist, -er (-or) can express the meaning of “doer”: alienist, anatomist, bacteriologist, oculist, neurologist, oncologist, urologist, trichologist, proctologist, hematologist, psychiatrist, pulmonologist, messenger, adviser, practitioner (BARMS) The suffixes -er, -or can also be used to denote equipment names. activator, adapter, mediator, retainer, receptor, needleholder, suppressor, stretcher, sterilizer, scarificator, oxygenator, neurotransmitter, microshaker (БАРМС). The suffix -ic can indicate belonging to a particular subject area galactogenic, fluoric, icteric, immunogenic, lipotropic, chlorhydric, cholecystic, dactylic, nontoxic, nosogenic, obstetric, subpheric, sporogenic, nonpathogenic (БАРМС). With the help of prefixation, a significantly smaller number of terms are formed, and there is a significant tendency to use borrowed prefixes (re-, de-poly-, sub-, neo-, etc.), most of which are taken from the Latin language (Danilenko 1977: 121 ). For example: readmission, recuperation, reamputation, recidivating, re-examination, regeneration, reinfection, regression, replanting, revascularization; degeneration, denervation, desalting, desensitization, decomposition, defatting, delactation, depopulation, derangement, desiccation, desorbtion, depuration, denutrition, depigmentation; polyarthritis, polycythemia, polyclinic, polykaryocyte, polyneuritis, polydactyly, polypeptide, polyposis, polynuclear, polymyalgia; subaxillary, subcortical, subdiaphragmatic, sublingual, subliminal, subscription, subserous, subscapular, subpleural, subluxation, https://doi.org/10.37547/ajps/Volume02Issue11-15 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=FEATURES%20OF%20LEXICAL-SEMANTIC%20ANALYSIS%20OF%20MEDICAL%20TERMS%20IN%20ENGLISH%20AND%20UZBEK%20LANGUAGES https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query= https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajps Volume 02 Issue 11-2022 112 American Journal Of Philological Sciences (ISSN – 2771-2273) VOLUME 02 ISSUE 11 PAGES: 107-114 SJIF IMPACT FACTOR (2022: 5. 445) OCLC – 1121105677 METADATA IF – 5.963 Publisher: Oscar Publishing Services Servi subinternship, subclinical, subvalvular, subvitaminosis (BARMS). The syntactic method of term formation is the most productive means of replenishing terminology. This method consists in converting ordinary free phrases into complex “word equivalents” (Grinev-Grinevich 2008: 135) The simplest and at the same time the most common type of compound terms in English terminology is a two-component attributive phrase consisting of a nuclear element - a noun in the nominative case and an attributive defining element. Common types of two-component terms in the English medical vocabulary are: 1. Attributive phrases with an adjective in the function of the prepositive definition AN: microfocal radiography, metabolic rate, infrared rays, ultimate recovery, open reduction, multiple sclerosis, gastric secretion, nasal septum, antitetanic serum, supraventricular tachycardia, soft abdomen, cold abscess, salycilic acid, aural calculus, occult cancer, determinal factor, postvaccinal immunity (BARMS). 2. The following in terms of prevalence are attributive phrases with a noun in the function of the prepositive definition NN: microbiology laboratory, elbow joint, life history, blood serum, hepatitis virus, leg ulcer, motor nerve, lupus nephritis, scrub nurse, duct orifice, food passage, bile peritonitis, head physician, finger plethysmography, drug poisoning, action potential, water pox , skin rash, heart rate, infection rate, addition reaction (BARMS). 3. A significant number of medical terms (mainly the names of diseases) are formed according to the N’sN model, the first component of which denotes a proper name, the carrier of which is usually the creator of this term: Alanson’s amputation, Alzheimer’s disease, Down’s syndrome, Robson’s point, Kocher’s forceps, Sutter’s blood, Burkitt’s lymphoma, Bell’s mania, Gram’s (staining) method, Coffey’s operation, Erb-Charcot’s paralysis, Trendelenburg’s position, Friedman's reaction, Freyer’s operation, Nelaton’s catheter ( BARMS). A review of the types of English two-component terminological phrases allows us to conclude that the most typical are phrases formed by defining the original term, in which adjectives and nouns act as an attributive term. Compounding is a combination in one word of two or more root morphemes: framework, frostbite, gamma-chamber, gastroduodenoscopy, gastrointestinal, heatstroke, hemochromatosis, high-toxic, hysterosalpinograpy, juxta-articular, kidney-shaped, knock-knees, ipochondrodystrophy, lysine-cystinuria, https://doi.org/10.37547/ajps/Volume02Issue11-15 https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=FEATURES%20OF%20LEXICAL-SEMANTIC%20ANALYSIS%20OF%20MEDICAL%20TERMS%20IN%20ENGLISH%20AND%20UZBEK%20LANGUAGES https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&query= https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ajps Volume 02 Issue 11-2022 113 American Journal Of Philological Sciences (ISSN – 2771-2273) VOLUME 02 ISSUE 11 PAGES: 107-114 SJIF IMPACT FACTOR (2022: 5. 445) OCLC – 1121105677 METADATA IF – 5.963 Publisher: Oscar Publishing Services Servi macroglobulinemia, microspherocytosis, monoaminoxydase, morphogenesis, mucopolysaccharide, nephrocystosis (BRMS). Thus, the most productive ways of term formation in modern English is morphological, syntactic and composition. CONCLUSION English medical terminology is dominated by words with Greek word-forming elements, many of them are included in nomenclature medical Latin, but they also contain a reference to the Greek language. In the medical terminology of the English language, a sufficient number of terms were formed using Latin and Greek elements. English medical terminology is replenished in various ways, including through the semantic method of term formation. It includes the transition of terms from other sciences, the borrowing of terms from other languages, the terminology of the commonly used meaning of a word, metaphorical and metonymic transfers. Metaphorical transfers are more characteristic of English medical terminology than metonymic ones. 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