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American Journal of  Physical Education 
and Health Science (AJPEHS)

Assessment of  Married Men Involvement in Family Planning Practices: A Qualitative Study 
of  Akure South Local Government Area of  Ondo State, Nigeria

Falokun Rosemary Ogundolapo1*

Volume 2 Issue 2, Year 2024
ISSN: 2992-9679 (Online) 

DOI: https://doi.org/10.54536/ajpehs.v2i2.3142
https://journals.e-palli.com/home/index.php/ajpehs

Article Information ABSTRACT

Received: July 15, 2024

Accepted: August 18, 2024

Published: November 19, 2024

The non-accommodation of  men in the family planning programs has been identified 
as one of  the contributory factors for the low utilization of  FP methods in this male-
dominated society like Nigeria. Male involvement can lead to uptake in acceptance and 
prevalence rate of  family planning methods and practices in Nigeria.This paper aimed to 
study the involvement of  married men in the family planning practices in Akure South 
Local Government Area of  Ondo State, Southwestern Nigeria. The primary data were 
collected from 250 married informants who satisfied the eligibility criteria and were assessed 
througha self-administered questionnaire and selected from the sample population across 
11 political wards in the Akure South Local government area using a multi-stage random 
sampling technique. The secondary data were generated from government publications, 
journals, newspapers, and relevant internet materials. The presentation and analyses of  data 
were done using descriptive statistics (frequency table, percentage and numbers). The study’s 
findings revealed that married men’s knowledge about family planning practices is high 
while exhibiting low involvement in FP and low utilization of  the FP methods. However, 
the number of  children, socio-cultural beliefs, financial status, education and religion are 
discovered to be among conditional factors  that influence contraceptive use among married 
partners. The study therefore recommended increased health promotion and education of  
family planningprogrammes among the residents and involvement of  men as a target in all 
FP programmes and introduction of  family planning services in National Health Insurance 
Scheme in order to reduce associated misconceptions about contraceptives methods and 
increase the usage.

Keywords
Acceptability Theory, Data, 
Family Planning, Contraceptives, 
Misconceptions

INTRODUCTION
According tothe World Health Organisation (WHO), 
2022 is defined as a conscious effort by a couple to limit or 
space the number of  children they want to have through 
the use of  contraceptive methods. Family planning (FP) 
programmes are centered primarily on women, however, 
with a focus on gender equity for optimal health, there is 
a shift to engage men in supporting and using FP services 
(Joshi,2015) opined that men, as the decision-makers in 
most African families, have an important role to play 
towards the utilization of  family planning methods, 
which is an efficacious interventions recommended and 
approved by the World Health Organization (WHO) as 
well as Ministry of  Health (MOH) in most countries. 
According to the same body, the benefits of  family 
planning include reduced maternal and infant mortality, 
sustainable development through population control, 
and enhanced women’s participation in the workforce. 
The 2020 Nigerian Demographic and Health Survey 
(NDHS) reported that in Nigeria, almost two-thirds 
(65%) of  the men disapproved of  attending family 
planning programmeswith their spouses, while only 26 
percent of  them had ever done so. Poor communication 
between men and their female partners was associated 
with poor male involvement. Developing countries make 
up about 85% of  the global population and account 
for 99% of  all maternal mortality cases. According to 

the 2018 National Demographic and Health Survey 
(NDHs), the maternal mortality ratio stands at 512 
deaths/ 100,000 level of  births and Nigeria accounted 
for approximately one fifth of  maternal deaths globally. 
The same body equal affirmed that, the lifetime risk of  
maternal death in Nigeria is 0.029 (1 in 34 compared to 
1 in 4900 in most developed countries of  the world). It 
can therefore be inferred from the above assertion that 
low level of  male involvement in reproductive health 
practices is one of  the drivers of  high maternal morbidity 
and mortality. This has also reduced the impact of  family 
planning interventions and intervenes with unregulated 
fertility that hinders economic development and created 
a political imbalance in a country. Globally, there is 
a growing risk in the recognition of  the benefits of  
involving men in family planning services. It is known 
from research that gender dominance, particularly men’s 
disapproval of  family planning has an impact on the 
subdued prevalence of  contraceptive use in sub-Saharan 
Africa.  According to findingsof  a study conducted in 
Bandladesh 40% male involvement rate was reported, and 
a similar study carried out in western Nigeria documented 
39.6%. This shows that male involvement remains low 
despite ongoing efforts. No doubt, the effect of  male 
dominance on the decision-making process heightens the 
poor indices of  reproductive health, as documented in a 
study conducted in Nigeria where 62% of  women had 

1 Nigeria
* Corresponding author’s e-mail: foludolapo@yahoo.com



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their husbands as their decision-makers and only 6% of  
currently married women at the time of  the survey made 
decisions for themselves.
Aransola, Akinyemi and Fatusi (2014),  noted in their 
study that male involvement in sexual and reproductive 
health is an integrated approach engaging men as clients, 
partners and agents of  positive change in reproductive 
health issues. They therefore posited access to media; 
television and radio, spouse employment status, and 
average monthly income have all been identified as 
positive correlates of  male involvement in family planning 
programmes.

Statement of  Problem
The 2018 Nigerian demographic and Health Survey found 
that only 10% of  married women of  reproductive age use 
contraceptives. This is lower than the current sub-Saharan 
Africa average of  17%. The majority of  married woman 
in Nigeria are not currently using contraceptive and have 
no intention of  doing so in the near future. In addition, 
spousal disagreement can serve as deterrent because 
women might fear initiating a difficultconversation about 
family planning. Also, in Nigeria the use of  any method 
of  family planning is usually initiated by their husbands. 
Men have rarely been involved in either receiving or 
providing information on sexuality, reproductive health 
or birth spacing. Women are not considered decision 
makers, but implementers of  what had been decided by 
men, without questioning men’s decisions. 
Many studies have established high level of  awareness on 
contraceptive use, but very low level of  use in Nigeria 
due to obstacles such as: Myths and misinformation or 
rumours, fear of  complications, lack of  understanding of  
the methods and fear of  opposition from the husband. 
The above scenario is also observed among men in 
Ondo State Nigeria, particularly in Akure South Local 
Government Area of  the State where issue of  male 
dominance is pronounced in the use of  family planning 
methods, due to cultural practices that are mostly in men’s 
favor. It is the light of  the above, that the study aims 
at assessing the level of  involvement of  men in family 
planning activities in Akure South Local Government 
Area of  Ondo State using a quantitative research 
methodology.

Research Questions 
1. What is the most utilized source of  information 

about family planning in Akure-South Local Government 
Area of  Ondo State?

2. What is the level of  knowledge about family planning 
among married men in Akure South Local Government 
Area of  Ondo State?

3. What is the level of  involvement ofmarried men in 
family planning in Akure South Local Government Area 
of  Ondo State?

4. What are the contributory factors that influence 
involvement of  married men in family planning practices 
in Akure South Local Government Area?

The general objective of  this study is to assess the level of  
involvement of  men in family planning in Akure South 
Local Government Area of  Ondo State 

Specific Objectives
The specific objectives of  the study are: 

1. To determine the most utilized source of  information 
about family planning among married men  in Akure 
South Local Government Area of  Ondo State.

2. To ascertain the level of  knowledge about family 
planning among married men in Akure South Local 
Government Area of  Ondo State 

3. To determine the level of  involvement of  married 
men in family planning in Akure South Local Government 
Area of  Ondo State

4. To determine the contributory factors that influence 
the involvement of  married men in family planning in 
Akure South Local Government Area of  Ondo State.

The scope of  the study is delimited to men residing in 
Akure south local government area of  Ondo state.

Significance of  the Study
This study will contribute immensely to the understanding 
of  men involvement in family planning practice as it has 
taken into account the geographical, socio-economic and 
cultural factors, particularly at community levelthat are 
responsible for men attitudes toward family planning. 
Therefore, it will serve as an input in the planning of  men 
reproductive health improvement strategy at both local 
and national level.

LITERATURE REVIEW
Involvement of  Men in Family Planning 
According to the United Nations Population and Family 
Planning Agency (UNPFPA), family planning involves 
the use of  information, means and methods that will 
allow  people to decide on the time and number of  
children to have.
The issue of  unwanted pregnancy in the rising global 
population is of  concern. The world has hypothesized 
that the estimated global population would be surpassed 
due to this issue, showing the dire need for an intervention 
in form of  family planning and contraceptive as the 
implementation of  family planning will achieve a 
significant decrease in the projected population size. It 
needs to be actively practiced to reduce the adverse effects 
of  overpopulation (Amuzie, Nwamoh, Ukegbu, Okedo-
Alex, Umeokonkwo, Azu, Kalu, Izuka, and Odini (2022). 
The benefits of  family planning are numerous. Not only 
will it reduce infant mortality and morbidity, it will also 
enhance child growth and development. Greater effects 
can be seen on the parents, where their pregnancy risks 
and intervals could be lowered and regulated. It also 
enables the achievement of  a desired family size and helps 
parents make informed choices. Social health problems 
such as HIV/AIDS and teenage pregnancies could be 
better controlled. (Olubodun, Balogun, and Ogunsulu, 
2020)



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According to Ozumba (2011) family planning is a 
family matter. Its initiatives are usually concentrated on 
women because traditionally, fathers made little or no 
efforts in child raising in Africa. Women are usually the 
ones on fertility and contraception is also concentrated 
on women possibly due to the variety of  female 
contraceptive methods as opposed to those of  the males.
In reproductive and health matters men’s effort in family 
planning remained invisible but with evolving dynamics 
over the years, fathers’ involvement in family planning has 
now become crucial.
Many factors of  course affect men’s participation in 
family planning and affect their attitudes to embrace FP 
practices. Men’s support or opposition to their partner’s 
practice of  family planning has a strong impact on 
contraceptive use in many parts of  the world, including 
Africa. Within marriage in Africa, men typically have 
more say than women in the decision to use contraceptive 
and in the number of  children that the couple will 
have. Spouse communication is a position associated 
with contraceptive use. DHC data from seven African 
countries (Botswana, Burundi, Ghana, Nigeria, Senegal, 
Sudan and Togo) show that the percentage of  women 
using modern contraceptives is consistently higher in the 
group that had discussed FP with their husbands in the 
year before the interview than in the group that not (JHU/
PIN 2004) because of  lack of  communication, many 
women do not know what their husbands think about FP. 
Many women think that their husband disapprove of  FP, 
when in fact the husband approves. In West Africa about 
three quarters of  the men and women had not discussed 
family planning with their spouse in the year preceding 
the survey, except in Ghana and Cameroon. Men’s lack 
of  access to services has been a barrier to family planning 
use. This is because men cannot share responsibility 
for reproductive health and family planning if  services 
and information do not reach them. FP clinics cater for 
women, so men are uncomfortable about going to these 
clinics. Men must be reached in other ways. 
Married men are concerned that encouraging their 
wives to utilize family planning services may lead them 
to become promiscuous thereby becoming unfaithful. 
This unsupportive role of  the husbands stemmed from 
the stigmatizing belief  that contraception is most often 
used by female commercial sex workers or women with 
intentions to avoid pregnancy that might result from 
their extramarital relationships. The men’s anxiety from 
the fear of  their spousal infidelity is a strong barrier in 
men’s involvement in supporting female’s utilization of  
reproductive health service.
Some side effects observed as a result of  contraceptive 
use include reduction in sexual pleasure, increasing 
women’s risks of  infertility and illness, irregular and 
prolonged bleeding, vaginal dryness, reduced sexual 
desire, infertility, and illness. All these perceived side 
effects discourage or frustrate men to support their 
partners use of  contraceptive method.

Theoretical Framework
The Health Belief  Model
According to Rosenstock and Becker (1994) health belief  
model is a social psychological health behavior change 
model developed to explain and predict health-related 
behaviours, particularly with regard to the utilization 
of  health services. This implies that individual belief  
about the efficacy of  an intervention will determine the 
acceptability of  the intervention or otherwise. Therefore, 
the relevance of  this theory to this work rest on the fact 
that men adoption of  family planning will depend largely 
on their belief  and perception of  the efficacy of  various 
family planning methods and the benefits they will derive 
from using them.

Chapter Three
METHODOLOGY
Introduction 
This chapter presents the study settingresearch design, 
population of  the study, sample and sampling technique, 
research instrument, administration of  instrument and 
method of  data analysis.

Study Setting
The study setting took place in Akure South Local 
Government Area of  Ondo State. Southwestern, Nigeria.
Akure South Local Government are consists of  11 
political wards consisting about 40 selected communities. 
More than 30% of  the population live in rural settings 
and the residents consists of  civil servants, petty traders, 
artisans, and farmers. Christianity is the major religion 
followed by Islam and traditional religion. The Local 
Government Headquarters, Akure has the presence of  
Government offices, educational institutions, health 
facilities, traditional and modern elements.

Research Design
The research design to be adopted for the study is 
descriptive research design. This method allow for 
collection of  data in quantitative manner which guarantee 
that all participants have equal choice of  being selected. 

Population of  the Study
The study population comprises of  250 married men 
residing in Akure South Local Government Area of  
Ondo State. They are between 20-59 years old. 

Sample Size Determination
To determine the sample size of  this study, Leiz Fisher’s 
formular was adopted. Below is the calculation 
n= Z2pq/d2

Z= standardized normal 1.96 
P= Prevalence of  0.20 derived from the previous study 
q= (1-P)
d= is the level of  precision 
n= 1.962 x 0.20 x 0.7931/0.052 = 252.1
Thus, 252 respondents were considered as the sample size. 



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Administration of  Questionnaire
Questionnaire were administered by the researcher to 252 
informants. Only two questionnaire were not properly 
filled. This did  not have any negative effects on the 
findings of  the study. 

Sampling Technique
A multistage sampling technique was adopted for the 
selection of  participants for the study. This type of  
sampling technique requires the research to choose his/her 
sample in stages until the required sample size is obtained.
In using multistage sampling techniqueeleven(11) political 
wards in Akure South Local Government were first 
identified. They are: Aponmu, Gbogi/Isikan I, Gbogi/
IsikanII, Ijomu/ Obanla, Ilisa, Odopetu, Oda, Oke-aro, 
Iro 1, Oshodi/Isolo, Owode/Imuagun.

Stage 1
This stage involved using of  stratified sampling  technique 
to stratify the eleven (11) wards in the local government 
are to 9 urban and 2 rural wards

Stage 2
Here, two(2), urban wards and 2 rural wards sere selected 
by simple random sampling (balloting). 

Stage 3
Communities in the 4 selected wards were listed out and 
two (2) communities each will be selected randomly through 
balloting. Thus, 8 communities will be selected in all.

Stage 4
At least one respondent willbe chosen from every 
household until the required respondents were gotten.  
The selected participants were assessed through a 
structured questionnaire. 

Data Presentation and Data Analysis
The data generated were analyzed using descriptive 
statistics such as frequency table, percentage, and 
numbers. The analyses consists of  socio-demographic 
profile of  the respondents and the respondents opinions 
on research questions pertaining to the study.

Table 1: Socio-demographic profile of  the respondents
Variable Frequency Percentage (%)
Gender
Male 250 100
Total 250 100
Age
0-39 76 30.4
0-49 112 44.8
0-59 62 24.8
Total 250 100
Education
Primary School 28 11.2
Secondary School 79 31.6
Higher Institutions 124 49.6
Others 19 7.6
Total 250 100
Years of  marriage
<2 years 33 13.2
2-5 years 74 29.6
>5 years 143 57.2
Total 250 100
Occupation
Employed 184 73.6
Unemployed 66 26.4
Total 250 100
Religion
Christianity 129 51.6
Islam 58 23.2
Traditional 43 17.2
Others 20 8



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The table above presents the socio-graphics characteristics 
of  the respondents. The analysis of   the findings revealed 
that all the respondents are male and married. Out of  
250 respondents , 76 of  them representing 30.4% are 
within the age bracket of  30-39 year, 112 respondents 
representing 44.8% fall within 40-49 years while 62 of  
them representing 24.87% are 50-59 years. Also, 28 of  
the respondents representing 11.2% attended primary 
school, 79(31.6%) respondents attended secondary 
schools, 124 respondents representing 49.6% attended 
higher institutions while 19 of  them representing 7.6% 
attend other schools. Similarly, 33 of  them representing 
13.2% have spent less than 2 years in their marriage, 74 
respondents representing 29.6% have spent between 2 
to 5 years in their marriage, while 143 of  them(57.2%) 
have spent more than 5 years in their marriage. In the 
similar vein, 184 (73.6%) are employed while 66 (26.4%) 

are unemployed.  On their religion, 129 (51.6%) are 
Christians, 58 (23.2%) are moslems, 43(17.2%) are 
traditional worshippers while 20 (8%) engaged in other 
religious practices. Analysis of  the respondents view on 
the number of  living children they have , showed that 
12(4.8%) respondents have not had children, 23(9.2%) 
have 1, 77(30.8%) have 2 while 138 (55.2%) have 3 
children and above. The results of  these findings showed 
that majority o the respondents are within the age bracket 
of  40-49 years, attended high institutions; have spent 
more than 5 years in marital relationship and employed. 
Also, majority of  the respondents are Christians and have 
at least 3 children

Research Question 1
What is the most utilized information sources on family 
planning in Akure South Local government Area?

Total 250 100
Number of  children
0 12 48
1 23 30.8
2 77 9.2
3 and above 138 55.2
Total 250 100

Source: Field report 2023

Table 2: Respondents view on the most utilized source of  information on family planning in Akure Local 
Government Area
Variable Frequency Percentage (%)
Mass media( Radio, television, newspapers and internet) Lecture 106 42.4
Friends 50 20
Books 22 8.8
Health facilities 72 28.8
Total 250 100

Source: Field Report 2023

The table above presented the respondents in the most 
utilised source of  information on family planning in 
Akure South Local Government Area.The analysis of  
the findings showed that out of  250 respondents, 106 
(42.4%) chose mass media as the most utilized source 
of  information on FP, 50(20%) chose friends, 22(8.8%) 
chose books while 72(28.8%) chose health workers. 
It can be inferred from the results that majority of  the 

respondents opined that mass media ( Radio, Television, 
Newspapers and Internet) as the most utilised source of  
information on FP.

Research Question 2
What is the level of  knowledge about family planning 
methods among married men in Akure South Local 
Government Area?

Table 3: Respondents view on the level of  knowledge about family planning practices among married men in Akure 
South Local Government Area
Variable Frequency Percentage(%)
Reasons for family planning
Limiting family size 95 38
Prevent unwanted pregnancies 72 28.8
Spacing births 63 25.2



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The table above presented the respondents view on 
the level of  knowledge about FP among married men 
in Akure South Local Government area. The analysis 
of  the findings showed that out of  250 respondents, 
95(38%) opined limiting family size was a major reason 
for FP, 72(28.8%) supported prevention of  unwanted 
pregnancies, spacing of  births was supported by 
63(25.2%) respondents as the reason for FP while other 
reasons accounted for 8% from 20 respondents. From 
the results, it can be inferred that limiting family size is the 
reason for family planning among married men in Akure 
South Local Government Area.

On the knowledge of  family planning methods, Out 
of  250 respondents, 106(42.2%) opined that the use 
of  condoms is the most commonly used FP method, 
52(20.8%) opined that oral contraceptives, 20(*%) 
chose withdrawal method while 32(12.8)  choose use 
of  injections. The results of  the findings showed that 
majority of  the respondents supported condoms as the 
most commonly used family planning methods.

Research Question 3 
What is the level of  married men’s involvement in family 
planning in Akure South Local Government Area?

Others 20 8
Total 250 100
Family planning methods
Condom 106 42.4
Oral contraceptive 52 20.8
IUCD 13 5.2
Vasectomy 10 4
Withdrawal method 20 8
Vaginal foamy tablets 17 6.8
Injectables 32 12.8
Total 250 100

Source: Field Report 2023

Table 4: Respondents views on male involvement in family planning practices in Akure South Local Government Area
Variable Frequency Percentage(%)
Discussion of  FP with partners 83 (33.2%) 167 (66.8%)
Provision of  support for partner to use FP
Partner approves to use of  family planning 101 (40.4%) 149 (59.6%)
Married men 103 (41.2%) 147 (58.8%)

Source: Field Report 2023

The table above presented the respondents view on 
married men involvement in family planning in Akure 
south local government area.
From the analysis of  the findings, out of  250 respondent, 
83(33.2%) respondents discussed family planning 
practices with their partners while 167(66.8%) did not.
Also, 101(40.4%) provided support for their partners 
to practice FP, while149(59.6%) respondent did not. 
103(41.2%) monitored the use of  FP by their partners 
while 145 (58.8%) did not. 83(33.2%) made use of  FP , 
while 167(66.8%) did not.

It can then be inferred from the results that majority 
of  the respondents discussed, FP with their partners; 
provided support for their partners to practice FP and 
monitor the practice of  FP by their partners. In the same 
vein, majority of  the respondents utilised one form of  
family planning methods.

Research Question 4
What are the contributory factors that influence the 
adoption of  family planning practices among married in 
Akure south local government area?

Table 5: Respondents view on factors influencing the adoption of  family planning practices among married men in 
Akure south local government
S/N Variable Frequency Percentage(%)
1 Education 41 16.4
2 Occupation 29 11.6
3 Religion 38 15.2
4 No of  living children 62 24.8



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The table above presented the respondents view on 
factors influencing the adoption of  family planning 
practices among married men in Akure South Local 
government area. Analysis of  the findings revealed that 
out of  250 respondents, 41(16.4%) opined that education 
is the major factor influencing the adoption of  family 
planning, 29 (11.6%) agreed that occupation: 38 (15.2%) 
agreed on religion, 62 (24.8%) agreed on number of  
living children already had by married couples, 37 (14.8%) 
agreed on culture while 43 (17.3%) agreed on financial 
status of  the married couples.
The results showed that majority of  the respondents 
supported the number of  living children of  the couples 
is a major contributory factor that influence the adoption 
of  family planning practices among married men in 
Akure South Local Government Area.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The study investigated the involvement of  married 
men in the family planning practices in Akure Local 
Government Area. Findings from this quantitative study 
revealed that majority (42.4%) of  the married men 
accessed information about family planning on mass 
media  which included radio, television, newspaper and 
internet sources, it was also revealed that the married 
men in Akure South has high level of  knowledge about 
family planning practices as majority (38%) opined that 
the reason for family planning is to limit family size 
and majority(42.4%) agreed that the most commonly 
practiced family planning method is the use of  condom 
among several variable listed as the family planning 
methods, This is probably because of  the cheapest and 
availability of  condom.
Similarly, the majority of  the married men (66.8%) did 
not discuss FP with their partners, 59.6% did not provide 
support for their partners to use FP, 58.8% did not 
monitor the use of  FP by their partners while 66.8% of  
the married men did not use family planning methods 
with their partners. Also, the majority (24.8%) agreed 
that the number of  living children already had by the 
couples is a major contributory factor that influences  the 
adoption of  FP practices by married men in Akure South.
This study, therefore, revealed that married men’s low 
involvement in family planning practices despite their 
high level of  knowledge is not unconnected with their 
attitude and socio-cultural practices toward family 
planning methods. 
Also, it was discovered that married men were not 
accommodated in FP sensitization programmes despite 
the fact that the environment is men-dominated and men 
are responsible for decision-taking as far as utilisation 
of  any FP methods is concerned. The men involvement 

in the FP practices are noticeably tied to the number 
of  children already possessed by the married partners. 
Partners with more than two children are more likely to 
adopt and adapt FP services utilization to limit the family 
size or space the birth rate. Men also with low financial 
status are not likely to be involved in FP because of  the 
expensive nature of  some FP methods in many of  the 
public and private health facilities within the study area
These findings are similar to the findings of  a study 
conducted in rural Ghana by KwawukumeLaar and 
Abdulai (2022), which posited that the success of  FP 
was positively associated with men’s involvement in FP 
service utilization.

Further Research
Though this study provides insight into the level of  male 
involvement in FP practices in the Akure South Local 
Government area, further research should expand the 
sample population to capture generalised opinions of  the 
populace.
Also, for holistical investigation, future research should 
accommodate the roles of  married women in effective 
utilization of  family planning practices within the study 
area.

RECOMMENDATIONS
The following recommendations were preferred to 
address the barriers of  men’s participation in family 
planning which is crucial to utilization and promotion of  
family planning services and removal of  misconception 
about FP thereby providing improved reproductive 
health services in the society.

1) Governments at all levels should target men in the 
programmes more to increase acceptance and effective 
use of  FP

2) The media should increase health promotion and 
education about family planning among the populace and

3) Governments should incorporate family planning 
services into their health insurances scheme for easier 
access to the health services by the citizens.

REFERENCES
Abubakar, B. G., Oche, O. M., Isah, B. A., Augo, J. T., 

Raji, I. A., & Ezenwoko, A. Z. (2021). Factors 
influencing male involvement in family planning in 
Sokoto, Nigeria. International Archives of  Medical and 
Health Research, 2(1), 1–8.

Adelekan, A., Omoregie, P., & Edoni, E. (2014). Male 
involvement in family planning: Challenges and way 
forward. International Journal of  Population Research. 
https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/416457

Akindele, R., & Aadebimpe, W. (2013). Encouraging male 

5 Culture 37 14.8
6 Financial status 43 17.3

Total 250 100
Source: Field Report 2023



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Alusio, A., Richardson, B. A., Bosire, R., John-Stewart, 
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