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American Journal of  Physical Education 
and Health Science (AJPEHS)

Level of  Professional Awareness among Health Record Officers in Bayelsa State and 
Their Implications for Patient Care, Health Systems, and Health Policy

Ahoada Esther Erezina1, Raimi Aziba-anyam Gift2, Oluwaseun Emmanuel Odipe3, Morufu Olalekan Raimi4*

Samuel Terungwa Abaya5, Daniel Josephine Kakwi6

Volume 1 Issue 1, Year 2023
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Article Information ABSTRACT

Received: April 17, 2023

Accepted: May 10, 2023

Published: May 18, 2023

As Electronic health records (EHRs) become more commonplace, and are expected to play a 
key role in improving the quality of  Nigeria health care. Thus, EHRs can improve quality of  
care delivery in numerous ways such as providing accurate and up-to-date patient information 
and medical knowledge, rapid retrieval of  health information, ability to exchange health 
information to all authorized participants within or across organizations, automated clinical 
reminders, improved adherence to treatment guidelines, and accumulation of  data for quality 
monitoring and improvement. Based on regulatory and governmental recommendations, 
the EHR is being adapted in an increasing number of  academic institutions (NDUTH), 
government hospitals (FMC) and private practice settings. It is incumbent upon HIM 
leadership to ensure students are skillful users of  the technologies that will be in place as 
they care for patients. The study aimed to explore, identify and understand critical awareness 
of  electronic health records management level to ensure confidentiality in public health care 
sector (FMC & NDUTH) in Bayelsa State, Nigeria. The cross-sectional descriptive design 
was used and a total of  159 health professionals who represented a variety of  user groups 
across different specialties within the hospital completed the questionnaire. The collected 
data were analyzed. both descriptively and inferentially. Frequency and percentages were 
used to analyse the data and the result presented in tables. Data analysis was facilitated using 
the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS version 20.0). Majority of  the respondents 
(90.6%) were aware of  the electronic health record management among health record officers. 
To ensure continuity of  care, it is necessary to develop educational and manageable program 
to improve EHR awareness. The findings may inform other hospitals and healthcare systems 
on actions that can be taken prior to EHR implementation to reduce concerns for quality, 
confidentiality, safety of  patient care and improve the chance of  successful implementation.

Keywords
Professional Awareness, Health 
Policy, Electronic Health Record 
Management, Confidentiality, 
Quality of  Care, Patient Care, 
Niger Delta

INTRODUCTION
The rapid pace of  scientific discovery and technological 
innovation over the last several decades are unprecedented 
and raises the prospect of  achieving dramatic 
improvements in the nation’s health and well-being. 
Yet stakeholders from across the healthcare system, 
from patients to practitioners to payers, are demanding 
fundamental improvements to a system that is seen as 
costly, fragmented, and ineffective (Raimi and Raimi, 
2020; Raimi et al., 2020; Morufu et al., 2021a; Raimi et 
al., 2021a, b; Raimi et al., 2022). Because of  its emphasis 
on integrating the best available external evidence with 
clinical experience, electronic health records management 
provides a guiding framework for the development of  
systems and approaches necessary to deliver the promise 
of  21st century health care in which knowledge is both 
applied and generated as a natural outgrowth of  the care 
process, to ensure delivery of  the care most appropriate 
for each individual patient. In recent years, Electronic 

Health Records (EHRs) have been implemented by an 
ever-increasing number of  hospitals around the world. 
There have, for example, been initiatives, often driven 
by government regulations or financial stimulations, in 
the USA (Abramson et al., 2011), the United Kingdom 
(Robertson et al., 2010) and Denmark (Rigsrevisionen, 
2011). EHR implementation initiatives tend to be driven 
by the promise of  enhanced integration and availability 
of  patient data (Hartswood et al., 2003), by the need to 
improve efficiency and cost-effectiveness (Grimson 
et al., 2000), by a changing doctor-patient relationship 
toward one where care is shared by a team of  health 
care professionals (Grimson et al., 2000; Gift et al., 2020), 
and/or by the need to deal with a more complex and 
rapidly changing environment (Mantzana et al., 2007; 
Morufu et al., 2021b). EHR systems have various forms, 
and the term can relate to a broad range of  electronic 
information systems used in health care. EHR systems 
can be used in individual organizations, as interoperating 

1 Department of  Health Information Management, School of  Health, Allied and Environmental Science, College of  Pure and 
  Applied Sciences, Kwara State University, Malete, Kwara State, Nigeria
2 Office of  the Vice Chancellor, Federal University Otuoke, Nigeria
3 Department of  Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of  Public Health, University of  Medical Sciences, 
  Ondo State, Nigeria
4 Department of  Community Medicine, Environmental Health Unit, Faculty of  Clinical Sciences, Niger Delta University,  
  Wilberforce Island, Bayelsa State, Nigeria
5 Nigeria Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Yenagoa Office. Nigeria
6 Department of  Community Health, Faculty of  Health Sciences, Plateau State University, Bokkos, Jos. Nigeria
* Corresponding author’s e-mail: morufuolalekan.raimi@gmail.com

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Am. J. Phys. Educ. Health Sci. 1(1) 19-30, 2023

systems in affiliated health care units, on a regional 
level, or nationwide (Abramson et al., 2011; Robertson 
et al., 2010). Health care units that use EHRs include 
hospitals, pharmacies, general practitioner surgeries, 
and other health care providers (Boonstra et al., 2008). 
The implementation of  hospital-wide EHR systems is a 
complex matter involving a range of  organizational and 
technical factors including human skills, organizational 
structure, culture, technical infrastructure, financial 
resources, and coordination (Jha et al., 2009; Heeks, 
2006). As Grimson et al., (2000) argue, implementing 
information systems (IS) in hospitals is more challenging 
than elsewhere because of  the complexity of  medical 
data, data entry problems, security and confidentiality 
concerns, and a general lack of  awareness of  the benefits 
of  Information Technology (IT). Boonstra and Govers 
(2009) provide three reasons why hospitals differ from 
many other industries, and these differences might also 
affect EHR implementations. The first reason is that 
hospitals have multiple objectives, such as curing and 
caring for patients, and educating new physicians and 
nurses. Second, hospitals have complicated and highly 
varied structures and processes. Third, hospitals have a 
varied workforce including medical professionals who 
possess high levels of  expertise, power, and autonomy. 
These distinct characteristics justify this study that 
focuses on awareness of  electronic health records 
management as a means of  ensuring confidentiality 
in EHR implementation in hospitals. Thus, this study 
sought to identify critical awareness level of  electronic 
health records management in public health care sector 
(FMC & NDUTH) in Bayelsa State, Nigeria.

METHODOLOGY
Research Design
According to Abdulraheem et al., (2018), Funmilayo et 
al., (2019) and Gift & Obindah (2020) Research Design 
refers to how a piece of  research is planned and carried 
out. The study adopted the Descriptive Survey Research 
Design to meet its purpose. According to Abdulraheem 

et al., (2018), Funmilayo et al., (2019) and Gift & Obindah 
(2020), surveys describe current conditions or attitudes as 
well as explain the reason for certain existing situations. 
The survey method has the advantage of  effectiveness 
in obtaining information about personal perceptions, 
beliefs, feelings, motivations, anticipations and future 
plans as well as past behaviours.  Abdulraheem et al., 
(2018), Funmilayo et al., (2019) and Gift & Obindah 
(2020), put it succinctly when they stated that the survey 
interprets, synthesizes and integrates useful data for 
sound conclusions. The survey research design study was 
appropriate because it examined the relationship that 
existed between awareness and practice of  electronic 
health records management in Bayelsa state teaching 
hospital. The survey design provided a quantitative or 
numeric description of  patterns or trends, attitudes, or 
opinions of  the administrative staff ’s (Gift & Obindah, 
2020). This allowed for generalization from the sample 
about the population so that inferences could be 
made about the practice of  electronic health records 
management as a means of  ensuring confidentiality in 
teaching hospitals in Bayelsa state. The survey design 
was chosen because it was easy to produce economically 
and made data collection easy (Gift & Obindah, 2020). 
The study design was cross-sectional using structured 
questionnaire as the tool for collection of  primary data, 
hence the quantitative nature of  the study.

Research Population  
Population refers to the entire subjects that the researcher 
will get information from. My population is a finite 
population which are, the number of  Nurses, Radiologist 
(X-ray, Scan), Doctors, Paramedics, Pharmacists, 
IT Specialist, Information Technology Personnel, 
Management (Administrative Professionals), and Others 
staff  working in teaching hospitals in Bayelsa state (Gift 
& Obindah, 2020). Research population is generally 
a large collection of  individuals or objects that is the 
main focus of  a scientific query. It is for the benefit of  
the population that researches are done. Amadi (2014); 

Table 1: Population Distribution
S/N Professionals Federal Medical 

Center Yenagoa
Niger Delta University 
Teaching Hospital (NDUTH) 
Okolobiri

1 Nurse 35 20
2 Radiologist (X-ray, Scan) 13 6
3 Doctors 20 15
4 Paramedics 4 2
5 Pharmacists 16 12
6 IT Specialist 6 5
7 Information Technology Personnel 18 10
8 Management (Administrative Professionals) 40 28
9 Others 10 4

Total 162 102
Grand Total 264

Source: Hospital Management (2019)

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Abdulraheem et al., (2018), Funmilayo et al., (2019) says 
population of  study signifies the entire class of  people, 
object, events or elements to which generalizations are 
to be inferred. A research population is also known as 
a well-defined collection of  individuals that have similar 
characteristics. Thus, the population of  this study 
comprised of  two hundred and sixty-four (264) consisting 
of  Nurse, Radiologist (X-ray, Scan), Doctors, Paramedics, 
Pharmacists, IT Specialist, Information Technology 
Personnel’s, Management (Administrative Professionals) 
and any other cadre in Federal Medical Centre (FMC) 
and Niger Delta University Teaching Hospital (NDUTH) 
in two (2) different teaching hospitals in Bayelsa state, 
namely.

Location
Yenagoa became a state Capital when Bayelsa state 
was created in 1996, Yenagoa is geographically located 
between latitude 4o 47‟ 15‟ and 5o 11‟ 55” Nothings 
and Long. 6o 07‟ 35” and 6o 24‟ 00” Eastings (Figure 
1). The LGA has an area of  706 km² and a population 
of  353,344 comprising of  187,791 male and 165,553 
females with an annual exponential growth rate of  2.9 as 

at the 2006 National Census (Federal Republic of  Nigeria 
Gazzete, 2007). Yenagoa Local Government Area (LGA) 
is bounded by Mbiama communities of  Rivers State on 
the North and East, Kolokuma/Opokuma LGA on the 
north west, Ogbia LGA on the south and Sourthern Ijaw 
on the west, Ogbia LGA on the South East and Sourthern 
Ijaw on the South west (Ndiwari, 2014; Sridhar et al.2011; 
Abdulraheem et al., 2018, Funmilayo et al., 2019 and Gift 
& Obindah, 2020).
Yenagoa Local Government Area is located on the banks 
of  Ekole Creek the latter being one of  the major river 
courses making up the Niger Delta river (Koinyan, et 
al., 2013), with only one political/administrative ward 
namely: Epie-Atisa (Sridhar et al 2011; Abdulraheem et al., 
2018, Funmilayo et al., 2019 and Gift & Obindah, 2020). 
There are 21 communities within the study area namely; 
Igbogene, Yenegwe, Akenfa, Edepie, Agudama, Akenpai, 
Etegwe, Okutukutu, Opolo, Biogbolo, Yenizue-Gene, 
Kpansia, Yenizue-Epie, Okaka, Azikoro, Ekeki, Amarata, 
Onopa, Ovom, Swali, Yenagoa.
Yenagoa Local Government Area is the traditional home 
of  the Ijaw people, Nigeria’s fourth largest ethnic group 
after the Hausa, Yoruba and Igbo. The Ijaws form the 

Figure 1: Map of  Bayelsa State showing the Study Area

majority of  the town. English is the official language, 
but Epie/Atissa language, one of  the Ijaw languages, is 
the major local language spoken in Yenagoa. Other Ijaw 
dialects include Tamu, Mein, Jobu, Oyariri, and Tarakiri. 
There are other pockets of  ethnic groups such as Urhobo 
and Isoko. There are local dialects in some places. Other 
notable languages in the LGA are Epie, Atisa, Nembe and 
Ogbia. Christianity and traditional religion are the two 
main religions in the State. The culture of  the people is 
expressed in their unique dresses, festivals, dietary habits, 
arts and crafts, folklore and dancing. These distinguish 
the people from other ethnic groups. The major crafts 
include canoe building fish net and fish traps making, 
pottery, basket and mat making.

Population of  the Study 
The population of  the study comprised of  264 health 
professionals in Federal Medical Centre, Yenagoa and 
Niger Delta University Teaching Hospital (NDUTH), 
Okolobiri, Bayelsa state. The population consists of  162 
health professionals in Federal Medical Centre, Yenagoa 
and 102 health professionals in Niger Delta University 
Teaching Hospital (NDUTH), Okolobiri, Bayelsa state.
 
Sample Size Determination
The sample size of  this study was determined using Taro 
Yamane formula given as:

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Hence, sample size of  159 health professionals was 
estimated. The optimal allocation formula was used 
to determine the sample sizes from the two hospitals 
considered. The sample size was calculated as follows: 
Health professionals in Federal Medical Centre, 
Yenagoa= (162/264)* 159= 98
Health professionals in Niger Delta University Teaching 
Hospital (NDUTH)= (102/264)* 159= 61
  
Instrumentation and Measurement
Instrumentation is the method used to administer 
instrument to the respondents. The instrumentation for 
this study was questionnaire designed after an extensive 
literature review. The researcher took cognisance of  the 
research question as well as the hypotheses in a manner 
that enables the researcher gather as much information 
as possible from the respondents. Structurally, the 
questionnaire was divided into five sections A, B, C, D 
and E. The section A, was the demographic data which 
consist of  personal information or attributes of  the 
respondent such as sex, age, etc, and the section B, C, 
D and E was the core questions that strictly relate to 
the purpose of  the study, by putting your conceptual 
framework into consideration.
 
Validity of  Instrument 
To determine the validity of  the research instrument, the 
original copy of  the research instrument (questionnaire) 
was validated by the research supervisor for review 
whether they are suitable for the purpose of  the study, 
research questions, hypotheses and the language that is 
used to develop the item. The supervisor make correction 
where necessary and modify the instrument before it was 
administered to the selected respondents.

Administration of  Instrument
As earlier stated a questionnaire was administered by 
the researcher to the respondents directly or was given 
to the administrative heads or managers of  the various 
hospitals which in turn will hand over the instrument 
(questionnaire) to the office managers working in 
teaching hospitals such as Nurse, Radiologist (X-ray, 
Scan), Doctors, Paramedics, Pharmacists, IT Specialist, 
Information Technology Personnel’s, Management 
(Administrative Professionals) and any other cadre 
in Federal Medical Centre (FMC) and Niger Delta 
University Teaching Hospital (NDUTH), etc. for 
coordination purpose. The scaling items was 4point 
likert scale such as; strongly agree, agree, disagree 
and strongly disagree. This scaling method was used 
to measure the relationship between awareness and 
practise of  electronic health records management as a 
means of  ensuring confidentiality.

Data Analysis Technique
Data were analysed both descriptively and inferentially. 
Frequency and percentages were used to analysed the 
data and the result presented in tables. Also, the results 
were also presented pictorially using charts while Chi- 
Square test was used to test the hypotheses at the 0.05 
level of  significance. Probability values less than 0.05 
was considered statistically significant. Data analysis was 
facilitated using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences 
(SPSS version 20.0).

Results
Response Rate/ Completeness of  Data 
The response rate was 100%, however, out of  the 317 
questionnaires administered and retrieved, 21 were 
not useful due to improper and incomplete filling and 
only 296 were used, leading to incomplete data (93.4% 
complete). The 296 questionnaires were finally used to 
analyse the demographic variable (information) and 
research questions.

Demographics of  the Respondents

Table 2: Distribution of  the Respondents by Gender
Gender FMC (n=98) NDUTH 

(n=61)
Total (n = 159)

f % f % f %
Male 56 57.1 34 55.7 90 56.6
Female 42 42.9 27 44.3 69 43.4

Source: Field survey (2021)

Table 3: Distribution of  the Respondents by Gender
Age 
(years)

FMC 
(n=98)

NDUTH 
(n=61)

Total (n = 159)

f % f % f %
18-20 16 16.3 23 37.7 39 24.5
21-30 28 28.6 5 8.2 33 20.8
Above 30 54 55.1 33 54.1 87 54.7

Source: Field survey (2021)

Result in Table 2 indicates that 56.6% of  the respondents 
were male and 43.4% of  the health professionals were 
female. Result shows that the majority of  the health 
professionals sampled were male (56.0%). In FMC, 
57.1% of  the health professionals were male and 42.9% 
were female and in NDUTH, 55.7% of  the respondents 
were male and 44.3% of  the respondents were female.

Where, N = 264, e =0.05.

Results in Table 3 reveal that 24.5% of  the respondents 
were between 18-20 years, 20.8% of  the respondents 
were between 21-30 years while 54.7% were above 
30 years. The result shows that the majority of  the 
respondents were above 30 years (54.7%). Result also 
indicates that in both FMC and NDUTH, the majority of  
the respondents were above 30 years (55.1% in FMC and 
54.1% in NDUTH).

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Results in Table 4 reveal that 17.6% of  the respondents 
were SSCE or equivalent holders, 17.6% of  the 
respondents were OND holders while 35.6% of  
the respondents were HND/B.Sc holders. Result 
also indicates that 28.0% of  the respondents were 
postgraduate degree holders. Results reveal that majority 
of  the respondents in FMC (40.8%) and NDUTH 
(29.5%) were HND/B.Sc holders.
Results in Table 5 reveal that 20.1% of  the respondents had 
less than 5 years of  experience, 10.7% of  the respondents 
had 5- 10 years while 69.2% of  the respondents had 
above 10 years of  experience. 
Result indicates that most of  the respondents had more 
than 10 years of  experience.

Table 5: Distribution of  the Respondents by years of  experience
Year of  experience  FMC (n=98) NDUTH (n=61) Total (n = 159)

f % f % f %
Less than 5 years  24 24.5 8 13.1 32 20.1
5-10 years 15 15.3 2 3.3 17 10.7
Above 10 years 59 60.2 51 83.6 110 69.2

Source: Field survey (2021)

Table 6: Level of  awareness of  electronic health record management among health record officers in Bayelsa state
Level of  awareness of  
EHRM  

FMC (n=98) NDUTH (n=61) Total (n = 159)

f % f % f %
Aware 88 89.8 56 91.8 144 90.6
Not aware 10 10.2 5 8.2 15 10.4

Source: Field survey (2021)

Table 4: Distribution of  the Respondents by academic 
qualification
Academic 
qualification

FMC 
(n=98)

NDUTH 
(n=61)

Total (n 
= 159)

f % f % f %
SSCE/ Equivalent 27 27.6 1 1.6 28 17.6
OND/ 
Equivalent

18 18.4 10 16.4 28 17.6

HND/B.Sc. 40 40.8 18 29.5 58 36.5
Post graduate 
degrees 

13 13.3 32 52.5 45 28.3

Source: Field survey (2021)

Answering of  Research Questions
Research Question 1
What is the level of  awareness of  electronic health record 
management among health record officers in Bayelsa 
state?

Result in Table 6 indicates that 90.6 % of  the respondents 
are aware of  the electronic health record management 
while only 10.1% of  the respondents were not aware of  
the electronic health management. Result shows that the 
majority of  the respondents were aware of  the electronic 

health record management. In FMC, 89.8% of  the 
respondents were aware while in NDUTH, 91.8% of  the 
respondents were aware of  the electronic health record 
management. Based on these results, most of  the sampled 
health officers were aware of  the electronic health record 
management. Hence, the level of  awareness of  electronic 
health record management among health record officers 
in Bayelsa state can therefore be adjudged to be high.

DISCUSSION
A Review of  the Samples in Question
Before the results of  the statistical analyses are observed, 
the samples in question needs to be reviewed so as to 
ascertain from what specific population the results were 
generated. In terms of  gender, there was a significant 
difference observed in the distribution of  gender 
participants in their classification. The numbers indicates 
that 56.6% of  the respondents were male and 43.4% of  
the health professionals were female. Result shows that 
the majority of  the health professionals sampled were 

male (56.0%). In FMC, 57.1% of  the health professionals 
were male and 42.9% were female and in NDUTH, 
55.7% of  the respondents were male and 44.3% of  the 
respondents were female. This view is contrary to the 
study conducted by Popoola et al., (2020) who shows that 
the majority (56.2%) of  the respondents were female 
while males accounted for 43.8%. It is also contrary 
to the study conducted by Park (2019) who shows that 
the percentage of  Male (3.4%) and Female (96.6%) 
and Janet (2015) who shows that more than half  of  the 
respondents were females (70%) and the proportion of  
female to male respondents is 60 percent to 40 percent, 
as one expects this disparity to even be wider at hospital 
because it is perceived that health sector is dominated 
by females. Moreover, this found support with the study 
conducted by John et al., (2008) who shows that (62.1%) 
males and (37.9%) females. It follows that the majority of  
the respondents in this study were males. Similarly, this 
view found support to the study conducted by Adeleke et 
al., (2014) who shows that the numbers indicates that 110 

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[50.5%] of  the respondents were male and 108 [49.5%] 
of  the health professionals were female. Besides, this view 
found support to the study conducted by Zayabalaradjane 
and Santosh, (2016) who shows that the distribution of  
the sub samples taken for the study (61%) of  the sample 
is male and (39%) were female. 
The largest age group was above 30 years old (54.7%), 
which shows that the majority of  the respondents were 
above 30 years (54.7%). Result also indicates that in both 
FMC and NDUTH, the majority of  the respondents were 
above 30 years (55.1% in FMC and 54.1% in NDUTH). 
This view is contrary to the study conducted by Janet 
(2015) who shows that most (75%) of  the respondents are 
between the ages of  21 and 40 which is the youthful age 
in the life of  humankind. The lower percentage (25%) of  
respondents is above age 40. These facilities are blessed 
with youthful health staff. Also, this view is contrary 
to the study conducted by Popoola et al., (2020) who 
shows that the ages of  the respondent’s range between 
less than 20 years and above 40years, majority (45.2%) 
of  whom were between the ages of  21 and 25 followed 
by 26 to 30 which accounted for 25.7%, implying that 
the respondents were mostly young adults who were in 
their final-year levels or those in the postgraduate classes. 
Similarly, this view is contrary to the study conducted by 
Park (2019) who shows that the percentage of  average 
age of  the subjects was 47.4% for those under 30 years 
old, 32.5% for those aged 30 to 39 years, and 12.4% for 
those aged 40 to 49 years, with an average of  32.15 ± 
8.75 years. Besides, this view is contrary to the study 
conducted by Zayabalaradjane and Santosh, (2016) who 
shows that majority of  the respondents belonged to the 
age group of  30-40 years followed by 41-50 years of  age 
group (36%). Respondents belonging to age group of  51- 
60 years and above 60 years were 9% and 7% respectively. 
However, these findings are consistent with the study 
done by John et al., (2008) who shows that (34.2%) of  
the respondents are 25–34 years age category, (32.7%) in 
35 – 44 years old, (21.2%) in 45–54 years old, 55 and over 
(5.9%). Similarly, this view found support to the study 
conducted by Adeleke et al., (2014) who shows that a vast 
majority 234 (94.7%) of  the participants were between 
the ages of  20 and 50 years with a mean age of  36 ± 9 
years.
All categories of  the levels of  education participated in the 
study. Results reveal that 17.6% of  the respondents were 
SSCE or equivalent holders, 17.6% of  the respondents 
were OND holders while 35.6% of  the respondents were 
HND/B.Sc holders. Result also indicates that 28.0% 
of  the respondents were postgraduate degree holders. 
Results reveal that majority of  the respondents in FMC 
(40.8%) and NDUTH (29.5%) were HND/B.Sc holders. 
Hence, the largest levels of  education were university 
degrees (35.6%) as against a minority of  respondents 
who had SSCE or equivalent (17.6%) who had basic 
level of  education. This shows that the literacy level of  
participant was high with the majority having completed 
at least a university degree (35.6%) education. It is vivid 

that majority of  the respondents have a Bachelor’s degree 
as their highest academic qualification. Implying that most 
of  the staff  are reasonably educated as the healthcare 
occupation requires a high level of  occupational training. 
This also makes candidates for the survey suitable since 
per their level of  educational qualification it can be 
assumed that they are knowledgeable enough to offer 
intelligent and relevant information to authenticate the 
findings of  the study. Although, this view is contrary to 
the study conducted by Janet (2015) who shows that out 
of  the total of  60 who responded to the questionnaire, 
43.3% had certificate, 26.7% had Diploma, 20% had 
Bachelor’s degree education and 10% of  the respondents 
had other professional qualifications. Also, this view 
is contrary to the study conducted by Park (2019) who 
shows that the percentage of  education was 20.9% for 
professional college graduates and 79.1% of  university 
graduates and the view is also contrary to the study 
conducted by Adeleke et al., (2014) who shows that above 
half  of  them 155 (62.0%) possessed a higher national 
diploma.
Based on experience, it reveals that 20.1% of  the 
respondents had less than 5 years of  experience, 10.7% 
of  the respondents had 5 - 10 years while 69.2% of  the 
respondents had above 10 years of  experience. Result 
indicates that most of  the respondents had more than 
10 years of  experience. This view is contrary to the study 
conducted by Gift & Obindah (2020) who shows that 
(58.5%) had between 1 and 5years’ experience while 
(1.5%) of  the respondents had 16-20yrs and above 20 
experience suggesting that respondents had a good blend 
of  working experience. Also, it is contrary to the study 
conducted by Francis (2016) who shows that 48.2% of  
the respondents have 6 – 10years work experience, while 
28.6% of  respondents have 2 – 5years work experience. 
12.5% have worked for 11 – 15years at the hospital, 7.1% 
have worked over 15years and 3.6% of  the respondents 
have worked in less than 2 years. The results suggest 
that 96.4% of  the respondents have very good work 
experience of  above 2 years; Afrrev (2013) who state that 
only about 46.9% of  respondents have had between 11 
– 20 years of  experience, followed by 5 – 10 years 20 
(31.7%), less than 5 years 8(12.7%) and above 20 years 
6(9.5%) at the time of  the survey. Similarly, this view is 
also contrary to the study conducted by Park (2019) who 
shows that the work duration was 45.7% for less than 5 
years, 24.8% for more than 5 years, less than 10 years, 
9.8% for more than 10 years, and 19.7% for more than 15 
years and by Adeleke et al., (2014) who shows that about a 
third 77 (31.3%) of  the participants have spent less than 
five years in health information management practice 
while only a few 8 (3.3%) have spent above 30 years in 
practice, with mean service years of  12 ± 8 years.
 
Level of  Awareness of  Electronic Health Record 
Management among Health Record Officers in 
Bayelsa State?
Having hospital staffs with prior awareness and 

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experience regarding information technology in health 
care increases the possibility of  successful development 
and implementation of  EHR, thus, awareness and 
practice enables hospitals to develop and improve 
health care delivery. Hence, electronic health record 
systems implementation allows healthcare professionals 
to gain immediate access to patient health record so as 
to advance the quality of  care. The healthcare field has 
prolonged adopting modern information technology 
even as they incorporate advanced technology to treat 
patients and have the newest form of  documenting 
a patient’s information. While, previous reports from 
Nigeria that studied the level of  awareness and skills 
in health IT focused mainly on doctors, nurses, clinical 
students and medical librarians (Igben & Akobo, 2007; 
Komolafe-Opadeji, 2009; Ajuwon & Rhine, 2008; 
Bello et al., 2004; Ajuwon, 2003). However, Bello et al., 
(2004) studies involved health information management 
professionals among the three groups in their study. This 
study shows that the majority of  the respondents were 
aware of  the electronic health record management. Based 
on these results, most of  the sampled health officers 
were aware of  the electronic health record management. 
Hence, the level of  awareness of  electronic health record 
management among health record officers in Bayelsa 
state can therefore be adjudged to be high. Hence, 
this is pivotal to the roles in healthcare information 
systems in FMC and NDUTH. Virtually majority of  the 
participants in the study acknowledged the importance 
and relevance of  EHR in managing health information 
and healthcare services in general. While, researchers 
have examined the benefits of  EHRs by considering 
clinical, organizational, and societal outcomes. Clinical 
outcomes include improvements in the quality of  care, a 
reduction in medical errors, and other improvements in 
patient-level measures that describe the appropriateness 
of  care. Organizational outcomes, on the other hand, 
have included such items as financial and operational 
performance, as well as satisfaction among patients and 
clinicians who use EHRs. Lastly, societal outcomes include 
being better able to conduct research and achieving 
improved population health. Hence, ensuring continuous 
usability and maximum user satisfaction of  EHR, there is 
a need for continuous awareness and training workshops 
or courses concerning basic ICT skills as well as the 
actual usage of  EHR systems (Walker et al., 2005). The 
technical intricacies of  EHR systems necessitate the 
need for a high level of  technical competence on the 
part of  users (Sahay & Walsham, 2006). These technical 
competences are achieved largely by organising training 
and other workshops for users of  the system. Further, 
there is a need for training in order to alleviate or lessen 
the problems associated with general usage of  EHR such 
as poor preparation of  data for use, and low initiative for 
using the data.

CONCLUSION
Electronic health records (EHRs) allow structured medical 

data to be shared between authorised health stakeholders 
in order to improve the quality of  healthcare delivery 
and to achieve massive savings. While, a centralised 
EHR allows access to health information any place 
and anytime. EHR can enhance effectiveness, reduce 
costs, accuracy, currency, completeness, accessibility 
and generally improve the quality of  healthcare services. 
Healthcare entails complex delivery systems involving 
teams of  doctors, nurses and others, and clinicians, 
regulators, auditors, and trainees who all need to access 
and use medical records. Nonetheless, it also leads to an 
increase in the amount of  information that is collected, 
sorted, filtered, transferred or otherwise retained, and the 
risks to such data therefore multiply raising the potential 
abuse and the risk of  violation of  privacy. Furthermore, 
the diversity of  health systems, especially with respect to 
quality and safety policies is as a major stumbling block 
for enabling the deployment of  cross-border EHR. It 
is therefore crucial that confidentiality, privacy and data 
protection are embedded within the entire life cycle of  
the EHR from the very early design stage to its ultimate 
disposal. Hence, if  the awareness and implementation 
of  electronic health records is done correctly, they will 
improve the quality of  healthcare while lowering costs.

Acknowledgements 
We thank the staff  of  the Niger Delta University 
Teaching Hospital Okolobiri and the Federal Medical 
Centre Yenagoa (FMC) for their frank collaboration in 
the framework of  this research.

Declaration of  Interest/Competing Statement 
The authors declare that they have no conflicting/
competing interest.

Funding
No funding was received from any source for this study

Availability of  Data and Material
The datasets generated and/or analyzed during the 
current study are available from the corresponding author 
on reasonable request. 

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