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American Journal of  Physical Education 
and Health Science (AJPEHS)

Physical Activity as Prevention to Weight Gain: Awareness Among Selected 
Middle-Aged Faculty of  the West Visayas State University

Denro Macario1*, Nera Grace Macario1

Volume 1 Issue 1, Year 2023
https://journals.e-palli.com/home/index.php/ajpehs

Article Information ABSTRACT

Received: April 05, 2023

Accepted: April 30, 2023

Published: May 04, 2023

This study sought to determine respondents’ level of  awareness of  physical activity as a 
prevention to weight gain among selected middle-aged faculty of  the West Visayas State 
University, the academic year 2009-2010. The descriptive method of  research was used in 
this investigation. The 60 selected middle-aged faculty of  the West Visayas State University 
were the study’s respondents. They were taken as an entire group and classified as to age 
and gender. The standard deviation, mean and t-test set at .05 level of  significance, were 
the statistical tools utilized to interpret the data.  The findings revealed that when taken as 
an entire group and classified as to age and gender, both male and female respondents had 
a “highly aware” level of  awareness. No significant differences were found on the level of  
awareness as the prevention to weight gain when respondents were classified as to age and 
gender. 

Keywords
Awareness, Middle-Aged 
Faculty, Physical Activity, 
Prevention, Weight Gain

INTRODUCTION 
Misinformation about the science of  health, eating 
depleted and denatured foods, and chemicalization of  the 
cells are considered to be a very effective prescription for 
causing a massive epidemic of  obesity. This is the tragedy 
of  epidemics of  obesity and diabetes being witnessed 
today if  one wishes to understand the links between 
obesity and many other disorders.
The current increase in the prevalence in obesity has 
fostered a multi-disciplinary discourse on the most 
appropriate strategy for reducing this epidemic. While no 
consensus has been reached, preventive efforts will likely 
prevail, with interventions likely to target all children at a 
young age. Among children, as well as adults, obesity has 
an etymology which is multidimensional in nature. The 
principle of  energy balance suggests that when energy 
intake is higher than energy expended, weight gain is the 
result. Although energy intake depends solely on dietary 
consumption, energy expenditure is dependent on 
several components, with the major modifiable aspects 
of  physical activity; thus, both dietary and physical 
activity patterns have been emphasized as appropriate 
interventions for the prevention of  obesity.
Today, more Filipinos who are on the heavy side and 
the threat of  obesity is beginning to show among the 
young and old alike, according to studies by the food 
and nutrition research institute. Losing weight is a 
combination of  exercise and diet. Moderation is the key. 
Choosing the right food will help lengthen one’s life. 
When hunger pangs set in, drink lots of  water. It is the 
cheaper way to lose weight.
Physical Education helps students develop the knowledge, 
fitness level, motor skills, and personal and social skills to 
the obtained goal of  a lifetime activity and health. Regular 
physical activity participation throughout childhood 

provides immediate health benefits, positively affecting 
body composition and musculoskeletal development and 
reducing coronary heart disease risk factors on an obese 
person.
In recognition of  these health benefits, physical 
activity guidelines for children and youth have been 
developed. The primary recommendation advocates the 
accumulation of  one hour physical activity per day of  
at least moderate intensity, through lifestyle, recreational 
and structure activity forms.
According to Wardlaw and Insel (1990), the android form 
of  obesity is not only associated with increased risk of  
diabetes, but also that of  heart disease and hypertension. 
The fact that diabetes is such a major contributor to 
morbidity and mortality in adults, accurate information 
on the potential risk in pediatric populations is essential 
to physical educators, public health authorities, clinicians, 
and community leaders.
Obesity is a chronic condition characterized by an excess 
of  body fat. It is a complex disorder of  appetite regulation 
and energy metabolism controlled by specific biological 
factors. In the past 10 years, great progress has been made 
in the scientific understanding of  the pathophysiology 
of  obesity and the interactions between genetic 
predisposition to weight gain and the environment. On 
the other hand, Ali (2000), in his study on food intake, 
oxidative stress and obesity, concludes that the global 
epidemic of  obesity results from a combination of  
genetic susceptibility and increased availability of  high-
energy foods, decreased requirement of  physical activity 
in modern society. Food is essential for life. That is self  
evident. Chronic starvation threatens life and eventually 
leads to death. Food also increases oxidative stress. 
That should be self  evident as well, since all metabolic 
processes digestion involved and utilization of  food 

1 Northern Iloilo State University, Philippines
* Corresponding author’s e-mail: denromacario@nisu.edu.ph

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Am. J. Phys. Educ. Health Sci. 1(1) 01-06, 2023

substances are oxidative in nature. It follows that excess 
food intake can be expected to result in chronic oxidosis 
and shortened life. That has been proven to be true in all 
species in which it has been investigated.
The vanguard of  fitness promotion, weight control, and 
obesity prevention lies in age appropriate education, and 
healthful instruction is especially critical when considering 
that juvenile obesity of  ten begins during this period of  
accelerated growth. 
On the Oxidative injury, Protein Cross-Linking and 
Obesity by Bjorksten (1998), he proposed his cross linking 
theory, which states that the basic aging process causes 
weight gain and obesity which involve accumulating 
damage and insoluble (cross-linked) proteins, DNA, 
fats and other large sized molecules, such as vitamin A. 
Such cross linked molecules causes aging by impending 
or blocking the actions of  enzymes, vitamins and other 
substances.
Harmon (1999) also proposed his free radical theory of  
aging. According to this theory, the aging process involves 
molecular and cellular injury caused by free radicals. Free 
radicals are highly unstable, extremely reactive atoms 
or molecules that form during normal metabolism, 
as well during cellular injury caused by chemicals, 
microbes, radiation and other types of  injury. Needless 
to say, lipolytic enzymes in adipocytes and myocytes are 
not anymore immuned to oxidative stress than other 
functional with complex structures.
However, on the study of  Farooqui and O’Rally (2000) 
on genetics of  body weight regulation on obesity 
genomics, rapid progress is being made in elucidating 
altered experience of  genes affecting essential aspects 
of  metabolism, aging, and the species life span. When 
viewed through the prism of  oxygen homeostasis, many 
of  these genes assume the functions of  body weight 
genes and the same genes with altered experiences 
become the “obesity genes” which are the endogenous 
and exogenous mutagenic factors which play important 
roles in the causation of  the obesity epidemic. Such 
mutagens are expected to adversely affect the expression 
of  genes that regulate the structure and function of  the 
fats and muscle cells.
This study of  Belin (2004) showed that in spite of  negative 
health consequences of  obesity, weight reduction is 
notoriously difficult to achieve. He developed in his study 
a self  teaching manual to enhance patient compliance with 
weight control regimens through patient involvement in 
their own diet. The manual contains multiple intervention 
strategies that provide education on weight loss. He 
states the principles of  teaching the application of  self  
control techniques and creative problem solving skill. 
An individual can tailor these strategies to meet specific 
needs. Self  control techniques provide the tools necessary 
to cope with individual problem and include both operant 
and cognitive methods.
Jacque (2004) also investigated adolescent obesity risk 
factors and intervention program. Results showed 
significant impact on adolescents in terms of  reduced 

BMI levels, increased physical activity, improved eating 
habits and decreased amount of  sedentary activities 
can improved student and parental awareness of  health 
implication. Another aspect of  the study suggested that 
physical education should be increased in schools will 
help to look at attitudes and beliefs among teachers, 
parents and other school personnel concerning the 
appropriate role of  schools in combating the adolescent 
obesity problem.  This is in accordance with Spurlock’s 
(2006) statement that the energy density of  food and 
the proportion of  calories in relation to weight is an 
important factor in regulating the amount people eat. 
Food with high energy density causes people to eat more 
calories than they need without being aware of  it. Yet the 
higher the caloric intake, the higher the risk of  obesity 
especially when combined with a sedentary lifestyle, 
hence, this study.

LITERATURE REVIEW
Weight Gain
Weight gain is an increase of  body weight. This can be 
either an increase in muscle mass, fat deposits, or excess 
fluids such as water. In some cases, weight gain can also 
occur as a result of  developing tumors or other abnormal 
growths. Muscle weight gain can occur as a result of  body 
building, in which muscle size is increased.
If  enough weight is gained by way of  increased body 
fat deposits, one may become overweight. Overweight 
is generally defined as having more body fats that is 
optimally healthy (Mokdad, 2001). Weight gain according 
to Feskanich (1993) has a latency period. The effect that 
eating has non weight gain can vary greatly depending on 
the following factors: Exercise regimen, amount of  water 
intake, amount of  salt fat or sugar contained in the food, 
time of  day eaten, age of  individual, individual’s country 
of  origin, individual’s overall stress level, and amount of  
water retention in ankles/feet. Typical latency periods 
vary from three days to two weeks after ingestions. 
The issue of  healthy eating has long been an important 
concern to individuals and cultures. Among other 
practices, fasting, dieting, and vegetarianism are all 
techniques employed by individuals and encouragement 
from societies to increase longevity and health. Some 
religions promote vegetarianism, considering it wrong 
to consume animals. Leading nutritionists believe that 
instead of  indulging one’s health in three large meals each 
day, it is much healthier and easier on the metabolism 
to eat five small meals each day. However, Psychiatrists 
with Yale Medical School have found that people who 
suffer from eating (BED) Beinged-Eating Disorder and 
consume three meals per day (Salvini, 1990).

Obesity  
Obesity is an alarming epidemic to date suffered by 
people in many countries. People in several countries 
are fundamentally not less vulnerable to nutritional 
environmental and life style stressors that cause obesity.
Obesity is now so common within the world’s population 

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Am. J. Phys. Educ. Health Sci. 1(1) 01-06, 2023

that is beginning to replace under nutrition and infectious 
diseases as the most significant contributor to ill health. 
Obesity is now considered a disease of  epidemic 
proportions with increasing prevalence worldwide. This 
general rise in obesity is likely to have long lasting physical 
and mental health consequences for the population. Some 
nutrition experts consider an increase in weight of  20% 
or more over the ideal weight as a health hazard.
The increasing prevalence, numerous health risks and 
astounding economic costs of  obesity is approximately 
1 billion per year in several countries including the 
Philippines.  Preventive action has historically taken the 
form of  medical intervention, health public policy and 
such action has demonstrated a great deal of  success. 
Obesity is particularly dependent on prevention.

Physical Activity
The study of  Manson (1991) states that physical activity 
is important for physical health, emotional well being, 
and achieving a healthy weight. Physical activity may 
help one controls his weight by using excess calories that 
would otherwise be stored as fat. Most foods and many 
beverages individual eats and drink contain calories, and 
everything one does uses calories. This includes sleeping, 
breathing, digesting food, and moving around. Balancing 
the calories you eat with the calories you use through 
physical activity may help you maintain your current 
weight.
In addition, one should follow a nutritious eating plan 
and consume fewer calories than he burns each day. 
Study shows that physical activity is very important to 
successful long term weight control. People may need 
to do different amounts of  physical activity to lose and 
control weight.
Physical activity may include structured activities like 
walking, jogging, strength training, or sports. It may also 
include daily activities, such as household chores, yard 
work or walking with the dog.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
The descriptive method of  research was used in this 
investigation. The independent variable considered were 
age and gender and the dependent variable was be the 
level of  awareness on physical activity as prevention to 
weight gain among selected middle-aged faculty of  the 
West Visayas State University, School Year 2009-2010. 
The 60 respondents were made to answer the researcher-
made questionnaire purposively constructed for this 
study. Purposive sampling method was employed in the 
selection of  the final respondents of  the study. Upon 
retrieval of  the accomplished questionnaires, the data 
were tallied, computed, analyzed and interpreted.

Participants
The respondents of  the study were the 60 selected 
middle-aged faculty of  the West Visayas State University, 
School Year 2009-2010, who were somewhat obese or 
overweight.

There were sixty (60) randomly selected respondents 
included in the study. Of  the 60 WVSU faculty, 36(60%) 
belonged to ages 40- 50 years old, and 24(40%) were 50-
60 years old. As to gender, 24 (40%) were male, and 36 
(60%) were female.
 
Instruments of  the Study
A researcher-made questionnaire validated by a physical 
educator, nutritionist and a doctor of  family medicine 
according to their expertise were used in gathering 
the data needed. The first part contained the personal 
information from the respondents. The second part was 
the questionnaire on the respondents’ level of  awareness 
on physical activity as a factor in the prevention of  weight 
gain. A three-point scale was used for the questionnaire 
with corresponding numerical value as seen below.
Scale Numerical Value
Always 3

Sometimes 2

Never 1

“Always” means that the respondents are highly aware on 
the level of  awareness.
“Sometimes” means that the respondents are moderately 
aware on the level of  awareness.
“Never” means that the respondents are less aware on the 
level of  awareness

Scale Numerical Value
2.33 – 3.00 Highly Aware
1.67 – 2.32 Moderately Aware
1.00 – 1.66 Less Aware

Procedure
The data that were completely accomplished and collected 
were subjected to encoding using Microsoft Excel.  It 
was processed and tested using Social Package for Social 
Sciences (SPSS) software for convenience and accuracy.  
All inferential test statistics was set at .05 alpha level. 
The data were tested using the following tools:

• Frequency - was used to determine the distribution 
counts of  respondents according to variables.

• Percentage – was used to determine the part of  the 
whole the variable represents.

• Mean – was used to determine the level of  awareness 
of  WVSU faculty on physical activity as prevention to 
weight gain.

• Standard Deviation – was used to determine the 
heterogeneity or homoscedasticity of  the level of  
awareness among faculty.

• t-test for independent sample – was used to compare 
the significant difference on the level of  awareness among 
faculty when considering their age and gender.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Specifically, this study sought answers to the following 
questions: 

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1. What is the level of  awareness on physical activity 
as prevention to weight gain among selected Middle-
Aged WVSU faculty when taken as an entire group and 
classified as to age and gender?

2. Are there significant differences on the level of  
awareness on physical activity as prevention to weight 
gain when respondents are classified as to age and gender?
Based on the aforementioned problem, the hypothesis 
below was advanced.

1. There are no significant differences on the level of  
awareness on physical activity as prevention to weight gain 
when respondents are classified as to age and gender? 
The descriptive method of  research was used in this 
investigation. The independent variable considered was 
age and gender and the dependent variable was  the level 
of  awareness on physical activity as prevention to weight 
gain among selected middle-aged faculty of  the West 
Visayas State University, School Year 2009-2010. 
The 60 respondents were made to answer the researcher-
made questionnaire purposively constructed for this 
study. Purposive sampling method was employed in the 
selection of  the final respondents. Upon retrieval of  
the accomplished questionnaires, the data were tallied, 
computed, analyzed and interpreted.
Based on the results, the researchers found out the 
following:

1. The respondents were “highly aware” on physical 
exercise as prevention to weight gain when taken as an 
entire group and classified as to age and gender.

2. No significant differences existed on the level of  
awareness on physical activity as prevention to weight 
gain among selected Middle-Aged WVSU faculty when 
they were classified as to age and gender.

Respondents’ Profiles in Terms of  Descriptive Data 
Analysis and Inferential Data Analysis
Descriptive Data Analysis
The following table shows the level of  awareness on 
physical activity as prevention to weight gain among 
selected middle-aged WVSU faculty.

Table 1: Level of  Awareness on Physical Activity as 
Prevention to Weight Gain Among Selected Middle-
Aged WVSU Faculty 
Category SD Mean Description
Entire Group .23 2.72 Highly 

Aware
Age
40-50 years old .25 2.69 Highly 

Aware
51-60 years old .21 2.76 Highly 

Aware
Gender
Male .25 2.66 Highly 

Aware
Female .21 2.76 Highly 

Aware

Legend
Scale Numerical Value
2.33 – 3.00 Highly Aware

1.67 – 2.32 Moderately Aware

1.00 – 1.66 Less Aware

Table 1 shows that when WVSU faculty were taken as 
an entire group, their level of  awareness was “highly 
aware” on physical activity as prevention to weight gain 
(mean=2.72). When classified as to age, those belonging 
to 40 to 50 years (mean=2.69) and those aging 51 to 
60 years (mean=2.76) were “highly aware”; both male 
(mean=2.66) and female (mean=2.76) faculty were also 
“highly aware”.

Inferential Data Analysis
The following table shows the t-test for the significant 
difference on the level of  awareness on physical activity 
as prevention to weight gain among selected middle-aged 
WVSU faculty classified as to age and sex. 

Table 2: t-test for the Significant Differences on the 
Level of  Awareness on Physical Activity as Prevention to 
Weight Gain Among Selected WVSU Faculty Classified 
as to Age and Sex
Category SD Mean t df Sig.
Age
40-50 years old .25 2.69 -1.701 58 .094
51-60 years old .21 2.76
Gender
Male .25 2.66 -1.138 58 .260
Female .21 2.76

Table 2 shows that no significant differences existed on 
the level of  awareness on physical activity as prevention to 
weight gain among selected Middle-Aged WVSU faculty 
when they were classified to age and sex.  This implies 
that level of  awareness among faculty regarding physical 
activity, whether they were male or female, and age 40-50 
years or 51 to 60 years, were most likely to be comparable. 
Obtained p-value of  .094 and .260, respectively, were not 
significant at .05 alpha levels; hence, the null hypothesis 
was accepted. 
Based on the findings, the researchers were able to 
conclude the following:

1.All of  the middle-aged faculty of  WVSU had the 
same level of  awareness on physical activity as prevention 
to weight gain when taken as an entire group and classified 
as to age and gender. Their being educated may have 
contributed to their similar level of  awareness, regardless 
of  their age and gender. As part of  their orientation as 
teachers, the middle-aged respondents are aware of  their 
health conditions. In terms of  food intake and avoidance 
of  sedentary lifestyle, food with high energy density 
causes people to eat more calories than they need without 
being aware of  it, yet the higher the caloric intake, the 

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higher is the risk of  weight or obesity especially when 
combined with a sedentary lifestyle.

2.The respondents, as they grow old, are aware of  
the importance of  maintaining a regular physical fitness 
program but have no time to do it or feel that it is difficult 
and boring. Some would rather spend their time playing 
chess to sharpen their mind, study their lessons or play 
video games to relax.

3. Some of  these respondents may be physically 
active during their younger years, but  due to changes of  
cultural forces affecting modern man, such as the use of  
computers, physical activity as part of  the respondents’ 
routines are now reduced.

4. So, as Physical Educators are obliged to educate 
those people who are carrying around those extra kilos 
of  fat in their body not only undermine their self-esteem 
but also possess numerous health risks. An overweight or 
obese individual is a sure candidate for arthritis, gout and 
some types of  cancer.

CONCLUSION
The findings of  the present investigation have led to 
certain implications in relation to the level of  awareness 
among selected middle-aged faculty of  WVSU. The 
respondents are all highly aware for the reason that they 
are educated towards physical activities.

1. Regular physical activity is key to achieving and 
maintaining a healthy body weight for adults and 
children. To prevent the gradual accumulation of  excess 
weight in adulthood, up to 30 additional minutes per 
day may be required over the 30 minutes for reduction 
of  chronic disease risk and other health benefits. That 
is, approximately 60 minutes of  moderate to vigorous 
intensity physical activity on most days of  the week may 
be needed to prevent unhealthy weight gain.

2. While moderate intensity physical activity can 
achieve the desired goal, vigorous intensity physical 
activity generally provides more benefits than moderate 
intensity physical activity. Control of  caloric intake is also 
advisable. However, to sustain weight loss for previously 
overweight or obese people, about 60 to 90 minutes of  
moderate intensity physical activity per day is needed.

3. In addition, regular exercise can help prevent fats, 
which is of  particular importance for older adults. The 
carrier often given for a failure to be physically active is 
lack of  time. Setting aside 30 to 60 consecutive minutes 
each day for planned exercise is one way to obtain physical 
activity, but it is not the only way. 

4. The accumulated total 60 minutes of  physical activity 
per day is important both for health and for burning 
calories. Physical activity can be accumulated through 
three to six 10 minutes bouts over the course of  the day. 
Elevating the level of  daily physical activity may also 
provide indirect nutritional benefits. A sedentary lifestyle 
limits the number of  calories that can be consumed 
without gaining weight. 
The higher a person’s physical level, the higher his or 
her energy requirement and the easier it is to plan a daily 

food intake pattern that meets recommended nutrient 
requirements.

Acknowledgements
The researchers would like to express their sincerest 
gratitude to the following individuals who have been a 
great part of  their dreams, their deepest hopes, in one way 
or another, to the ever-prayed success of  this academic 
endeavor.

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https://journals.e-palli.com/home/index.php/ajpehs

