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American Journal of   Physical Education 
and Health Science (AJPEHS)

Managing the Security of  Sports Stadiums and Their Impact on Consolidating the Values of  
Citizenship among Fans of  Mass Clubs in Baghdad

Mustafa Hameed Hussein1*

Volume 3 Issue 1, Year 2025
ISSN: 2992-9679 (Online) 

DOI: https://doi.org/10.54536/ajpehs.v3i1.4715
https://journals.e-palli.com/home/index.php/ajpehs

Article Information ABSTRACT

Received: March 12, 2025

Accepted: April 17, 2025

Published: May 16, 2025

The security of  sports stadiums is the security of  human gatherings at all levels, it must have 
accurate planning based on sound information, the ability to anticipate possible scenarios that 
may occur in each match, and the preparation to face them in a way that ensures the safety of  
everyone and does not spoil the pleasure of  watching the game. Sports is a luxurious societal 
image through which the values of  good citizenship that society believes in are embodied 
and reflected on its behaviors inside the stadium. Many times, fans acquire good behaviors 
inside the stadium that enhance their good values outside the stadium. Therefore, it became 
necessary to strengthen this behavior through upbringing, organization, and training. 
Citizenship values are the result of  what society believes in, behaviors that determine the 
actions of  its members in a way that enhances social welfare. hence, the importance of  
research to promote the values of  good citizenship through leading the masses in ideal and 
conscious ways that reflect a civilized image of  practicing sports activities. The searcher 
analyzed the Relationship and impact among the two measures, sports stadium security 
management and citizenship values, established according to the scientific criteria of  
pedagogical and psychological scales. The research variables were also evaluated by some 
members of  administrative and technical bodies and Club fan groups in Baghdad. The study 
reached multiple theoretical and practical results, From her: Statistically significant correlation 
between the studied variables (security of  sports stadiums and citizenship values) and The 
results of  the simple linear regression analysis revealed the existence of  significant influence 
relationships for the independent variable represented by the security of  sports stadiums and 
the dependent variable represented by citizenship values. The researcher recommended that 
sports clubs should pay attention to training and developing their training and technical staff  
and their fans ‘ associations to promote the values of  citizenship in more modern ways and 
methods to enhance the spirit of  volunteerism and community work.

Keywords

Consolidation, Fans, Mass Clubs, 
Security of  Sports Stadiums, 
Values of  Citizenship

1 AL Imam Al-a’adum University College, Iraq
* Corresponding author’s e-mail: mustafa.hameed@imamaladham.edu.iq

INTRODUCTION
Sports stadiums represented the image of  modernity in 
our current era in terms of  Renaissance, perfection and 
splendor in their construction, as well as their place in 
activating the national and national economy, which 
makes it an important area that needs special insurance 
in terms of  high-level implementation of  the tasks of  
security agencies mixed with psychological techniques 
that deal professionally with the moods of  the fans of  
competing teams in its multiple categories, it deals with 
a special kind of  citizens who agree with their passion 
for football mixed with the challenge of  winning 
and intolerance for their teams despite their multiple 
orientations, inclinations, ages and social levels.     
The security of  sports stadiums represents the security 
of  human gatherings at all levels, it must have accurate 
planning based on sound information and the ability 
to anticipate possible scenarios that may occur in each 
match and prepare to face them in a way that ensures 
the safety of  everyone and does not spoil the pleasure of  
watching the match.   
Based on the foregoing, sports is a luxurious societal image 
through which the values of  good citizenship that society 
believes in are embodied and reflected on its behaviors 
inside the stadium, and many times the masses acquire 

good behaviors inside the stadium that enhance their 
good values outside the stadium, so it became necessary 
to strengthen this behavior by upbringing, organization 
and training, as the values of  citizenship are the product 
of  the behaviors that society believes in that determine 
the actions of  its members in a way that enhances social 
welfare, hence the importance of  research to promote 
the values of  good citizenship by leading the masses in 
ideal and conscious ways that reflect a civilized image of  
practicing sports activities.    
The research problem started from the strategies used in 
the security management of  sports stadiums and its role 
in promoting the values of  citizenship for an important 
and diverse segment of  Iraqi society that affects the 
consolidation of  these values to become the culture of  
society in general. On the contrary, the values will fall one 
after another, causing social crises that are reflected not 
only on the sports movement of  the country, but extend 
to include all other aspects. 
objective of  the research determines the role of  the sports 
stadium security department in promoting the citizenship 
values of  mass clubs in Baghdad. To achieve this, two 
metrics have been built: the first for managing the security 
of  sports stadiums, and the second for citizenship values, 
specifically for the Iraqi Environment, through them, the 



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research variables will be described in a way that enhances 
the values of  good citizenship for safe matches.
The spatial scope of  the research was determined at 
the headquarters of  the popular clubs in Baghdad, 
and the temporal scope was within the period between 
10/2/2024 and 1/20/2025, and the human scope was for 
some members of  the administrative and technical bodies 
and the fan associations of  the popular clubs in Baghdad.

LITERATURE REVIEW
Sports stadiums: are the places where sports competitions 
of  all forms and names are practiced, and they are often 
multipurpose, that is, they are suitable for more than one 
type of  sports activities, the main of  which is the game 
of  football, defined (Eid, 2000) as: real estate of  land and 
construction, whether dedicated all the time or for some 
time to conduct sports movement matters.
Stadiums acquire their importance from the organization 
of  mass sports competitions, which makes them targets, 
especially from organized crime gangs that try to take 
advantage of  the chances of  the presence of  the largest 
mass gathering to commit their criminal acts (Abu al-
Futuh , 2003), as well as the presence of  important 
figures, which requires taking all necessary preventive 
measures to protect these stadiums and protect those 
present in them (Batayna, 2000).
The most important sports stadiums in our Arab world 
are football stadiums because the audience of  this game 
includes all segments of  society. A football stadium 
consists of  a playing field, a track, stands and service 
facilities that can contain a huge human mass inside 
during competitions, the management and organization 
of  which requires a great effort on the part of  the 
organizer and security personnel (Al-Harthy, 2004). 
The benefits of  holding sports matches are manifested 
in raising the skill level of  the participating teams and 
achieving good media publicity for the state through 
activating tourism and achieving economic return for the 
state, as well as satisfying the desires of  the fans and their 
sports aspirations (Ibrahim , 2000).
The risks that threaten sports stadiums are represented by 
the collapse of  sports facilities, fire accidents, increasing 
the number of  fans over the capacity of  the stands, as 
well as riots, crimes of  assault on public money, financial 
and administrative corruption, all this represents a burden 
on the tasks and duties of  the sports stadium security 
forces, they are responsible for adjusting the rhythm of  
sports matches in a safe civilized manner, and they can 
also be one of  the causes of  sports riots if  there are 
arbitrary practices against the public in addition to public 
intolerance, the behavior of  players and referees and 
economic conditions (Al-Subaie, 2001).
This can only be achieved if  there is an ethical contract 
surrounding sports competitions, a contract to which 
all members of  the sports community are committed 
to promoting the values of  citizenship. Citizenship is 

derived from the word “homeland”, whose children, 
without exception, are united by a sacred bond that binds 
the individual to his homeland within the framework of  
a multidimensional socio-political concept, influenced by 
the level of  intellectual maturity, civilized development, 
inherited values (Jalab, 2011).
(Rayan, 2006) in their study “organizational citizenship 
among faculty members and achievement of  Secondary 
School students” showed a positive correlation between 
students achievement in standardized tests and the 
degree of  practicing organizational citizenship behavior 
among teachers, while a study (Mansour, 2009) entitled 
“organizational citizenship behavior among teachers 
of  Government General Education schools for boys in 
Jeddah from the point of  view of  the principals of  those 
schools” showed no correlation between the personal 
factors of  the study sample and their A study (Barna, 2010) 
titled “behavior Organizational citizenship as an indicator 
to predict the academic achievement of  students” that the 
dimensions of  organizational citizenship behavior have 
a role in improving the motivation for education and is 
one of  the important behavioral patterns to be practiced 
by lecturers, according to a study (Shaifu & Mahmoud, 
2010) entitled “The relationship between the practice 
of  organizational citizenship behavior and emotional 
intelligence” There is a statistically significant relationship 
between the study variables, a study (Yaghoubi & Hadi, 
2011) entitled “security of  sports facilities”, aimed 
to develop an optimal perception of  how to protect 
sports facilities, while a study (Virlee & Clapham, 2003) 
entitled “security response to riots in sports stadiums” 
came to emphasize the importance of  the preventive 
role of  educational and media devices to reduce the 
manifestations of  riots in sports stadiums.
Through the above, the researcher came to his procedural 
definition of  the security of  sports stadiums, namely: 
(employing means and capabilities to ensure the success 
of  sports competitions without accidents, by securing 
human and material resources inside and outside the 
stadium). The researcher also defined the values of  
citizenship as: (the social contract that ensures the 
security of  society by showing the qualities of  altruism, 
civility and sportsmanship).

MATERIALS AND METHODS
The researcher adopted the survey method for the 
descriptive research approach, as he sees it (Hussein, 
2024) “It studies the nature of  phenomena in terms of  
their characteristics, forms, relationships, and the factors 
affecting them”.

Sampling and Data Collection
The current research community was represented by the 
administrative bodies of  four popular clubs and their fan 
associations in Baghdad. The research samples included 
(185) individuals, distributed as in Table (1).



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Search Tools
Based on the objectives of  the current research, which 
requires the presence of  two tools:    The Sports Stadium 
Security Scale and the Citizenship Values Scale, he built 
the two scales according to the scientific steps adopted in 
building educational and psychological scales, as follows:

First: Definition of  Terms Related to Sports Stadium 
Security and Citizenship Values
The researcher defined the security of  sports stadiums as 
(employing the means and possibilities for the success of  
sports competitions without accidents by securing human 
and material resources inside and outside the stadium), 
and the researcher defined the values of  citizenship 
as (the social contract guaranteeing the security of  
society by showing the qualities of  altruism, civility and 
sportsmanship).

Second: Defining the Dimensions (Axes) Concepts 
of  Sports Stadium Security and Citizenship Values
Through the researcher’s review of  specialized literature 
in the fields of  sports stadium security and citizenship 
values, to understand their concepts and dimensions 
accurately, he chose three axes for each of  them, taking 
into account their suitability to the Iraqi environment, 
which are:

Security of  sports stadiums: (securing fans of  both 
sides of  the match-securing players and referees-securing 
VIPs).

The values of  citizenship: (altruism – civility – 

sportsmanship).
Then the researcher presented these axes and definitions 
of  procedural terms to (5) experts specializing in sports 
management, testing and measurement for scientific 
arbitration, and their agreement on their validity was 
100%.

Third: Formulating Phrases for Both Metrics
The researcher formulated the phrases of  the two scales 
in the (Self-Report) style and the phrases consisted of  
(21) phrases for each scale, and the five alternatives to the 
answer were chosen (always, often, sometimes, rarely, no), 
with the awarding of  grades (5,4,3,2,1) respectively, this 
method is adopted for the following reasons:

1. Achieve greater homogeneity of  scale.  
2. Enable the respondent to express the degree of  his 

feelings.  
3. Provide greater contrast between individuals.  
4. Ensure high honesty and stability.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Validity of  Paragraphs for Both Metrics
After formulating the phrases of  the two scales, which 
amounted to (21) phrases for each scale, the researcher 
presented the phrases to (5) experts specialized in sports 
management, testing and measurement for scientific 
arbitration. The researcher adopted a percentage of  
80% or more for the experts to agree on the validity of  
the phrases, and the two scales came out in their initial 
versions as in Tables (2 & 3).

Table 1: Explains the details of  the research samples
S Club Exploratory sample Building sample Implementation sample
1 Al-Zawraa 1 10 35
2 Air power 1 10 35
3 The police 1 10 35
4 Students 1 10 35
Total 5 40 140

Table 2: The structure of  the sports stadium security scale shows
S Scale axes of  the sports stadium security Paragraph 

numbers
Number of  
paragraphs

Percentage ratio

1 Securing fans of  both sides of  the match 1-7 7 33.33%
2 Insurance of  players and referees 8-14 7 33.33%
3 VIP insurance 15-21 7 33.33%
Total 21 100%

Table 3: The structure of  the citizenship values scale shows
S Scale axes of  Citizenship values Paragraph numbers Number of  paragraphs Percentage ratio
1 Altruism 1-7 7 33.33%
2 Civility 8-14 7 33.33%
3 Sportsmanship 15-21 7 33.33%
Total 21 100%



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Scientific Conditions of  The Two Scales
The scientific conditions of  any scale include (truthfulness, 
constancy, objectivity) that must be checked when 
constructing pedagogical and psychological scales, since 
the truthfulness, constancy and objectivity of  the scale 
are significantly related to the quality of  its paragraphs, 
and this is achieved by:-

Virtual Honesty
The apparent honesty expresses the extent to which the 
phrase is related to the scale, and it was extracted for the 
two scales by presenting them in their initial form to (5) 
experts specialized in sports management, testing and 
measurement for scientific arbitration previously.

Discriminatory Power
The researcher unloaded the answers of  the construction 

sample of  (40) individuals, calculated the total score 
for each form, then arranged the scores of  the sample 
members in descending order from the highest total score 
to the lowest total score, and identified the two extreme 
groups in the total score by 50%, so the forms of  the 
upper group were (20) forms versus (20) forms for the 
lower group and for each scale separately, measurement 
and evaluation experts point out that this ratio is used 
when the sample size is small, i.e. less than (80) individuals.
The researcher used the t-test of  two independent 
samples to calculate the significance of  the difference 
between the two extreme groups for each of  the two 
scales separately, as the statistical significance of  the 
value of  (T) represents the discriminatory power of  the 
paragraph, so all the paragraphs of  the two scales had a 
discriminatory power in statistical significance at the level 
of  (0.001) and as an indicator in Tables (4 & 5).

Table 4: Demonstrates the discriminatory power in the measure of  security of  sports stadiums
S Upper group Lower group Calculated 

value (t)
The power of  the 
discriminatory paragraphMean Std. Deviation Mean Std. Deviation

1 4.80 0.410 3.10 0.912 7.603 Featured
2 4.70 0.470 3.05 0.887 7.603 Featured
3 4.85 0.366 3.20 0.834 7.350 Featured
4 4.70 0.470 3.30 0.865 7.350 Featured
5 4.65 0.489 3.40 0.821 8.105 Featured
6 5.00 0.000 3.25 1.164 8.105 Featured
7 4.80 0.410 3.40 0.883 6.362 Featured
8 5.00 0.000 3.45 1.234 6.362 Featured
9 4.45 0.510 3.00 0.973 5.850 Featured
10 4.25 0.444 3.10 0.968 5.850 Featured
11 4.40 0.503 3.05 0.945 6.723 Featured
12 4.85 0.366 3.00 0.918 6.723 Featured
13 4.75 0.444 3.05 0.887 6.433 Featured
14 4.55 0.510 3.10 0.968 6.433 Featured
15 4.55 0.510 3.15 0.875 5.616 Featured
16 4.65 0.489 3.10 1.071 5.616 Featured
17 4.25 0.444 3.05 0.945 5.900 Featured
18 4.55 0.510 3.25 0.910 5.900 Featured
19 4.35 0.489 3.40 0.821 4.829 Featured
20 4.35 0.489 3.20 0.834 4.829 Featured
21 4.55 0.510 3.20 0.951 5.643 Featured

Table 5: Demonstrates the discriminatory power of  the citizenship values scale
S Upper group Lower group Calculated 

value (t)
The power of  the 
discriminatory paragraphMean Std. Deviation Mean Std. Deviation

1 3.90 0.718 2.90 1.165 3.267 Featured
2 4.20 0.616 2.80 1.196 3.267 Featured
3 4.15 0.489 2.75 1.020 4.653 Featured
4 4.20 0.768 3.05 1.234 4.653 Featured
5 4.15 0.587 2.75 1.164 5.536 Featured
6 3.75 1.164 2.45 1.234 5.536 Featured



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7 4.25 0.444 2.95 1.317 3.538 Featured
8 4.50 0.513 2.75 1.333 3.538 Featured
9 4.00 0.725 2.45 1.191 4.802 Featured
10 4.10 0.788 2.55 1.099 4.802 Featured
11 4.10 0.641 2.55 0.999 3.426 Featured
12 3.75 0.851 2.60 1.095 3.426 Featured
13 3.95 0.686 2.60 1.046 4.183 Featured
14 4.20 0.523 2.50 1.235 4.183 Featured
15 4.35 0.745 2.35 1.089 5.480 Featured
16 3.90 0.718 2.65 1.182 5.480 Featured
17 4.20 0.523 2.50 1.235 4.971 Featured
18 4.10 0.852 2.25 1.070 4.971 Featured
19 3.95 0.759 2.40 1.046 5.126 Featured
20 4.05 0.686 2.70 1.031 5.126 Featured
21 4.15 0.587 2.30 1.129 5.842 Featured

Internal Consistency
The researcher used the simple correlation coefficient 
(Pearson) between the scores of  each paragraph and the 
total score of  the scale, and this correlation indicates the 
homogeneity of  the scale, and since all the paragraphs 

in the two scales had statistically significant consistency 
coefficients at the indicative level (0.001), it can be said 
that the two scales have internal homogeneity, and this is 
evidenced in tables (6 & 7).

Table 6: Demonstrates internal consistency in the measure of  security of  sports stadiums
Securing fans of  both sides 
of  the match

Insurance of  players and referees VIP insurance

P Pearson Correlation P Pearson Correlation P Pearson Correlation
1 0.941** 8 0.876** 15 0.924**
2 0.922** 9 0.897** 16 0.901**
3 0.933** 10 0.855** 17 0.886**
4 0.866** 11 0.909** 18 0.749**
5 0.910** 12 0.890** 19 0.666**
6 0.835** 13 0.921** 20 0.873**
7 0.913** 14 0.922** 21 0.900**

Table 7: Demonstrates internal consistency in the scale of  citizenship values
Altruism Civility Sportsmanship 
P Pearson Correlation P Pearson Correlation P Pearson Correlation
1 0.474** 8 0.890** 15 0.865**
2 0.628** 9 0.819** 16 0.750**
3 0.760** 10 0.821** 17 0.864**
4 0.638** 11 0.887** 18 0.886**
5 0.869** 12 0.741** 19 0.831**
6 0.708** 13 0.858** 20 0.822**
7 0.804** 14 0.886** 21 0.912**

Table 8: Demonstrates the Alpha-Cronbach values for 
the two scales
S The scale Alpha-Cronbach
1 Security of  sports stadiums 0.770

2 Citizenship values 0.766

Constancy
The researcher extracted the stability coefficient by 
applying the (Alpha-Cronbach) equation, and the values 
of  the stability coefficient for the two scales came out 
good, as shown in Table (8).



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Objectivity
To find out the objectivity of  the scale, the researcher 
determined the range of  answers of  his samples with five 
alternatives that give the same results when correcting 
the resolution, no matter how different the number 
of  correctors, which indicates that the two scales are 
objective. Objectivity “is the test that gives the same 
results regardless of  the difference of  the correctors” 
(Abu al-Futuh , 2003).

Execution of  Two Scales on the Main Sample
The researcher distributed the forms to the main research 
sample (implementation sample) of  140 individuals, 
and the scores were collected and arranged in tables in 

preparation for statistical processing in order to display 
and analyze the results.

Analysis and Discussion of  Results
The researcher used the (t-test) Test for one sample of  
the data of  the two scales, where the average score for the 
security of  sports stadiums was (75.86), which is greater 
than his theoretical average of  (63) with a standard 
deviation of  (15.559), and the value of  (T) (57.686) is 
significant at the level of  statistical significance (0.001).  
The average score of  citizenship values was (73.28), 
which is greater than the theoretical average of  (63) 
with a standard deviation of  (13,590). The value of  (T) 
(63.802) is significant at the level of  statistical significance 

Table 9: Shows the value (T) of  the measure of  security of  sports stadiums
S The measure of  security 

of  sports stadiums
Sample 
size

Mean Std. 
Deviation

Theoretical 
Mean

Calculated 
value (t)

Level of  
significance

1 Sports stadium security 140 75.86 15.559 63 57.686 0.000
2 Securing the fans of  both 

sides of  the match
140 25.49 5.582 21 54.038 0.000

3 Insurance of  players and 
referees

140 25.08 5.740 21 51.693 0.000

4 VIP insurance 140 25.29 5.558 21 53.825 0.000

Table 10: Shows the value (T) of  the citizenship values scale
S Citizenship values scale Sample 

size
Mean Std. 

Deviation
Theoretical 
Mean

Calculated 
value (t)

Level of  
significance

1 Citizenship values 140 73.28 13.590 63 63.802 0.000
2 Altruism 140 24.41 4.555 21 63.419 0.000
3 Civility 140 24.56 5.197 21 55.925 0.000
4 Sportsmanship 140 24.30 5.087 21 56.518 0.000

Table 11: The correlation coefficient (Pearson) between the two measures
Citizenship values Altruism Civility Sportsmanship

Sports stadium security 0.960** 0.853** 0.917** 0.885**
Securing the fans of  both sides of  the match 0.872** 0.799** 0.837** 0.776**
Insurance of  players and referees 0.879** 0.767** 0.828** 0.836**
VIP insurance 0.885** 0.779** 0.853** 0.815**

(0.001), and tables (9 and 10) show these results in detail.

Associative Relations
The researcher used the simple correlation coefficient 

(Pearson) to calculate the relationship between the two 
scales, and table (11) indicates the existence of  positive 
statistical correlation relationships at the level of  
significance (0.001) between the two scales and their axes.

The Impact of  Sports Stadium Security on 
Citizenship Values
(Durbin-Watson) test show that there is one independent 
variable called the security of  sports grounds, while the 
dependent variable represents citizenship values. The 
results indicate that the security of  sports stadiums has 
a moral impact on the values of  citizenship. The value 
of  (T) for the Model constant was (2.315), while the 
calculated value of  (T) for the independent variable was 
(40.354), which is a function statistically at the level of  

(0.05), which indicates the morale of  the model in general. 
The determination coefficient reached (0.922) and the 
corrective determination coefficient (0.921), which 
means that the independent variable (security of  sports 
stadiums) is able to explain (92.2%) of  the changes in the 
dependent variable (citizenship values).
Thus, (92.2%) of  the behavior of  the dependent variable 
(citizenship values) depends on the independent variable 
(security of  sports stadiums), while (7.8%) of  the changes 
in citizenship values are due to other variables that were 



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not included in the research model, and the calculated 
value of  (F) reached (1628.439), which is significant at the 

indicative level (0.001), reflecting the ability of  the model 
to accurately interpret the changes as shown in Table (12).

Table 12: The linear regression model shows
Source of  Variability Sum of  Squares Degrees of  

Freedom
Mean Square Test Value 

(F)
Level of  
Significance

Between groups 31022.205 1 31022.205 31022.205 0.000
Within the groups 2628.938 138 19.050 19.050
Total 33651.143 139 0.828**

CONCLUSIONS
The research showed that the topic of  sports stadium 
security and citizenship values is one of  the modern 
topics in the field of  sports management, as it represents 
the relationship between human Sports resources and 
their audience, He also pointed out that there is a strong 
moral correlation between the security of  sports stadiums 
in its dimensions and the values of  citizenship in its three 
dimensions, and this shows the important role played by 
the security of  sports stadiums in consolidating the values 
of  citizenship.
The research has achieved the highest correlation 
between the two measures of  sports stadium security 
and the values of  citizenship as a whole, the lowest moral 
correlation between the two axes was the security of  
important figures in the measure of  the security of  sports 
stadiums and altruism in the measure of  citizenship 
values.
The results showed that the individuals of  the research 
sample obtained high computational averages compared 
to the theoretical circles for both the security of  sports 
stadiums and the values of  citizenship, reflecting the 
desire of  the sample to provide the best performance 
for fun, The results of  the simple linear regression 
analysis revealed the existence of  significant influence 
relationships for the independent variable represented 
by the security of  sports stadiums and the dependent 
variable represented by citizenship values.

Recommendations
1. Sports clubs should take care of  applying the security 

measures of  sports stadiums and put it in the first place, 
through which we get employees with high abilities and 
skills in dealing and providing high-quality services to the 
beneficiaries of  the club (technical and administrative 
staff  and the public).

2. The need for sports clubs to pay attention to the 
training and development of  employees, raise their skills 
and personal behaviors, and reconsider their training 
programs to include in the future special training 
programs aimed at enhancing human resources.

3. The need for sports clubs to pay attention to training 
and developing the bonds of  their fans to promote the 
values of  citizenship in more modern ways and methods 
to enhance the spirit of  volunteerism and community 
work.

4. Promote a culture of  adherence to laws and rejection 
of  intolerance by spreading awareness of  national values 

and belonging. 
5. Spreading the spirit of  Service and tolerance 

contributes greatly to motivating positive behavior and 
reporting inappropriate behaviors.

6. Fairness in the provision of  sports services by 
the organizing committees of  sports competitions 
significantly contributes to a sense of  responsibility 
towards accepting the loss.

REFERENCES
Abu al-Futuh, D. (2003). Towards effective electronic scenarios 

and simulations for crisis management. Published research, 
the First Scientific Conference on Legal Aspects of  
Electronic Operations, Dubai, United Arab Emirates.

Al-Subaie, B. (2001). Personal qualities of  employees in the 
security and protection of  VIPs in the light of  some changes. 
Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: Naif  Arab Academy for 
Security Sciences.

Barna, P. (2010). Ethical behavior in the framework of  
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Appendixes

Appendix 1: The measure of  security of  sports stadiums
S The measure of  security of  sports stadiums No Rarely Sometimes Mostly Always

Securing fans of  both sides of  the match 1 2 3 4 5
1 Secure the stadium before entering the two sides of  the match.
2 Put a barrier grille separating the two ends of  the fixture.
3 Putting up a barrier net that prevents fans from entering 

the Stadium.
4 The entry cards specify the seating areas of  the two sides 

of  the match.
5 Divide the two sides of  the game into small groups to 

control them.
6 Surveillance of  hooligans in the stands by cameras.
7 Placing signs instructing the entry and evacuation of  the public.
Insurance of  players and referees 1 2 3 4 5
8 Securing and inspecting vehicles for transporting players 

and referees to and from the stadium.
9 Securing the way of  players and referees to and from the field.
10 Securing special rooms for changing the clothes of  players 

and referees.
11 Securing the administrative and technical staff  of  the 

reserve for the two parties to the match.
12 Put a security cordon around the players and referees 

when entering and exiting the stadium.
13 Develop an emergency plan to evacuate players and 

referees from the field.
14 Securing the VAR zone and ruling IV.
VIP insurance 1 2 3 4 5
15 Securing the VIP route to and from the stadium.
16 Secure VIP cars at the stadium.
17 Secure the location of  VIPs before and after the game.
18 Customize and secure special gates for the entry and exit 

of  VIPs.
19 Choose the most competent security men to protect VIPs.
20 Securing VIP hospitality items.
21 Secure command and control between the security 

services inside and outside the stadium.



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Appendix 2: Citizenship values scale
S Citizenship values scale No Rarely Sometimes Mostly Always

Altruism 1 2 3 4 5
1 Help the fans even if  they are from the other side of  the 

match.
2 I advise fans to be positive.
3 I direct the fans towards law-abiding.
4 He shared his personal belongings with fans to help them 

when necessary.
5 Respect the rights and privileges of  fans.
6 Anime cooperation between fans.
7 I prefer the public interest over his personal interest.
Civility 1 2 3 4 5
8 I find it difficult to express my opinion tactfully in 

sensitive situations.
9 I try to respond in a respectful manner when someone offends 

me.
10 I see that civility helps in resolving conflicts.
11 Be careful to consider the feelings of  others when 

providing criticism and feedback.
12 I believe that civility reflects how much a person respects 

others.
13 I think civility can be misinterpreted as weakness or 

excessive courtesy.
14 Overweight people get better treatment in social 

situations.
Sportsmanship 1 2 3 4 5
15 I deal with losing in competitions with a positive spirit
16 Encourage colleagues and opponents to perform well 

during competitions.
17 Be sure to respect the referee's decisions, even if  he thinks 

they are incorrect.
18 I believe that sportsmanship promotes positive 

relationships between fans.
19 I accept criticism from others.
20 I treat calmly when provoked by an opponent.
21 I think sportsmanship makes competition fun.


