









































Pa
ge

 
1



Pa
ge

 
4

American Journal of  Physical Education 
and Health Science (AJPEHS)

The Effect of  Cycling Exercises in Some Biochemical Elements and Achievement in 
Individual Time Trial for Elite Men Cyclist’s

Ali Hameed Abdul Kareem1*

Volume 2 Issue 2, Year 2024
ISSN: 2992-9679 (Online) 

DOI: https://doi.org/10.54536/ajpehs.v2i2.2449
https://journals.e-palli.com/home/index.php/ajpehs

Article Information ABSTRACT

Received: May 09, 2024

Accepted: June 11, 2024

Published: June 14, 2024

A topic related to the work in the sports area is achieving success in the practice of  sports 
sciences in general and cycling in particular, and research has focused on examining all 
applications of  science, sports physiology, and chemistry due to their significance in creating 
training regimens and understanding the reactions that arise during and following sports 
practice. This includes involvement in aising performance, since one of  the fundamental 
effects of  increased activity of  enzymes, hormones, and energy materials that participate in 
the processes of  nutritional financing of  adaptations in the body’s vital systems and organs 
to resist fatigue resulting from effort is the release of  biochemicals that occur within the 
lifting cells to produce the energy necessary for performance. Suitably, the research’s greatest 
significance resides in developing a training regimen that enhances the bicycle’s performance. 
The research aims to identify the impact of  strikes on specific biochemical components and 
the accomplishments of  individual time trial cyclists. I have already found research from 
(10) contestants, and searched for new steps in the research. Then the model experiments 
and the main experiment were conducted, and the researcher explained the basic tools 
used, and after the basic credits of  the basic results were joined to the following basics: 1- 
Contributing to the gradual construction of  innovative elements in achieving modifications 
to the research sample to achieve. 2- It contributed to bringing about positive changes in the 
results of  biochemical Elements, which were reflected in improved achievement.

Keywords
Cycling Exercises, Biochemical 
Elements, Achievement, 
Individual Time Trial Race

INTRODUCTION
The control of  voltage or power output is necessary to 
reach greater heights based on scientific planning. 
Since science is fundamentally important to the 
development of  training techniques, scientific research 
has focused on exploring many applications of  
pure science, such as chemistry and science Sports 
fabrications. Examine its techniques and be aware of  
the reactions that happen both during and after sporting 
activities, This enhances how well sports are performed. 
Understanding the biochemical alterations that take 
place in muscle cells to generate the energy required for 
athletic performance is crucial because of  the elevated 
activity of  enzymes, hormones, and energy components 
involved in metabolic processes. To avoid fatigue and 
adjust essential bodily devices, Today, it is impossible to 
continue honing the physical skills necessary for the kinds 
of  sports and activities that are enjoyed. Boost cycling 
performance holistically without understanding the 
physiological changes in the body develop a broad range 
of  physical skills to effortlessly and proficiently meet 
performance standards, The appropriate bicycle sport 
training regimen focuses on improving and limiting the 
cyclist’s training load, which improves performance and 
boosts the effectiveness of  essential devices. Steer clear 
of  exhaustion, shield yourself  from harm, and speed 
up the healing process. Eating healthily has long been 
a major priority for people in various cultures. Fasting, 
dieting, and vegetarianism are a few strategies people use 
and that society supports in order to live longer and be 

healthier. (Macario, 2023).
The significance of  research in the planning of  an 
educational program to improve graduate performance 
and attain success, Goals are set for each training module, 
and the body will respond differently. Biochemical 
changes in muscle cells produce the energy required for 
athletic performance, which is due to increased activity 
of  enzymes, hormones, and energy materials involved 
in metabolic processes. These changes also result in 
adaptations in the body’s vital organs, enabling them to 
withstand the exhaustion of  physical training.
Cycling is an Olympic sport that has advanced significantly. 
Despite the demanding and numerous needs throughout 
the race, cycling has recently witnessed the introduction 
of  spectacular new technologies by accomplishing 
outstanding successes. Cycling races come in a variety of  
forms, depending on the venue, conditions, and timing of  
the event. Only road races are held in Iraq; they consist 
of  general singles races, individual time trail races, and 
team time trail races, where riders must divide their effort 
across the designated race distance in order to complete 
the course in the shortest amount of  time.

Research Problem
Selecting the proper training approach, a well-rounded 
program, and laboratory testing to assist the trainer in 
assessing the athlete’s state both physically and chemically 
and determining the amount of  improvement made, By 
alerting the researcher, he discovered a flaw or imbalance 
in the training plans employed as well as the absence of  

1 Department of  Student Activities, Al–Iraqia University, Iraq
* Corresponding author’s e-mail: alicoach2005@yahoo.com



Pa
ge

 
5

https://journals.e-palli.com/home/index.php/ajpehs

Am. J. Phys. Educ. Health Sci. 2(2) 4-9, 2024

biochemical testing, which is based on the analysis of  
chemical changes occurring within the body and has a 
direct bearing on the degree of  achievement development. 
These factors demonstrate an athlete’s level of  health and 
serve as indicators of  their potential for advancement.

Research Aims
1. Prepare special exercises to suit the search sample.
2. Know the impact of  cycling exercises on some 

biochemical Elements and achievement in individual time 
trials for elite male cyclists.

Research Assumes
1. There are statistically significant differences between 

tribal - dimensional test results of  the research sample’s 
biochemical Elements.

2. The results of  tribal-dimensional tests to complete 
the research sample show statistically significant 
differences.

Research Areas
Human Domain
Road racing elite men cyclist’s category of  applicants 
participating in the iraqi league for the year (2023).

Time Domain
Duration (1/4/2023) to (1/10/2023), including the 
duration of  implementation of  the main experiment 
(10/6/2023) to (18/8/2023).

Area Domain
Roads (Highway Baghdad) in Baghdad City, as well as 
the laboratories of  the Specialized Center for Sports 
Medicine of  the Ministry of  youth.

Definition of  Terms
Biochemical Elements: interactions that take place inside 
cells as a result of  a molecule changing into a different 
molecule there under the activity of  enzymes. (Bruno, C. 
Z., Evrim, F., Zachary, R. A., & Betül, K., 2023) , such as 
the digestive and building processes that are part of  the 
human body’s metabolism (Miller, 2021).
Individual time trial race: The rider will begin alone and 
race a predetermined distance; the winner is the one 
who completes the distance in the quickest time. Elite 
Men participants may only race a maximum of  20 to 
30 kilometers, per UCI rules for amateur competitors. 
(Federation, 2010). 

METHODOLOGY
Research Methodology
Because it is appropriate for the nature of  the study, 
the researcher employs an experimental strategy, using a 
single group design with distant and tribal testing.

Research Society and Its Appointment
The research community was deliberately selected from 
elite men cyclist’s National Team of  applicants from 
all of  Iraq’s 4 clubs (20) cyclist’s , represented by clubs 
cyclist’s (Al-sinaa , Kuya, Al-hashed Al-Shabe , Al-atehad 
Al-basre) For the sports season (2023), the sample was 
chosen in a deliberate manner in order to cooperate with 
the Federation and technical staff  in the implementation 
of  the training programme and provide all facilities in 
the implementation of  the research procedures, thereby 
facilitating follow-up and supervising the implementation 
of  the main trial steps. (Al-hashed Al-Shabe , Al-atehad 
Al-basre) because they could not be with the national 
team’s contestants during the research period. The 

Table 1: Indicates the number of  the research community, its samples, excluded cyclist and percentage
No Research society Num Sample Exploratory 

Experience
Research sample Excluded Percentage 

%
1 Al-sinaa 7 2 5 - 25%
2 Kuya 7 2 5 - 25%
3 Al-hashed Al-Shabe 4 - - 4 0 %
4 Al-atehad Al-basre 2 - - 2 0 %

Total sample 20 10 100 %
research sample 10 50%

percentage of  the sample in the research community 
(50%) as shown in table (1).

Devices and Tools That were Used in the Research
1- Sony photocopier chinese-made (1).
2- Stop watch (Sewan) (2).
3- Whistle (1).
4- Hp laptop (1).
5- Portfolio of  papers (6).
6- Speed roller Training (5).
7- Cotton wipes (10).
8- Paper wipes.

9- Sony type charging batteries (2).
10- Charger batteries (1).
11- Cable (HD).
12- Blower Type (Crivit) (1).
13- Bike tools (1).
14- Racing bikes of  different types (10).

Homogenization Sample Research
To avoid influences affecting research results, the 
researcher performed the homogenization of  the sample 
in variables (height, weight, age and training age) and 
table (2) shows this.



Pa
ge

 
6

https://journals.e-palli.com/home/index.php/ajpehs

Am. J. Phys. Educ. Health Sci. 2(2) 4-9, 2024

Biochemical Tests and Completion Tests Approved 
in the Research
Assessing the Alkaline Phosphatase Enzyme’s 
Efficiency in Urine (Hassan, 2008)
A wine container with a lid is used to collect the urine 
sample, and it is subjected to rapid laboratory testing. 
It is kept in a refrigerator at (4) Celsius if  it is kept for 
longer than twenty-four hours. The alkaline phosphatase 
enzyme’s efficacy in diuresis was assessed using the 
diagnostic kit; it should be noted that the typical ranges 
for this enzyme’s efficacy in diuresis are (92-21).

Hemoglobin Levels in Blood Measured (HB) , 
(Haider, 2007)
The test’s goal is to determine the blood’s hemoglobin 
(HB) content.
Five milliliters of  Drakken-Sulperexine solution are used 
in the analysis tube for the measurement process. 
Next, a blood sample measuring ten micrometers is 
added, well mixed, and left for ten to fifteen minutes. 
During this time, the mixed compound turns hematinic, 
and the reading in the Hb measuring device is taken.

Recording
The form is read in grams straight from the instrument.

Blood Sugar Measurement (F.B.S.). (Hussein M. G., 
2013)
Within an hour of  drawing the blood, a medical assistant 
who specialized in blood collection took a five milliliter 
sample. The blood was then directly analyzed in a medical 
laboratory, where it was stored in a designated container.

The Achievement Test. (Karim, 2017)
Test objective: To measure the achievement of  riders in a 
team time trial race.
Devices and tools used in the test:

- Bikes for racers that comply with legal specifications.
- Stop watch.
- Whistle.

Performance Description
With the assistance of  standing officials, the riders take 
their starting positions as they stand on the starting line. 
When the start signal is issued, the riders begin their race 
against time to travel a distance of  roughly 20 km on a 
flat road with a route length of  approximately 5 km. The 
timekeeper notifies the cyclists of  how much time is left 
for the start.

Registration Method
The time it takes to complete the test distance is 
computed, and testers are only allowed one attempt.

Scientific Conditions for the Tests
Validity Assessments 
“Honesty is one of  the most important standards of  
test quality” (Yassin, 2015).  and that it measures what 
it was intended to measure, as the researcher discovered 
the subjective honesty factor, which provides statistical 
significance and a real value to the validity of  objective tests 
by employing reliability under the square root to validate 
the tests that were created. as displayed in Table (3).

Tests for Reliability 
“Stability of  measurement means that the scores obtained 
are accurate and free of  error, This means that if  the 
same measurement tool (test or scale) is applied to the 
same individual or thing any number of  times in the same 
manner and conditions, we will obtain the same value 
every time” (Radwan, 2011). The stability coefficient was 
found by repeating the tests, and it was applied to (4) 
riders on days for the period (5/27 - 28/2023), and the 
tests were repeated after (5) days, that is, on Saturdays and 
Sundays for the period (3 – 4/6/ 2023) and to find the 
stability of  these tests by conducting a simple correlation 
(Pearson) between the tests as shown in Table (3).

Objectivity
Objectivity is due to the clarity of  the instructions for 
applying the tests and calculating their grades or results 

Table 2: Sample homogenization in variables (length, mass, age and age training)
Skewness Std. Deviation Median Mean Physical measures
- 0.082 4.450 171.50 171.30 Length (cm)
- 0.249 3.691 67.50 67.60 Mass (kg)
0.296 5.964 211.00 212.75 Age (m)
0.913 3.361 23.00 33.25 Age training (m)

Table 3: Reliability coefficient and self-validity of  the tests
NO Variables Measuring unit Stability coefficient Self-honesty Sig
1 ALP in Urine L/U 0,86 0,92 0.00
2 HB D/G 0,92 0,95 0.00
3 F.B.S Mg/dl 0,84 0,91 0.00
NO Achievement test
1 Achievement M/S 0.96 0.93 0.00



Pa
ge

 
7

https://journals.e-palli.com/home/index.php/ajpehs

Am. J. Phys. Educ. Health Sci. 2(2) 4-9, 2024

(Yassin, 2015). Objectivity is represented in the accuracy 
and objectivity of  measuring devices such as the electronic 
watch, the HB meter, the glucose measuring device, and 
the medical laboratory devices for medical analyses.

Main Experiment Procedures
The pretests were carried out in the laboratories of  the 
Specialized Center for Sports Medicine affiliated with 
the Ministry of  Youth and Sports, as well as on the 
Baghdad-highway, on Saturdays and Sundays for the 
period (10-11/6/2023), and the conditions related to 
the implementation of  the tests were proven, including 
sequence, place, time, and air pressure in Bicycle tires and 
others, for the purpose of  carrying out post-tests.
The training program was implemented on Sunday 
(6/18/2023) and ended on Sunday (8/13/2023). The 
training program included the following:

1- A training program was built for a period of  (8) 
weeks, with two medium training sessions and (5) training 
units in the small training course, so that the total number 
of  training units was (40) training units.

2- The load is in the average cycle (1:3) and according 
to the intensity of  the maximum work.

3. General preparation exercises were used in the first 
intermediate cycle and customized preparation exercises 
in the second.

4- The duration of  the training unit ranged from (25) 
minutes to (150) minutes, according to the principle 
of  gradual loading, and the total time of  the training 
program was (2124.68) minutes.

5- The distance of  the training unit ranged from (15) km to 
(80) km, and according to the principle of  gradual increase, 
the total distance of  the training program was (1412) km.

6- The method of  continuous and phased training 

(interval), low and high intensity, was used in implementing 
the program within the main department.

7- The work-to-rest ratio between one exercise and 
another was used (0.5), (1.1) and (1.2).

8- Modern exercises have been adopted and used in 
training units in the field of  bicycles, and these exercises 
are used in developed countries.

9- Flexibility and stretching exercises were adopted in 
the warm-up process to prepare the muscles and avoid 
injury, and in the cool-down process after training to rest 
and relax the muscles.
Post-tests were conducted on Thursday and Friday 
for the period (17 - 18/8/2023), in the laboratories of  
the Specialized Center for Sports Medicine and on the 
Baghdad-highway, with the assistance of  the assistant 
work team.

Statistical Methods Used in the Research
The skewness coefficient, simple correlation (Pearson), 
arithmetic means, standard deviations, and the t-test for 
correlated samples were all extracted using the statistical 
bag system. The concept of  statistical bags was employed 
to obtain (Hussein M. H., 2024).

Presentation, Analysis and Discussion of  the Results
The results of  the pre- and post-tests were arranged in a 
table and discussed with the aim of  achieving the research 
objectives and validating its hypotheses, as indicated in 
Table (4). The researcher had finished gathering data on 
the research Elements, including biochemical Elements 
and achievement, and had used the statistical package 
(SPSS) to treat this data in order to determine the true 
differences and the impact of  using areas of  severity on 
the research sample.

Table 4: The significance of  the differences between the pre- and post-test results for the biochemical Elements and 
research sample’s achievement, as well as the arithmetic means of  the differences and the estimated (t) value
Statistical 
laboratories 
Test name

Measuring 
unit

Pretest Posttest Mean SD t df Sig
Mean SD Mean SD

ALP in Urine L/U 67.74 15.598 55.00 16.852 12.742 6.759 5.962 9 0.000
HB D/G 13.840 0.977 14.570 1.044 - 0.730 0.362 6.373 - 9 0.000
F.B.S Mg/dl 98.20 9.531 83.70 8.782 14.500 5.339 8.589 9 0.000
Achievement M/S 28.375 1.464 27.191 1.500 1.184 0.440 8.508 9 0.000

The special exercises used in the training program, which 
helped to achieve the significant differences, as well as the 
muscular strength exercises used in the bicycle training 
program are credited by the researcher for these significant 
differences in favor of  the post-tests in (measuring the 
effectiveness of  the alkaline phosphatase enzyme in 
urine, blood hemoglobin, blood sugar, and performance). 
It was created with the competitors’ age group in mind, 
and the interval training method’s use of  high-intensity 
exercises had the effect of  causing adaptations that helped 
the cyclist maintain a high blood and muscle lactic acid 

percentage. This helps the cyclist withstand increases in 
lactic acid levels and maintain a high level of  performance 
to succeed during crucial competition periods.
Since alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is one of  the recognized 
biochemical markers for diagnosing bone deformities, the 
researcher explains the significant differences in measuring 
the effectiveness of  the enzyme in secretion as the result 
of  a natural significant decrease in the concentration 
of  the enzyme, indicating the presence of  a significant 
decrease in the concentration of  (ALP) secretion in favor 
of  the post-tests. Additionally, the researcher notes that 



Pa
ge

 
8

https://journals.e-palli.com/home/index.php/ajpehs

Am. J. Phys. Educ. Health Sci. 2(2) 4-9, 2024

the enzyme Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) increases in 
cases of  rickets, osteomalacia, osteoporosis, and liver 
diseases like jaundice (Abu Saffar). (Hussein I. b., 2015).
ALP levels that are lower assist prevent osteoporosis, 
restore baseline bone regularity, and boost the density of  
mineral bones, all of  which lower the risk of  injuries and 
spinal fractures in athletes. (Murray, 2006).
The researcher credits post-traumatic intensity exercises 
in the lactic threshold area and at the lactic threshold, 
which have aided in alterations in blood and body organs, 
for the moral disparities in blood hemoglobin in favor 
of  distant testing. Because it supplies the necessary 
amount of  oxygen to the working muscles, an increase 
in hemoglobin in the blood has a major effect on cyclists’ 
performance in the individual time trail, More hemoglobin 
in the blood means that muscles will receive more oxygen, 
which aids in the process of  oxidizing energy, developing 
the functioning of  functional devices, and reaching the 
adaption stage needed to meet the demands of  the training 
loads. ( Eastell, R., Robins, S.P., Colwell, T., Assiri, A. M., 
Riggs, B. L., & Russell, R. G., 1993).
Moral arguments in favor of  post-blood sugar testing 
are linked to training program activities that are tailored 
to the heart rate threshold’s severity areas. This strategy 
helped reduce the blood sugar level, which is a good 
thing because it improved cells’ ability to absorb insulin. 
In the second region, aerobic endurance activities have 
enhanced heart and other organ function, stimulated 
circulation, and lowered the rate of  sugar. ( Kress, B. C., 
Mizrahi, I. A., Armour, K. W., Marcus, R. Emkey, R. D., 
& Santora, A. C., 1999).
The exercises used in the training program that assisted 
in the appropriate adaptations in the functioning body 
organs of  athletes and the program’s construction based 
on the appropriate scientific bases have influenced the 
development of  performance and achievement are 
responsible for the moral differences in favor of  remote 
tests in the completion of  the research sample. Along 
with avoiding injuries and expediting hospital stays, the 
stage’s objective aligns with the purpose of  the exercises 
that are performed, because “The organization of  training 
must be within a basis consistent with the objective of  
the training phase within the preparation phase and the 
continuation of  this type of  training will achieve the best 
performance in competitions leading to the achievement 
of  the best levels of  sports achievement” (Earlen., 2011).

CONCLUSIONS
According to the research findings, the researcher reached 
the following conclusions
The development of  ethically significant disparities in 
biochemical test results favoring remote testing between 
tribal and postgraduate tests.
The completion test findings showed ethically significant 
differences between the tribal and post tests, favoring the 
distant test.
The achievement of  adequate adaptations in the body’s 
devices for the research and achievement sample has 

been facilitated by graduation in the creation of  training 
modules.
The proposed cycling exercises contributed to positive 
changes in biochemical test results that reflected improved 
digital achievement in the individual time trail race of  the 
research sample.
Scientific training that is planned and executed helps 
increase the degree of  adaptability to functional body 
devices, accelerate recovery both during and between 
training modules, and prevent injuries, all of  which have a 
favorable impact on physical performance.
Dedicated muscle strength training have led to faster and 
better performance from riders.
Conventional exercises don’t specifically assist in 
achieving the necessary development.
The use of  cycle workouts and their purpose has been 
made possible by low- and high-intensity, frequent, 
continuous, and phased training approaches.
The creation of  the results was aided by the proper 
use of  the trainers’ training program’s language and the 
dedication to applying it to the experimental research 
sample.
During and in between training modules, the 
hospitalization and adaption speeds up thanks to the 
initial intensity zone activities.
By adjusting to internal body devices and influencing the 
development of  physical and functional capacities, second 
intensity (endurance) activities aided in the development 
of  aerobic tolerance.
The man’s rotation speed increased to endure force 
and speed throughout the third intensity zone (rhythm) 
activities.
The development of  force tolerance, anaerobic tolerance, 
speed tolerance, and functional skills was aided by the 
fourth and fifth tensile zone exercises (lactic threshold 
and higher, respectively).
Exercises in the sixth intensity zone, or aerobic capability, 
improved maximal oxygen consumption, strike size, and 
heart rate, all of  which had a favorable impact on cardiac 
output and the development of  aerobic endurance.
The seventh intensity zone exercises (anaerobic capability) 
contributed to the development of  anaerobic and antenna 
tolerance, speed tolerance, force, tolerance and improved 
functional capabilities.
The research sample’s attainment of  the individual time 
trail was a direct result of  the assessment’s contribution 
to the development of  functional and physical capacities.

RECOMMENDATIONS
The training program for cycling instructors is accredited.
Verification of  the necessity of  using suitable physical 
workouts and each rider’s capabilities during training 
phases in order to preserve fitness and prevent 
overtraining.
Verification of  the training program’s usage of  carefully 
considered and scientifically prepared workouts to 
achieve the exceptional achievement of  the individual 
time trail race.



Pa
ge

 
9

https://journals.e-palli.com/home/index.php/ajpehs

Am. J. Phys. Educ. Health Sci. 2(2) 4-9, 2024

Verification of  the necessity of  progressively raising 
training loads while in the training phases.
Verification of  the importance placed on athletic prowess 
in order to accomplish goals efficiently and without 
wasting time, money, or effort.
Verification of  the biochemical element measurement 
conducted prior to the beginning of  the cycling season.
Validation of  the achievement rate measurements made 
throughout the training phases.
The necessity of  hiring qualified coaches for cycling clubs 
and national teams.
Use various training courses in your sample research.
Using the training program with different age groups and 
sports.
Use a different sample of  cyclists to see how the exercises 
affect the development of  the cyclists’ total individual 
time trial race.
Using training plans and implementing cycling drills on 
specific riders in preparation for important races aids in 
improving goal focus.

REFERENCES
Awaida, E. b. (2015). Therapeutic nutrition. Al-Riyadh: 

Obekan Bookstoor. 
Cuevas-Zuviría, B., Fer, E., Adam, Z. R., & Kaçar, B. 

(2023). The modular biochemical reaction network 
structure of  cellular translation. npj Systems Biology 
and Applications, 9(1), 52. https://doi.org/10.1038/
s41540-023-00315-3 

Earlen., D. (2011). Training Means and effort parameter 
in performance weight lifters Training:. Romania, 
Bucharest.

Eastell, R., Robins, S. P., Colwell, T., Assiri, A. M., Riggs, 
B. L., & Russell, R. G. (1993). Evaluation of  bone 
turnover in type I osteoporosis using biochemical 
markers specific for both bone formation and bone 
resorption. National Center for Biotechnology information, 
166-167. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01623829

Federation, A. C. (2010, May 14). Technical regulations. 
Retrieved from https://www.arabcycling federation.
com

Haider, A. K. (2007). The impact of  eating the black pill 
on certain functional and hormonal indicators and 
its relationship with the achievement of  a run (100 

meters). (U. d. dissertation, Ed.) master’s thesis, 89.
Hassan, F. (2008). The effect of  anaerobic training on 

efficiency of  some buffer system and the biochemical 
variables to develop lactic endurance for the Basketball 
player. (U. d. dissertation, Ed.) Ph.D. Thesis, 87-90.

Hussein, I. b. (2015). Clinical Nutrition. (1st Ed.) Riyadh: 
Obeikan Publishing.

Hussein, M. G. (2013). The effect of  using the nutritional 
supplements accompanies the training curriculum 
in some biochemical variables, physical abilities and 
skills among Futsal players. (U. d. dissertation], Ed.) 
Ph.D. Thesis, 79.

Hussein, M. H. (2024). The Degree of  Exercise of  
Academic and Sports Freedom among Faculty 
Members at the Colleges of  Physical Education 
and Sports Sciences in Baghdad. American Journal of  
Physical Education and Health Science, 2(1), 5. https://
doi.org/10.54536/ajpehs.v2i1.2379

Karim, A. H. (2017). Designing a Training Program 
According to Borg Rating of  Intensity and its Effect 
on Some of  the Physical and Functional Capabilities 
and Achievement in Individual Time Trial For Cyclist’s 
Juniors. (U. d. dissertation, Ed.) Ph.D. Thesis, 21.

Kress, B. C., Mizrahi, I. A., Armour, K. W., Marcus, R. 
Emkey, R. D., & Santora, A. C. (1999). Use of  bone 
alkaline phosphatase to monitor alendronate therapy 
in individual postmenopausal osteoporotic women. 
National Center for Biotechnology Information, 296.

Macario, D. (2023, May 4). Physical Activity as Prevention 
to Weight Gain: Awareness Among Selected Middle-
Aged Faculty of  the West Visayas State University. 
American Journal of  Physical Education and Health Science, 
1(1), 2. Retrieved from https://journals.e-palli.com/
home/index.php/ajpehs

Miller, C. (2021). 3.10 Chemical Reactions in Living 
Things:. TRU Press books.

Murray, J. F. (2006). Phosphours and magnesium (6 ed.). (P. a. 
Metabolism, Ed.)

Radwan, M. N.-D. (2011). Introduction to Measurement in 
Physical Education and Sports. (2nd Ed.) Cairo: Al-Kitab 
Center for Publishing.

Yassin, M. I. (2015). Testing and Measurement in Physical 
Education. (1st Ed.) Baghdad: Al-Falah Publishing and 
Distribution Library.


