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American Journal of  Physical Education 
and Health Science (AJPEHS)

The Degree of  Exercise of  Academic and Sports Freedom among Faculty Members at the 
Colleges of  Physical Education and Sports Sciences in Baghdad

Mustafa Hameed Hussein1*

Volume 2 Issue 1, Year 2024
ISSN: 2992-9679 (Online)

DOI: https://doi.org/10.54536/ajpehs.v2i1.2379
https://journals.e-palli.com/home/index.php/ajpehs

Article Information ABSTRACT

Received: December 24, 2023

Accepted: January 20, 2024

Published: January 22, 2024

The faculties of  physical education and sports sciences have made great contributions to 
the development of  the Iraqi individual educationally, physically, and skillfully, so they were 
the developed academic resource for proper sports upbringing, and the author has tried to 
offer a practical and analytical framing of  the views of  the research sample regarding sports 
academic freedom, Being a civilized thought that establishes a promising organizational 
culture that preserves the country’s cultural heritage and develops the energies and resources 
to manage the present and the future, as well as enhancing the faculty’s confidence in the 
abilities and preparations for rapid adaptation to various variables in the labor market, the 
research has tried to answer the question that formed the research problem. The researcher 
has tested the correlation and influence between the axes of  the sports academic freedom 
scale, which was built according to the scientific conditions for building educational and 
psychological standards, as well as measuring the degree of  sports academic freedom 
practiced by the teaching staff  at the colleges of  physical education and Sports Sciences 
in Baghdad, the research has concluded several theoretical and practical conclusions, the 
most important of  which: (1) The field research data revealed that there is a correlation and 
a moral impact between the axes of  academic sports freedom in the colleges of  physical 
education and Sports Sciences in Baghdad. (2) The field research data indicated that the 
colleges administration strengthened academic and sports freedom in the field of  (teaching, 
freedom of  expression and scientific research), without taking the field of  decision-making, 
where it was the lowest degree compared to the rest of  the axes.

Keywords
Academic Sports Freedom, 
Teaching Staff, Physical 
Education, Sports Science

INTRODUCTION
Academic freedom has expressed a distinct form of  
freedoms in the world, it is (freedom to practice research, 
teaching and publishing within the foundations and 
rules of  knowledge inquiry in a way that ensures the 
independence of  opinions and practices within the values 
of  society), the university or college is not like other state 
institutions in terms of  the implementation of  specific 
functional and administrative responsibilities that cannot 
tolerate debate and difference of  opinion, because in 
addition to their responsibility for the development and 
rehabilitation of  human resources are also responsible 
for the modernization of  society and the production and 
renewal of  knowledge that elevates society.
The value of  academic freedom has increased in the era 
of  the information revolution and the emergence of  
modern democratic countries and the rapid spread of  
information and ideas. Society benefits from academic 
freedom, firstly directly and urgently through the effects 
and benefits of  Applied Sciences and the education of  
future leaders, and secondly indirectly and in the long 
term by preserving knowledge products and preventing 
their sabotage or distortion for ideological reasons, no 
matter how unacceptable their current applications.
Given the important role played by the faculties of  
physical education and Sports Sciences in graduating 
sports leaders in Iraq at the educational, administrative 
and technical levels, we found it important to build a 

comprehensive framework on the variables of  current 
research by designing a model that protects the professor 
and student from any unacceptable external influence 
that may negatively affect the course of  teaching and 
scientific research 
The research problem started with knowing the degree 
of  practice of  teaching bodies in the faculties of  physical 
education and sports sciences and interpreting the 
relationship between the axes of  the concept, the current 
research has tried to answer the following question:-
- What is the degree of  exercise of  academic freedom 
among faculty members in the colleges of  physical 
education and Sports Sciences in Baghdad?     
The current research aimed to identify the degree of  
exercise of  academic freedom in the colleges of  physical 
education and Sports Sciences in Baghdad, so it was 
necessary to build a measure of  academic freedom in 
the Iraqi sports education environment first, the research 
implicitly aims to describe and test the research variables 
to establish a democratic culture that enables sports 
academics to determine their trends to reach the sports 
community to the desired ends.
The author identified the areas of  his Spatial Research in 
the colleges of  physical education and Sports Sciences in 
Baghdad, and temporal for the period from 1/10/2023 to 
20/12/2023, as well as the human represented by some 
faculty members in the colleges of  physical education and 
Sports Sciences in Baghdad.

1 Imamaladham University College, Iraq
* Corresponding author’s e-mail: mustafa.hhameed.h@gmail.com



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Am. J. Phys. Educ. Health Sci. 2(1) 1-10, 2024

LITERATURE REVIEW
Academic freedom is part of  the general freedoms of  
man; it is the freedom to seek and defend the truth away 
from the obsession of  fear through inquiry, thinking, 
opinion, and expression (Fuchs. R., F, 1967; Al-Omari 
et al., 2020). The concept of  academic freedom also 
refers to the right of  a teacher, learner, and author to 
explore areas of  knowledge and express their opinion 
without fear of  forced interference by the college or 
university administration, academic freedom is equated 
with freedom of  speech and freedom of  the press as an 
essential characteristic of  a democratic society (Scott, 
1996).
Activating academic freedom within educational 
institutions contributes to providing students with the 
opportunity to diagnose their strengths and weaknesses 
through training on criticism, thinking and asking 
questions, as well as providing information to the 
professor to improve and develop his teaching style 
and to know the progress made by his students, this 
helps to form loving relationships and intimacy and 
rapprochement between the professor and the student, 
(Joughin,1967; Alsomaidaee, 2023).
The principles of  academic freedom are manifested 
through (honesty and responsibility in performing the 
duties assigned to both the professor and the student, 
taking into account the values of  virtue that benefit 
society with goodness and courage to speak the truth and 
defend it without fear, as well as taking into account the 
values of  society in instilling high values in the hearts of  
students, as the professor is the mirror of  society within 
the educational institution in which he works), (Meyer, J, 
& Allen, N, 1991).
Academic freedom and the independence of  universities 
are the First conditions for a higher education institution 
to be a center for scientific knowledge production 
and development, that is, it is a place for teaching and 
producing scientific facts and determining them.
All this can be done only if  the university is surrounded 
by a kind of  moral contract, a contract that should be 
adhered to by all elements of  the academic community, 
including professors, students and administrators, and 
adhered to by the political forces of  society so as not to 
turn the university arena into a battleground of  partisan 
and contractual conflict (Joffers, C, & Haughey, L, 2001).
(Clicxsmen, 1986) in his study (the policy of  openness in 
universities and individual academic freedom) concluded 
that academic freedom exercised by teachers who respect 
their profession and respect truth and science do not 

claim this right to achieve personal, ideological or political 
goals, while a study (Keith. K., M.,1997) entitled (faculty 
members’ attitudes towards academic freedom) that 
faculty members did not see a great danger and threat 
to academic freedom at their universities, but rather they 
felt that their academic freedoms were well protected, and 
a study (Rich, 2002) entitled (The extent of  freedom of  
expression and practices by teachers at public educational 
institutions in the Florida area in the United States of  
America) aimed to focus on freedom of  expression 
and practice by teachers at U.S. government educational 
institutions according to academic freedom, came a 
study (Boland, 2003) entitled (academic freedom and 
freedom in order to apply that expression) to show the 
extent of  the relationship of  academic freedom with the 
concept of  expression of  opinion, where large external 
interventions were imposed on educational institutions, 
and finally (Brown, 2004) entitled (How academic 
colleges can use motivational administrative methods for 
change – an evaluative study -), aimed to identify how to 
deal with the cultural and administrative changes taking 
place in American universities in the field of  releasing the 
academic freedom of  the teacher to express his ideas and 
opinions. 
Through the foregoing, the author concluded his 
procedural definition of  academic sports Freedom, 
which is (the freedom of  the sports faculty member to 
choose his tools in the search for the truth and publish 
what he has come to and interpret it within the scope 
of  academic sports knowledge in the form he deems 
appropriate without being subjected to any pressures to 
serve sports education).

MATERIALS AND METHODS
The author used the descriptive research method and 
the method of  survey studies, as it represents the most 
appropriate and best scientific solutions appropriate to 
the nature of  the current research problem, as he sees 
(Allen, M.J, & yen, W.M. 1979) that “descriptive research 
aims to study the current states of  phenomena in terms 
of  their properties or forms, their relationships and 
factors influencing them،”

Sampling and Data Collection
The current research community included the teaching 
staff  in the Colleges of  Physical Education and Sports 
Sciences in Baghdad, and the research sample consisted 
of  (145) teachers. Table (1) shows the distribution of  the 
sample members covered by the research.

Table 1: Shows the distribution of  the sample members covered by the research
S University Faculty Survey 

sample
Sample 
construction

Sample 
application

1 Baghdad Faculty of  physical education and sports sciences 1 10 30
2 Baghdad Faculty of  physical education and sports sciences / girls 1 8 20
3 Mustansiriya Faculty of  physical education and sports sciences 1 7 20



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Am. J. Phys. Educ. Health Sci. 2(1) 1-10, 2024

Metrics
A research tool is “ the means or method by which a 
author can solve a problem, whatever those tools are, 
(data or devices)”.  (Allen, M.J , & yen, W.M. 1979), that 
the nature of  the current research and its goals require 
the availability of  a tool (measure) of  academic freedom 
in the faculties of  physical education and Sports Sciences 
in Iraq, and since the author was unable to obtain this 
measure previously prepared by other authors in the 
sports field-as far as he was aware-so the author built the 
scale according to the scientific steps to build educational 
and psychological:-

First: Defining the Concept of  Academic Sports 
Freedom
Through reviewing some of  the previous literature and 
studies that dealt with this concept, the author identified 
the concept, especially in the field of  sports education, 
the sports academic freedom is: (the freedom of  the 
sports faculty member to choose his tools in the search 
for truth and publish what he has come to and interpret 
it within the scope of  sports academic knowledge in the 
form he deems appropriate without being subjected to 
any pressures to serve sports education).

Second: Defining the Dimensions (Axes) of  the 
Concept of  Academic Sports Freedom
The process of  determining the basic considerations 
for the questionnaire preparation procedures has a great 
role in contributing to helping the author to choose 
the appropriate procedures for preparing the scale, 
so the author adopted the following considerations in 
determining the dimensions of  academic freedom:-

1. To review the studies and literature specialized 
in academic freedom of  Sports about its concept and 
dimensions.

2. Relying on specialized studies and literature to choose 
four dimensions of  academic sports freedom that are 
appropriate for the work of  Iraqi sports education, namely:-

A. Academic sports freedom in the field of  teaching.
B. Academic and sports freedom in the field of  

freedom of  expression.
C. Academic freedom of  sports in the field of  scientific 

research.
D. Academic sports freedom in the field of  decision-

making.

In order to verify the accuracy and correctness of  these 
axes and their representation of  academic mathematical 
freedom, the author presented these axes and the 
definition of  the concept after describing each axis to 
(5) experts(*), and the author asked them to estimate 
the accuracy of  the concept and the accuracy of  its axes 
and their validity to measure the concept, and in light of  
the observations and opinions of  experts modified the 
formulation of  some definitions of  dimensions, and it 
was agreed on their validity and accuracy by 100% of  the 
experts.

Third: Preparing the Paragraphs of  the Measure of  
Academic and Sports Freedom
After reviewing some studies and Arabic and foreign 
literature, and in light of  the characterization of  each axis, 
the author formulated the paragraphs of  the scale in the 
style of  (self-report) and in reporting terms consisting of  
(28) paragraphs and five graded alternatives to the answer 
(very large, large, medium, few, very few) and given when 
correcting the grades (5، 4، 3، 2، 1) respectively, for the 
following reasons (Anastasia, 1982):-

1. Provide a more homogeneous scale. 
2. They allow the respondent to indicate the degree and 

intensity of  his feelings.
3. They allow the greatest variability between 

individuals.
4. She enjoys high honesty and constancy.

Logical Analysis of  Paragraphs of  the Mathematical 
Academic Freedom Scale (validity of  paragraphs)
The concept of  validity of  paragraphs refers to the special 
inferences that the degrees of  measurement come out of  
, in terms of  their relevance, meaning and usefulness, 
which is the achievement of  the truthfulness of  the form 
and the meaning of  collecting evidence that supports 
such inferences, (Eble, R. L.1972).
Based on this basis, after drafting the 28 paragraphs of  
the mathematical academic freedom scale, the author 
presented them to (5) experts from sports management, 
testing and measurement specialists and asked them 
to study each paragraph and give their opinions on its 
validity, and the experts were discussing with the author 
about each paragraph in terms of  the formulation of  
ideas and the content of  the paragraphs, the author came 
out the scale in its initial form as shown in Table (2).

4 Mustansiriya Faculty of  Basic Education / Department of  physical 
education and sports sciences

1 5 10

5 Al-Farahidi Faculty of  Education / Department of  physical 
education and sports sciences

1 5 10

6 Al-Nisor Faculty of  Education / Department of  physical 
education and sports sciences

0 5 10

Total 6 5 40 100



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Psychometric Characteristics (standard) of  the 
Mathematical Academic Freedom Scale
(Anastasia, 1982) indicates that “ paragraph analysis is 
the study that relies on statistical and empirical logical 
analysis of  test units for the purpose of  knowing their 
characteristics, deleting, modifying, replacing, adding, 
or rearranging these paragraphs in order to arrive at a 
consistent and truthful test that is appropriate in terms 
of  length and difficulty”.
The two characteristics (honesty and discrimination) 
of  the paragraph are one of  the most important 
standard characteristics that should be ascertained in the 
construction of  educational and psychological standards, 
since the honesty and stability of  the scale largely depends 
on the characteristics of  its paragraphs.

The Apparent Honesty of  the Measure of  Academic 
and Mathematical Freedom
It is one of  the most important types of  honesty in 
educational and psychological measures and indicates the 
extent of  the paragraph’s relevance to the phenomenon 
to be measured, and the apparent honesty of  the scale 
was achieved when they were presented in their initial 
form to a group of  (5) experts to judge the validity of  its 
paragraphs in measuring the phenomenon.

The Discriminatory Power of  the Paragraphs of  the 
Mathematical Academic Freedom Scale
Therefore, “the goal of  analyzing the paragraphs is to 
keep the paragraphs with high discrimination, which are 
the good paragraphs in the test”, (Allen, M.J , & yen, W.M. 
1979). and to calculate the discriminatory power of  the 
paragraphs of  the academic freedom mathematical scale, 
the author unloaded the answers of  the (construction 
sample) of  (40) individuals and the total score was 
determined for each of  the forms of  the respondents, 
and the scores of  the respondents were ranked from the 
highest total score to the lowest total score, and then the 
two groups identified The number of  forms in the upper 
group reached (20) forms compared to (20) forms for the 
lower group, as specialists in measurement and evaluation 
indicate that this percentage depends if  the sample size 
is small, i.e. less than (80) individuals, (Anastasia, 1982).                       
The author used the t-test for two independent samples 
to calculate the significance of  the difference in each 
paragraph between the two extreme groups in the total 
score of  the academic mathematical freedom scale, 
on the basis that the calculated t-value represents the 
discriminatory power of  the paragraph, and since all 
paragraphs of  the scale have the ability to distinguish 
statistically significant below the level of  significance 

Table 2: Shows the number of  paragraphs of  the mathematical academic freedom scale and the percentage of  each 
dimension
S Dimensions of  academic and 

sports freedom
Paragraph numbers Number of  paragraphs Percentage ratio

1 Teaching 7 – 1 7 25%
2 Freedom of  expression 14 - 8 7 25%
3 Scientific research 21 - 15 7 25%
4 Decision making 28 - 22 7 25%
Total 28 100%

Table 3: Shows the discriminatory power of  the paragraphs of  the mathematical academic freedom scale
S Lower group Upper group Calculated value (t) The power of  the 

discriminatory 
paragraph

Std. Deviation Mean Std. Deviation Mean

1 4.45 0.510 4.20 0.410 3.707 Featured
2 4.50 0.513 4.35 0.489 2.946 Featured
3 4.50 0.513 4.15 0.366 2.483 Featured
4 4.70 0.470 4.40 0.503 2.949 Featured
5 4.50 0.513 4.15 0.366 2.483 Featured
6 4.80 0.410 4.30 0.470 3.583 Featured
7 4.65 0.489 4.10 0.308 4.255 Featured
8 4.75 0.444 4.25 0.444 3.559 Featured
9 4.70 0.470 4.15 0.366 4.127 Featured
10 4.45 0.510 4.25 0.444 2.322 Featured
11 4.60 0.503 4.15 0.366 3.236 Featured
12 4.55 0.510 4.15 0.366 2.847 Featured
13 4.60 0.503 4.25 0.444 2.333 Featured



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(0.05) so no paragraph fell, it can be said that the scale has 
a good discriminatory power, and Table (3) shows this.

The Coefficient of  Internal Consistency of  the 
Paragraphs of  the Mathematical Academic Freedom 
Scale
For the purpose of  checking the homogeneity of  
paragraphs, the internal consistency coefficient provides 
us with evidence of  this “since the internal consistency 
coefficient is the correlation coefficient between the 
scores of  each paragraph and the total score of  the 
scale”, (Denisi, Angelo, 2001).
The author used Pearson’s simple correlation coefficient 
law to extract the correlation relationship between each 

paragraph and the overall score of  the scale using the 
statistical bag (spss).
He emphasizes (Allen, M.J , & yen, W.M. 1979) “the higher 
the coefficient of  correlation of  the paragraph with the 
aggregate, the greater its inclusion in the scale increases 
the probability of  obtaining a more homogeneous scale”.
Since all the paragraphs that were retained in the scale have 
their consistency coefficients in statistical significance, 
that is, the calculated values are significant below the level 
of  significance (0.05), so no paragraph fell, and it can be 
said that the scale is homogeneous, and Table (4) shows 
the coefficient of  internal consistency of  the paragraphs 
of  the scale with the scale as a whole.

14 4.55 0.510 4.15 0.366 2.847 Featured
15 3.50 0.513 3.75 0.444 2.537 Featured
16 3.55 0.510 3.70 0.470 3.094 Featured
17 3.55 0.510 3.75 0.444 3.821 Featured
18 3.70 0.470 3.65 0.489 2.565 Featured
19 3.75 0.444 3.75 0.444 4.000 Featured
20 3.55 0.510 3.65 0.489 3.461 Featured
21 3.55 0.510 3.75 0.444 4.976 Featured
22 2.60 0.503 2.15 0.366 3.236 Featured
23 2.60 0.503 2.05 0.224 4.471 Featured
24 2.55 0.510 2.15 0.366 2.847 Featured
25 2.50 0.513 2.15 0.366 2.483 Featured
26 2.55 0.510 2.30 0.470 2.611 Featured
27 2.65 0.489 2.20 0.410 3.151 Featured
28 2.50 0.513 2.30 0.470 2.285 Featured

Table 4: Shows the coefficient of  internal consistency of  the paragraphs of  mathematical academic freedom
Decision making Scientific research Freedom of  expression Teaching
Pearson 
Correlation

P Pearson 
Correlation

P Pearson 
Correlation

P Pearson 
Correlation

P

0.595** 22 0.448** 15 0.629** 8 0.316* 1
0.537** 23 0.425** 16 0.535** 9 0.440** 2
0.456** 24 0.542** 17 0.797** 10 0.392* 3
0.379* 25 0.455** 18 0.592** 11 0.421** 4
0.655** 26 0.547** 19 0.487** 12 0.570** 5
0.738** 27 0.538** 20 0.403** 13 0.588** 6
0.671** 28 0.555** 21 0.599** 14 0.641** 7

**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
*. Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).

Constancy of  the Measure of  Academic and 
Mathematical Freedom
By it is meant the extent to which the test measures the 
true amount of  the trait it is intended to measure , and 
also means the “constancy of  the test to the consistency 
of  the scores obtained by the same individuals themselves 
in different atmospheres”, (Eble, R. L. 1972).

Since the honest scale is constant, while the fixed 
scale may not be honest, this does not mean that the 
stability of  the scale is not calculated, because there is 
no scale with complete honesty, as well as the stability 
gives an indication of  the accuracy of  the scale and the 
homogeneity of  its paragraphs, and for the purpose of  
knowing the stability of  the scale and the existence of  



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several methods for calculating it, the author relied on 
using the method of  analyzing the stability Cronbach’s 
Alpha because it is one of  the most used stability methods. 
“this method measures the internal homogeneity of  the 
paragraphs of  the scale. after the author unloaded the 
grades obtained from the (construction sample) of  40 

individuals and calculated the scores of  the paragraphs 
and the total score for each respondent, the Cronbach’s 
Alpha equation was used. the stability coefficient of  the 
scale and its dimensions were as shown in Table (5), 
which is a good stability coefficient according to Foran.

Table 5: Shows the Cronbach’s Alpha values of  the mathematical academic freedom scale and its dimensions
Cronbach's Alpha Dimension S
0.718 Teaching 1
0.738 Freedom of  expression 2
0.748 Scientific research 3
0.736 Decision making 4
0.792 Total 5

The Objectivity of  the Measure of  Academic and 
Mathematical Freedom
By distributing the scale to the experts to extract 
honesty and consistency, there was no problem or 
misunderstanding of  the questionnaire paragraphs, the 
answers were clear and understandable, which indicates 
their objectivity, because objectivity “is the test that gives 
the same results no matter how different the correctors” 
(Raju, P, and Srivastava, R .1994).

Applying the Scale to the Main Sample
The author proceeded to distribute the questionnaire form 
to the members of  the research sample (Application sample) 
and their number (100) individuals, and after completing the 
research steps, the author collected the questionnaire data 
from all the members of  the research sample and arranged 
them in tables in preparation for processing them statistically 
to display and analyze the results.

Statistical Methods
The statistical data was processed using the Social 
Sciences statistical bag (spss).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
To find out the significance of  the difference between 
the average academic mathematical freedom according 
to the four dimensions and the theoretical (hypothetical) 
average of  the scale using the Test (t-test) for one sample, 
it turns out the following:-
The average academic freedom scores of  the research 
sample were greater than the theoretical average of  the 
test, as the average academic freedom scores were (104.26), 
while the theoretical average of  this test was (84) with a 
standard deviation (2.240) and the calculated t-value of  
(465.652) was significant in statistical significance at the 
level of  significance (0.001) as shown in Table (6).

Table 6: Shows the arithmetic mean and standard deviation of  academic freedom according to its dimensions
S Dimensions of  academic 

and sports freedom
S a m p l e 
size

Mean Std. 
Deviation

Theoretical 
Mean

Calculated 
value (t)

Level of  
significance

1 Teaching 100 29.95 1.610 21 185.977 0.000
2 Freedom of  expression 100 27.35 1.132 21 241.714 0.000
3 Scientific research 100 39.14 1.887 21 3.978 0.000
4 Decision making 100 28.69 1.958 21 90.365 0.000
5 Academic and sports freedom 100 104.26 2.240 84 465.652 0.000

Analysis of  Correlation Relations
In addition to the descriptive and diagnostic processes 
based on the descriptive analysis data, the correlation 
relationships between the axes of  the academic freedom 

scale were identified, as shown in Table (7), which indicates 
that there are positive statistical correlation relationships 
with significant significance between the axes of  the scale.

Table 7: The Pearson correlation coefficient between the axes of  the mathematical-academic freedom scale
Academic and 
sports freedom

Teaching Freedom of  
expression

Scientific 
research

Decision 
making

Academic and sports freedom 1 0.321** 0.372** 0.408** 0.477**
Teaching 0.321** 1 -0.262-** 0.422** -0.438-**
Freedom of  expression 0.372** -0.262-** 1 -0.366-** 0.435**



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Analysis of  Academic Mathematical Freedom
It is clear from Table (8) that the degree of  academic 
freedom in the field of  teaching was large on all paragraphs 
except paragraph (1 and 4) were medium and very large, 
respectively, while the degree of  academic freedom in 
the field of  freedom of  expression was also large on all 
paragraphs except paragraph (8) was medium, academic 

freedom in the field of  scientific research recorded a 
large degree on all paragraphs except paragraph (15) was 
very large, and finally the degree of  academic freedom 
in the field of  decision-making was large for paragraphs 
(24 & 27) and medium for paragraphs (23 & 28) and a 
few paragraphs (22, 25 and 26), and Table (8) shows this 
(appendix 1).

Scientific research 0.408** 0.422** -0.366-** 1 -0.212-*
Decision making 0.477** -0.438-** 0.435** -0.212-* 1

**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
*. Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).

Table 8: The analysis of  the academic and mathematical freedom of  the research sample shows
S The measure of  academic and mathematical freedom Mean Median Mode Frequency Degree 

of  
freedom

Academic and mathematical freedom in the field of  
teaching

1 The college administration provides the requirements 
related to the use of  modern methods in teaching

3.46 3.00 3 77 Medium

2 The college administration gives freedom to the teaching 
staff  with additional work to the teaching quorum

4.26 4.00 4 81 Large

3 The college administration allows the faculty to choose 
the vocabulary of  the curriculum

4.32 4.00 4 78 Large

4 The college administration allows the faculty the freedom 
to teach their students in the way that suits them

4.61 5.00 5 69 Very 
large

5 The college administration gives the faculty freedom to 
choose the appropriate calendar for their students

4.46 4.00 4 85 Large

6 The college administration provides modern references 
and sources for the vocabulary of  the curriculum

4.42 4.00 4 68 Large

7 The college administration facilitates the faculty to hold 
workshops and seminars related to their specialties

4.42 4.00 4 89 Large

Academic and sporting freedom in the field of  freedom of  expression
8 The faculty member expresses his opinion freely 3.43 3.00 3 67 Medium
9 The Faculty Administration allows the formation of  

opinions and ideas that serve the faculty
4.40 4.00 4 87 Large

10 The college administration is keen on intellectual 
meetings between faculty members

3.64 4.00 4 68 Large

11 The college administration provides faculty members 
with opportunities for creativity

4.33 4.00 4 88 Large

12 The college administration allows to justify what the 
Faculty offers

4.38 4.00 4 89 Large

13 The college administration provides sufficient space for 
the teaching staff  for constructive criticism

3.61 4.00 4 90 Large

14 The college administration provides freedom of  expression 
to the faculty without regard to their scientific ranks

3.56 4.00 4 79 Large

Academic and mathematical freedom in the field of  scientific research
15 The college administration encourages the faculty to 

publish in international journals
4.57 5.00 5 66 Very 

large
16 The college administration provides the appropriate 

scientific journals for the specialties of  the faculty
3.58 4.00 4 87 Large

17 The college administration gives the faculty freedom to 
choose the topics discussed

4.44 4.00 4 76 Large



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Am. J. Phys. Educ. Health Sci. 2(1) 1-10, 2024

CONCLUSION
The research achieved its first goal by building a measure 
of  academic sports freedom specific to the Iraqi 
environment, as well as learning about academic sports 
freedom, and thus achieved its second goal, and the field 
research data revealed the existence of  a correlation and 
a moral impact between the axes of  academic sports 
freedom in the colleges of  physical education and Sports 
Sciences in Baghdad, and the field research data indicated 
that the colleges administration supported academic 
sports freedom in the field of  (teaching, freedom of  
expression and scientific research) without the field 
of  decision-making, where it was the lowest degree 
compared to the rest of  the axes.
The research also concluded that there are some 
limitations in the faculty member expressing his opinion 
freely, which was a common feature within the sample 
studied. The teaching bodies enjoy academic and 
mathematical freedom in the field of  scientific research. 
The research data showed that the faculty member was 
not involved in university decision-making and was a 
common feature in the colleges studied.
The author in the field of  teaching recommends that 
attention should be paid to the renewal and development 
of  teaching supplies with the latest to achieve the desired 
goals, as for the field of  freedom of  expression, a culture 
of  constructive criticism and taking all opinions and 
ideas aimed at developing mathematical work should 
prevail, as for the field of  scientific research, a formation 
(administrative – In the field of  decision-making, the 
author recommends the rule of  law and its application 
to everyone alike, the faculty member feels job security 
and helps him to excellence and creativity, and finally, 

the spread of  teamwork pushes the wheel of  sports 
education forward strongly and develops a sense of  
collective responsibility.

REFERENCES
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Browyn, Adam, (2004). How faculty make sense 
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Appendix, E. 242- 264.

Joffers, C, and Haughey, L, (2001). Elementary Teachers, 

18 The Faculty Administration provides the faculty with 
freedom to publish their research

4.37 4.00 4 79 Large

19 The college administration sets fair standards for 
scientific promotion

4.31 4.00 4 89 Large

20 The college administration provides an electronic 
database for scientific research

3.61 4.00 4 75 Large

21 The faculty administration is working on issuing scientific 
journals in various disciplines

4.42 4.00 4 80 Large

Academic and sports freedom in the field of  decision-making
22 The faculty involves the faculty member in making the 

university decision
2.50 2.50 2 87 A few

23 The college administration relies on centralization in 
decision-making

2.20 3.00 3 73 Medium

24 The college administration takes into account the interest 
of  the teaching staff  when issuing instructions and laws

3.67 4.00 4 88 Large

25 The faculty participates in the recruitment of  new teachers 1.58 2.00 2 81 A few
26 The faculty expresses its opinion on the appointment of  

new administrators
1.61 2.00 2 76 A few

27 The faculty participates in the development of  university 
instructions and regulations related to them

3.56 4.00 4 89 Large

28 The college administration does not impose its opinions 
on academic issues related to the teaching staff

2.57 3.00 3 80 Medium



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Appendixes

The measure of  academic and mathematical freedom
S The measure of  academic and mathematical freedom Degree of  freedom

Very 
few

A 
few

Medium Large Very 
large

Academic and mathematical freedom in the field of  teaching 1 2 3 4 5
1 The college administration provides the requirements related to the 

use of  modern methods in teaching
2 The college administration gives freedom to the teaching staff  with 

additional work to the teaching quorum
3 The college administration allows the faculty to choose the vocabulary 

of  the curriculum
4 The college administration allows the faculty the freedom to teach 

their students in the way that suits them
5 The college administration gives the faculty freedom to choose the 

appropriate calendar for their students
6 The college administration provides modern references and sources 

for the vocabulary of  the curriculum
7 The college administration facilitates the faculty to hold workshops 

and seminars related to their specialties
Academic and sporting freedom in the field of  freedom of  expression 1 2 3 4 5
8 The faculty member expresses his opinion freely
9 The Faculty Administration allows the formation of  opinions and 

ideas that serve the faculty
10 The college administration is keen on intellectual meetings between 

faculty members
11 The college administration provides faculty members with 

opportunities for creativity
12 The college administration allows to justify what the Faculty offers
13 The college administration provides sufficient space for the teaching 

staff  for constructive criticism
14 The college administration provides freedom of  expression to the 

faculty without regard to their scientific ranks
Academic and mathematical freedom in the field of  scientific research 1 2 3 4 5
15 The college administration encourages the faculty to publish in 

international journals
16 The college administration provides the appropriate scientific journals 

for the specialties of  the faculty



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Am. J. Phys. Educ. Health Sci. 2(1) 1-10, 2024

17 The college administration gives the faculty freedom to choose the 
topics discussed

18 The Faculty Administration provides the faculty with freedom to 
publish their research

19 The college administration sets fair standards for scientific promotion
20 The college administration provides an electronic database for 

scientific research
21 The faculty administration is working on issuing scientific journals in 

various disciplines
Academic and sports freedom in the field of  decision-making 1 2 3 4 5
22 The faculty involves the faculty member in making the university 

decision
23 The college administration relies on centralization in decision-

making
24 The college administration takes into account the interest of  the 

teaching staff  when issuing instructions and laws
25 The faculty participates in the recruitment of  new teachers
26 The faculty expresses its opinion on the appointment of  new 

administrators
27 The faculty participates in the development of  university instructions 

and regulations related to them
28 The college administration does not impose its opinions on academic 

issues related to the teaching staff


