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American Journal of  Physical Education 
and Health Science (AJPEHS)

The Effects of  the Plyometric Exercise Training Program on Explosive Movement 
(Agility) on the Performance of  Futsal Athletes

Aljamin J. Pangilayan1*, Susan P. Losañes2

Volume 3 Issue 2, Year 2025
ISSN: 2992-9679 (Online) 

DOI: https://doi.org/10.54536/ajpehs.v3i2.5049
https://journals.e-palli.com/home/index.php/ajpehs

Article Information ABSTRACT

Received: April 10, 2025

Accepted: May 14, 2025

Published: July 05, 2025

This study employed quantitative research design specifically the quasi-experimental research 
design to compare the explosive movements of  the control and experimental groups before 
and after intervention wherein the primary instrument was the Plyometric exercise training 
program adopted from Jsport Sci Med. 2006. The survey questionnaire was used that 
consisted of  items that measure the acceptability and relevance of  the training program and 
was rated by the athletes themselves. In data analysis, the researcher utilized the mean and 
standard deviation to determine the level of  athletes’ agility performance before and after 
the training program. Additionally, analysis of  covariance (ANCOVA) was used to examine 
the mean difference in participants’ post-performance as controlling for pre-performance 
agility. The study results showed a significant difference in agility’s post-performance 
between the two groups as controlled by the pre-performance. It is recommended that the 
coaches, trainers, and athletes may integrate the plyometric exercise training program during 
their training further to enhance athletes’ agility skill. It could serve as a guide for them to 
monitor the progress.

Keywords
 Agility, Futsal Athletes,
Plyometric Program

1 College of  Education, Mindanao State University-Maguindanao, Philippines
2 Graduate School, Sultan Kudarat State University, Philippines
* Corresponding author’s e-mail: ajpangilayan@msumaguindanao.edu.ph

INTRODUCTION
To improve their effectiveness, efficiency, and competency 
in fulfilling the demands of  play, athletes must first 
complete specific training for their chosen sport before 
competing in tournaments or contests. Accordingly, a 
number of  training regimens and initiatives, such as the 
Plyometric Exercise Training Program, have been created 
to meet the needs of  athletes and enhance performance. 
Coaches and trainers are crucial in helping athletes in 
professional sports get ready for the demanding demands 
of  contemporary competitive situations.
Plyometric training is well known for its ability to enhance 
fundamental aspects of  physical performance, including 
lower-body strength, sprint speed, and vertical leap height. 
Exercises that improve leaping ability, especially in female 
athletes, include jump squats and box jumps (Stojanović 
et al., 2017; Oxfeldt et al., 2019). Plyometric training has 
benefits for injury prevention in addition to performance 
enhancement. For example, Stojanović et al. (2017) found 
that athletes who play sports requiring a lot of  jumping 
and quick direction changes had a lower incidence of  
knee injury. However, plyometric training is risky if  done 
incorrectly because of  its high-impact and explosive nature 
(Watkins et al., 2021). In addition, Oxfeldt et al. (2019) 
emphasized that individual responses to plyometric training 
vary based on factors such as age, gender, and training 
background which highlight the need for individualized 
programs contextualized to these characteristics.
Espinosa and Sampaga (2020) discovered that following 
a plyometric training regimen, the majority of  Filipino 
athletes had a notable increase in agility. Through a variety 
of  exercises and physical activities, this training improves 
the strength of  the lower extremities. This assertion was 

backed up by Diosalan (2024), who pointed out that 
plyometric training efficiently builds leg strength, which is 
essential for performing agility-based activities. The impact 
of  plyometric activities to the development of  leg strength 
and agility was also confirmed by Rimando et al. (2015).
Plyometric training dramatically enhances key physical 
fitness characteristics as speed and agility, according to 
Longakit et al. (2025). Similarly, Potenciando (2024) 
discovered a substantial link between sports motivation 
and engagement, indicating that plyometric exercises 
and other structured training regimens can improve 
player participation and performance. Female athletes 
are actively participating in futsal in the local Philippine 
environment. Gallardo (2025) emphasized the necessity 
of  inclusive training programs created especially to 
enable female athletes to realize their full potential while 
highlighting the ongoing gender hurdles in sports.
Even with futsal’s growing appeal and the proven value of  
agility and plyometric training in team sports, there is still 
a dearth of  study on these subjects in the BARMM region. 
The majority of  previous research has been carried out in 
Southeast Asia or other regions of  the Philippines. This 
demonstrates the pressing need for regional studies that 
take into account the particular requirements, reactions, 
and agility-enhancing benefits of  plyometric therapies 
among athletes in the BARMM region.
In order to help athletes become more proficient and 
successful in their sport, this study tries to ascertain the 
extent to which plyometric training affects agility and 
general performance, especially in novices.
The study assessed how well a plyometric exercise 
training regimen improved futsal players’ explosive 
movement, particularly their agility. The main objective 



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Am. J. Phys. Educ. Health Sci. 3(2) 1-6, 2025

is to compare the performance outcomes of  two groups: 
the experimental group, which consists of  fifteen (15) 
athletes from Datu Paglas National High School, and 
the control group, which consists of  fifteen (15) athletes 
from Tulunan National High School.

Theoretical Framework
This study is anchored in three theoretical models: 
Verkhoshanski’s Shock Method (1968) for developing 
explosive strength and reactive ability, Komi’s Stretch-
Shortening Cycle (SSC) Theory (1979), and the Specificity 
Principle of  Training introduced by Dr. Thomas K. 
Cureton in the 1940s.
Verkhoshanski’s Shock Method is regarded as one of  
the most effective techniques for developing explosive 
power. This method involves overcoming external 
resistance after an initial preparatory force. As explained 
by Thibaudeau (2022), depth jumps from a height slightly 
above the athlete’s maximum vertical jump facilitate 
force absorption and redirection, targeting the athlete’s 
reactive neuromuscular capacity. These jumps can be 
tailored to prioritize either power or speed by varying the 
intensity and timing of  the rebound. However, Zatsiorsky 
cautioned that the method may also produce negative 
transfer effects if  misapplied. The approach emphasizes 
brief  ground contact to maximize the use of  elastic 
energy in explosive actions.
Komi’s (1979) SSC Theory explains that a muscle 
undergoes a rapid eccentric contraction followed 
immediately by a concentric contraction. This sequence 
stores and releases elastic energy, thereby increasing 
movement efficiency and force output (Sáez et al., 
2015). Ramirez-Campillo et al. (2018) demonstrated that 
plyometric training programs based on SSC principles 
significantly improve explosive movements, sprint speed, 
and directional agility.
Dr. Thomas K. Cureton’s Specificity Principle posits that 
training adaptations are directly related to the nature of  
the training performed. According to Suchomel et al. 
(2016), the most effective performance gains occur when 
training mirrors the biomechanical and physiological 
demands of  the target activity. Slimani (2016) supported 
this claim by noting that sport-specific plyometric 
routines result in greater functional improvements in 
agility and speed than general strength training. Chaabene 
et al. (2018) further emphasized that specificity in energy 
systems and movement patterns enhances performance 
transfer from training to competition.
These theories collectively provide a solid foundation 
for this study. They clarify the mechanisms through 
which plyometric training enhances agility and justify 
the use of  structured, sport-specific training to improve 
neuromuscular coordination and athletic performance.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Research Design
This study adopted a quantitative research design, 
namely a quasi-experimental approach, to investigate the 

influence of  plyometric training on the agility of  student-
athletes. Quantitative research, which is based on the 
positivist paradigm, makes the assumption that reality 
is quantifiable, objective, and best studied via statistical 
analysis and numerical data (Creswell & Creswell, 2018). 
The measurement of  variable relationships, hypothesis 
testing, and evidence-based conclusions are made 
possible by this method. According to Gay et al. (2016), 
these designs are especially well-suited for objectively 
and reproducibly assessing the effects of  treatments. 
According to Belli (2018), quantitative approaches 
are useful for turning complicated phenomena into 
quantifiable indicators, which makes them ideal for 
research pertaining to education and sports.
The practical limitations of  random assignment led 
to the use of  a quasi-experimental design. According 
to Campbell and Stanley (2015), this kind of  design 
permits comparisons between experimental conditions 
while allowing the utilization of  intact or pre-existing 
groups. When complete randomization is restricted due 
to logistical or ethical constraints, quasi-experimental 
methods are particularly pertinent in practical research 
(Bärnighausen et al., 2017; Bryman, 2016).

Locale of  the Study
The study was carried out in two public secondary schools 
in the Maguindanao del Sur and Cotabato provinces. 
From Datu Paglas National High School in Datu Paglas, 
Maguindanao del Sur, the experimental group was 
selected. Tulunan National High School athletes from 
Tulunan, Cotabato, made up the control group. Using 
the Datu Paglas–Tulunan National Road, it takes 30 to 
40 minutes to travel between these schools, which are 
around 18 kilometers apart.
Tulunan National High School was chosen as the control 
group because of  its well-established futsal program and 
ease of  access. It had the only active futsal squad among 
the surrounding schools that regularly competed in 
interschool tournaments. Additionally, its close proximity 
to the researcher’s home made routine monitoring and 
seamless data collecting possible. 
The experimental group was chosen from Datu Paglas 
National High School since the researcher has experience 
there as a futsal coach. This familiarity made it easier 
to communicate with athletes and school staff  and to 
execute the training regimen. 
The choice of  these two schools was based on both 
logistical feasibility and existing institutional ties, which 
helped ensure a reliable and well-managed experimental 
setting.

Respondents of  the Study
The study involved thirty (30) female futsal athletes 
enrolled for the school year 2024–2025. Fifteen (15) 
athletes from Tulunan National High School served as 
the control group, while another fifteen (15) from Datu 
Paglas National High School formed the experimental 
group. According to DepEd Memorandum No. 35, s. 



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2023, futsal teams must include a maximum of  twelve 
(12) official players. Three (3) additional athletes were 
trained as alternates in case of  injury among the main 
players.
Eligible respondents were between the ages of  13 and 
18, as mandated by DepEd Memorandum No. 005, s. 
2023, which states that secondary student-athletes must 
be born on or after January 1, 2006.
Appropriate participant selection is crucial to ensure 
the validity and reliability of  research findings. As 
Subedi (2021) noted, factors such as research purpose, 
methodology, theoretical grounding, and data saturation 
must be considered when determining sample size.

Sampling Technique
The study adopted a Total Population Sampling technique. 
This method is ideal when the entire population is small 
and possesses unique characteristics not commonly 
found in the general population (Makwana, 2023). All 
qualified futsal athletes from the two identified schools 
were included in the study to ensure comprehensive and 
representative data.

Data Gathering Instruments
The primary instrument used was a Plyometric Exercise 
Training Program, adapted from J Sport Sci Med (2006). 
To measure agility, the Illinois Agility Test and 30-Meter 
Sprint Test were employed.
A survey questionnaire was also given out to evaluate the 
plyometric program’s acceptance and relevance. A five-
point Likert scale was employed in this survey, which was 
modified from Rubrico (2022):

Table 1: Likert scale on the survey data
Mean Score Description Interpretation
1.00–1.79 Strongly Disagree Very Uninfluential
1.80–2.59 Disagree Uninfluential
2.60–3.39 Neutral Neutral or Uncertain
3.40–4.19 Agree Influential
4.20–5.00 Strongly Agree Very Influential

Table 2: Illinois Agility Test
Time (seconds) Agility Level
<17.0 Excellent
17.0–17.9 Good
18.0–21.7 Average
21.8–23.0 Fair
>23.0 Poor

Illinois Agility Test
This test measures agility using a course with multiple 
direction changes and sprints. Each participant completed 
the test twice, with a five-minute rest in between. The 
faster of  the two times was recorded.

The plyometric training program included three sessions 
per week on alternate days, with 48 hours of  rest between 
sessions. The program followed a progressive overload 
design to allow for safe and effective adaptation.

Statistical Treatment
The perceived acceptability and usefulness of  the training 
program were assessed using descriptive statistics, more 
especially the mean. The mean is a useful summary metric 
for assessing structured feedback, according to Salkind 
(2017). Triola (2018) and Gravetter and Wallnau (2017) 
highlighted the value of  the mean in response analysis 
and group performance comparison in pretest-posttest 
designs. 
After adjusting for agility pretest scores, the Analysis 
of  Covariance (ANCOVA) was used to look at posttest 
differences between the experimental and control groups. 
A more accurate evaluation of  the intervention’s efficacy 
is provided by ANCOVA, which accounts for initial 
group differences.

Ethical Considerations
Prior to data collection, participants were briefed on the 
objectives, procedures, and confidentiality of  the study. 
Informed consent was secured from all respondents. 
All data were treated with strict confidentiality, and the 
identities of  participants were not disclosed to ensure 
privacy and avoid harm.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The study’s results are presented, examined, and 
interpreted in this part. It addresses the following 
topics: (1) the athletes’ assessment of  the plyometric 
training program’s relevance and acceptability; (2) the 
experimental and control groups’ pre- and post-training 
performance levels; and (3) the statistical significance 
of  the agility performance differences between the two 
groups.

Quality of  the Plyometric Training Program as 
Evaluated by the Athletes
Relevance
Table 3 presents the athletes’ evaluation of  the relevance of  
the plyometric training program. The overall mean score 
was 4.83 (SD = 0.22), interpreted as “Very Influential”. 
All ten indicators received mean scores interpreted as 
“Strongly Agree”, indicating that participants viewed the 
program as highly relevant in enhancing agility.
The slightly lower score for item 7 (“Aligned with 
current trends”) suggests a need to further align training 
content with the evolving interests of  young athletes. 
Nonetheless, the consistently high scores reinforce the 
program’s perceived value and relevance.
The study by Mahmoud et al. (2025) demonstrated 
a significant improvement in agility, suggesting that 
plyometric training is effective in enhancing this skill 
in athletes. These findings are consistent with those of  



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Table 3: Relevance of  the Plyometric Training Program
Statement Mean SD Description
Exercises are appropriate to athletes' needs 5.00 0.00 Strongly Agree
Effectiveness shown through pre- and post-tests 5.00 0.00 Strongly Agree
Encourages further research 4.53 0.52 Strongly Agree
Aligns with expected skills and content 5.00 0.00 Strongly Agree
Meets minimum skill requirements 4.73 0.46 Strongly Agree
Suitable for athletes' capabilities 5.00 0.00 Strongly Agree
Aligned with current trends and interests 4.33 0.72 Strongly Agree
Promotes explosive performance 5.00 0.00 Strongly Agree
Helps develop targeted skills 5.00 0.00 Strongly Agree
Appropriate for local and regional competition 4.73 0.46 Strongly Agree

Table 4: Acceptability of  the Plyometric Training Program
Indicator Mean SD Description
Builds lower-body strength 4.60 0.51 Strongly Agree
Matches athlete needs 4.73 0.46 Strongly Agree
Exercises are systematic 4.73 0.46 Strongly Agree
Promotes explosive movement 4.73 0.46 Strongly Agree
Easy to perform 5.00 0.00 Strongly Agree
Matches target participants 5.00 0.00 Strongly Agree
Follows skill development principles 4.20 0.68 Agree
Responds to developmental needs 4.67 0.49 Strongly Agree
Meets minimum training standards 5.00 0.00 Strongly Agree
Engaging and motivating 5.00 0.00 Strongly Agree
Requires appropriate attire 5.00 0.00 Strongly Agree
Considers hydration and safety 5.00 0.00 Strongly Agree
Minimizes injury risk 5.00 0.00 Strongly Agree
Promotes sportsmanship and growth 5.00 0.00 Strongly Agree
Valuable and transferable 4.53 0.52 Strongly Agree

Table 5: Agility Performance Before and After the Training
Group Pre-Test (Mean) Post-Test (Mean) SD (Post-Test) Interpretation
Experimental 22.64 19.89 0.87 Improved
Control 22.00 21.42 1.05 Slightly Improved

Ramirez-Campillo et al. (2020) and Ache-Dias et al. (2016), 
who also reported that plyometric training substantially 
improves agility and neuromuscular performance, 
especially in sports that demand explosive movements 
and quick changes in direction.

Acceptability
Table 4 shows that the overall mean score for acceptability 
was 4.81 (SD = 0.24), also interpreted as “Very Influential”. 
Most items received perfect scores (5.00), reflecting high 
satisfaction among athletes with the content, structure, 
and execution of  the training program.

The slightly lower score for item 7 suggests that some 
respondents felt the training could be better aligned 
with skill development theories such as overload and 
adaptation. Despite this, the overall ratings confirm that 
the program was highly acceptable to participants and 
well-structured.

Performance Levels Before and After the Training
Agility Performance
Table 5 summarizes the pre- and post-test agility results. 
Before training, both groups performed at a “Fair” level. 
After the intervention, the experimental group improved 
to an “Average” rating, while the control group also 
improved slightly but remained at the same level.

The experimental group showed a marked improvement 
in agility following six weeks of  plyometric training. This 
supports findings by Turkarsalan and Deliceoglu (2024), 

who reported similar outcomes among athletes who 
underwent structured plyometric programs.



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Am. J. Phys. Educ. Health Sci. 3(2) 1-6, 2025

Table 6 Difference in Agility Post-Test Scores (ANCOVA)
Group Mean SD Mean Diff F (ANCOVA) p-value
Experimental 19.89 0.87 1.53 56.38 <0.0001
Control 21.42 1.05 — — —

ANCOVA Results
There was a statistically significant difference in agility 
performance in favor of  the experimental group. This 
supports prior research Chandra et al., 2023); Pooja, 
(2019) which found that six weeks of  plyometric training 
significantly improves agility.

CONCLUSIONS
Based on the findings of  the study, the following 
conclusions were drawn
The extent of  the quality of  the plyometric exercise 
training program in terms of  acceptability and relevance 
was very influential. The acceptability score was 4.81, 
and the relevance score was 4.83. The plyometric 
exercise training program was very acceptable and 
relevant in improving agility skill. Based on the study’s 
results, the control group performed better compared 
to experimental group before the implementation of  
plyometric exercise training program in terms of  agility 
and speed. Meanwhile, the experimental group exhibited 
a significant improvement, with mean scores increasing 
after using a plyometric exercise program, which indicates 
a positive impact on enhancing agility skill.

Recommendations
In light of  the study’s findings and conclusions, the 
following recommendations are proposed:

1. Coaches and trainers should integrate current 
training trends and athlete-centered strategies when 
designing training programs. Tailoring sessions to the 
athletes’ interests and needs can increase motivation, 
participation, and performance outcomes.

2. Training programs should apply the FITT 
principle—Frequency, Intensity, Time, and Type—to 
ensure proper periodization, workload progression, and 
injury prevention. This structured approach supports 
sustainable skill development and physical conditioning.

3. Plyometric exercise training is highly recommended 
for athletes in sports that demand agility or quick directional 
changes, such as futsal. It should be incorporated as a 
regular component of  team conditioning programs.

4. Future researchers may conduct longitudinal 
studies with larger sample sizes or explore the effects 
of  combining plyometric training with other modalities 
(e.g., resistance training or agility ladders) to enhance both 
agility and speed performance.

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